野牦牛能与它们的近亲—家牦牛和平相处,但它们能与当地牧民做朋友吗?
来自: 西亚尔
原文网址: http://www.sospecies.org/sos_projects/mammals/wildyak/?13212/Wild-yaks-make-friends-with-their-domestic-cousins-but-not-with-local-herders 中文网址:http://baohu.org/?newshow/lm/1/id/129.html 相关视频: http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20121002/102011.shtml 当野牦牛的保护工作者初次与当地牧民见面,并说明来意:提供帮助,当地牧民不屑一顾地说:“帮助谁?野牦牛已经得到法律的帮助,但是人却没有。野牦牛值得保护,但当地的人又有谁来保护?”因此,野牦牛保护项目就以更好地了解当地牧民作为研究的开始。 在位于西藏偏远山区,深入羌塘国家级自然保护区的嘎措乡,当地牧民完全依赖于畜牧业,有近37,000只牲畜,其中9%是家牦牛。尽管家牦牛被视为最赚钱的畜牧品种,但由于它与野牦牛杂交,并竞争优质草场,使得家牦牛成为放牧社区和生态系统最大的威胁之一。因此,国际野生生物保护学会在嘎措乡发起了一个针对西藏野牦牛的保护项目,该项目由SOS(Save Our Species)资助。 根据项目团队的研究,在过去几年中,随着家牦牛数量的增加,野牦牛与家牦牛的杂交和冲突也随之增加。仅在2012年,嘎措乡的家牦牛数量就增长了9.4%,总数已经超过现存野牦牛总数的3.5倍,它们占据了嘎措乡周围野牦牛草场的88%。这导致野牦牛被边缘化(被迫迁移到更高海拔或更偏远地带的无人区),与家牦牛杂交的增加,威胁到野牦牛的基因纯度。 研究还表明,绝大多数的当地牧民(超过88%)对野牦牛持“反感”态度。 “野牦牛常常严重干扰我们的工作。他们与我们的家牦牛杂交,产下性情暴躁的杂交牛犊,混群期间阻止我们靠近挤奶。”,嘎措的一牧民说。家牦牛逃逸,加入野生牛群也进一步加剧了人与野生动物的冲突。 然而,该项目团队认为,冲突的关键原因是由于对自然环境保护的公众意识和教育水平低。在牧户访谈调查中,四分之三的受访者认为禁止捕猎野牦牛和野牦牛数量的增加是产生冲突的唯一原因。没有受访者意识到是由于不合理的放牧活动和技术,或气候变化造成的栖息地退化。因此,几乎一半的受访者建议对野牦牛采取侵略性的措施(如驱赶、猎杀等),而只有十分之一的受访者在可能性的解决方案中建议调整目前的放牧点。 根据这些研究,该项目团队将对嘎措周边地区人与野生动物冲突的程度及其分布区域做彻底的评估。同时,研究激励措施来缓解放牧点搬迁所带来的可能与现实风险,例如对家牦牛损失和牛奶产量的减少的担忧等。项目团队将与当地社区和政府共同讨论,制定出可行的试点项目建议书和缓解措施。 相信这个项目能使野牦牛重新获得它们原有的部分栖息地,同时促进当地的可持续发展。 (《新闻故事》2013年6月26日 )
WILD YAKS MAKE FRIENDS WITH THEIR DOMESTIC COUSINS, BUT CAN THEY DO SO WITH LOCAL HERDERS? 26 June 2013 | News story When wild yak conservationists first met local herders and expained they were here to help, they were met with disbelief: "Help whom? Wild yak already get help from laws, but people don’t. Wild yak deserves protection, but what protection is there for local people? " The project hence started with a research phase aiming to better understand local perspectives. On the remote mountains of Tibet, deep inside the Changtang Nature Reserve, the Garco community solely relies on animal farming, with almost 37,000 animals, 9% of which are domestic yaks. Despite being regarded as the most profitable animal to breed, domestic yaks are also the most problematic both for the herding community and the ecosystem, mostly because of the interference between domestic and wild species and the competition for good pastures. In this region, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) initiated with funding from SOS a conservation programme specifically benefiting Tibetan wild yaks. According to research conducted by the project team, the level of interference and conflicts has been increasing in past years along with the growth of the domestic yak population. Numbers of domestic yak grew 9.4% in 2012 alone and now outnumber wild yaks by 3.5 times, occupying 88% of wild yak pasturelands around Garco. This translates into the marginalisation of wild yaks and higher rates of interbreeding, which threatens the genetic purity of the Tibetan wild yak population. Research also showed that a vast majority of local inhabitants held a negative attitude towards wild yaks, with over 88% regarding them as highly problematic. “Wild yaks often severely interfere with our work. They mate with our livestock, leading to irascible hybrid calves, and prevent us from getting closer in order to collect the milk.” says Chimi Basang, a Garco herder. Domestic animals escaping to join wild herds further fuel this conflict between humans and wildlife. However, the project team identified the low level of public awareness and education on nature conservation topics as the key cause of conflict. Surveys reported that three quarters of respondents regarded the wild yak hunting ban and the increase in their population as the only reasons behind this situation, whereas none of the interviewees were aware of the damage caused by inappropriate herding activities and techniques or habitat degradation due to climate change. Consequently, almost half of the respondents suggested aggressive measures against wild yaks, while only one in ten suggested adjusting current herding sites among the possible solutions. Following these findings, the project team will engage in a thorough firsthand assessment of the severity and distribution of human-wildlife conflicts in the region around Garco. In parallel, it is researching incentive strategies to mitigate the perceived and real risks of herding sites relocation, such as fears of livestock loss and reduced milk production. The resulting pilot project proposal and mitigation measures will be discussed with local communities and authorities. It is believed this will enable wild yaks to claim back portions of their original habitat and at the same time promote a sustainable local development.
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