乔治·波尔蒂的36种戏剧情境（上）

意大利人卡洛·戈齐（1720-1806）发现，许多故事都具有相似的情境，歌德举了一些例子，19世纪法国作家乔治·波尔蒂进一步整理，将其归纳为36种情境。也许其中的有些主题和案例与当今故事有所背离，但它们仍然能引起人们极大的兴趣，并且提供了长久适用的有趣例子，表达了真实的人类困境。

下面我们详细论述这36种戏剧情境。

情境一：请求

具体描述

要素

· 迫害者

· 请求者

· 决策的当权者

概要

因为受到迫害者的搜捕、伤害或者威胁，请求者向当权者寻求帮助。

变体

A

1. 逃犯寻求强大势力的庇护，以对抗敌人
2. 请求援助，以履行不被公众认可而又不得不履行的责任和义务
3. 为死囚申诉

B

1. 遇难船只寻求款待
2. 政客羞辱自己的人民，被人民抛弃，反寻求人民的谅解和爱戴
3. 赎罪，求得赦免、治愈或解脱
4. 以尸体或遗物乞降

C

1. 为请求者的真爱之物向权贵请求某事
2. 代表另一亲属向一名亲属请求某事
3. 代表母亲向她的爱人请求某事

进一步阐述

上述的“请求”，意即以极其谦卑的态度，要求别人拥有而你没有的东西。（这里，谦卑多用作形容词，而不是副词）事实上，不管是通过权力压迫或者道德制衡，你都不可能轻而易举地达到目的，而那个可以帮助你的人，成了唯一的救命稻草。

迫害者处于暗中，所作所为并不明晰，他们可能在搜捕请求者，也可能在伤害请求者。这使请求者非常绝望，但也使读者或观众对此更加同情，也使我们对“乞求”这种行为不那么厌恶。

这也为故事提供了另一种思路，那就是，乞求者已经放低姿态，如果仍遭到拒绝，可能会激起他极强的报复心。

这种情况与孩子向父母要求某事一样，从而牵动心弦。不得不乞讨，本身就是件令人羞愧的事，因此我们会为主角感到难过。

Georges Polti was a 19th century French writer described 36 situations that may be found in many stories, based on the list identified by Goethe who said it was originated by Italian Carlo Gozzi (1720-1806). Perhaps some of the themes and examples do betray a bias towards the stories of the day, yet they are still very useful stimuli and provide interesting examples of enduring and real human dilemmas.

Here are his 36 situation, including a discussion on each one:

Supplication

Description

Elements

· Persecutor

· Supplicant

· Power in Authority whose decision is doubtful

Summary

The Supplicant is chased, harmed or otherwise threatened by the Persecutor and begs for help from the Power in Authority.

Variants

A

1. fugitives imploring the powerful for help against their enemies

2. assistance implored for the performance of a pious duty which has been forbidden

3. appeals for a refuge in which to die

B

1. hospitality besought by the shipwrecked

2. charity entreated by those cast off by their own people, whom they have disgraced

3. expiation, the seeking of pardon, healing or deliverance

4. the surrender of a corpse, or of a relic, solicited

C

1. supplication of the powerful for those dear to the suppliant

2. supplication to a relative in behalf of another relative

3. supplication to a mother's lover, in her behalf

Discussion

'Supplication' is begging, humbly asking for something that someone else has and you do not have. There fact that you cannot just take it, whether through an imbalance of power or moral codes means the throwing yourself on the charity of the person who can help is the only option.

The position of the shady Persecutor is not very clear, who may be chasing or having harmed the Supplicant. This does add desperation, however, to the Supplicant's position, adding to the sympathy that we will offer (and perhaps removing any disgust at begging).

It can also offer another story strand that beggars, having humbled themselves to the lowest position can become very vengeful if they are rejected.

This situation echoes the child begging its parent for something and thus tugs at very early strings. The situation of having to beg is, in itself, very humbling and we thus may feel sorry for the protagonist.

情境二：解救

具体描述

要素

• 不幸者
• 威胁者
• 救助者

概要

威胁者以某种方式威胁不幸者，而救助者拯救了不幸者。

变体

A

1. 救助者出现在死刑犯面前。

B

1. 子女夺取父母的王位。
2. 感谢朋友或陌生人的帮助和款待。

进一步阐述

获得救助符合人们对安全的原始需求，并呼应了儿童时代的主题：父母救助陷入各种困境的儿童。

精神分析领域普遍充满了对婴儿模式主题的观察。

Deliverance

Description

Elements

• An Unfortunate
• A Threatener
• A Rescuer

Summary

The Unfortunate is threatened in some way by the Threatener and is saved by the Rescuer.

Variants

A

1. Appearance of a rescuer to the condemned.

B

1. A parent replaced upon the throne by his children.
2. Rescue by friends or by strangers grateful for benefits or hospitality.

Discussion

Being rescued plays to the primitive need for safety and echoes the childhood theme of being 'saved' by parents from the various messes into which children get themselves.

The general field of psychoanalysis is full of observations around the theme of patterns that originate from infancy

'Deliverance' is the 2nd of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境三：犯罪复仇

具体描述

要素

• 复仇者
• 犯罪者

概要

因犯罪者过去的罪行，复仇者向其报仇。

变体

A

1. 因父母或祖先被杀而复仇
2. 因子嗣或后代被杀而复仇
3. 因子嗣被侮辱而复仇
4. 因妻子或丈夫被杀而复仇
5. 因妻子被侮辱或险些被侮辱而复仇
6. 因情妇被杀而复仇
7. 因朋友被杀或受伤而复仇
8. 因姐妹被诱骗而复仇

B

1. 因遭故意伤害或破坏而复仇
2. 因不在场时被偷窃而复仇
3. 因遭污蔑而复仇
4. 因遭侵犯而复仇
5. 因遭抢劫而复仇
6. 因被一人欺骗而向所有该性别的人复仇

C

1. 专业追捕罪犯

进一步阐述

复仇是我们日常生活中的一个常见话题，但复仇对防止犯罪再次发生往往并没有起什么积极作用。“复仇”比“报复”更能满足那些受过某种伤害的人，它表现了极大的愤怒，有时比最初的罪行更恶劣。

阅读复仇故事可以给我们提供一个情绪释放，让我们在不伤害别人的前提下传递复仇的愤怒，否则，亲自实践复仇可能给我们带来麻烦。同时，看到坏人收到惩罚，我们也会有一种正义的满足感，并且坚信正义不会缺席。

Vengeance of a crime

Description

Elements

• An Avenger
• A Criminal

Summary

The Avenger wreaks vengeance on the Criminal for past crimes.

Variants

A

1. The avenging of a slain parent or ancestor
2. The avenging of a slain child or descendant
3. Vengeance for a child dishonored
4. The avenging of a slain wife or husband
5. Vengeance for the dishonor or attempted dishonoring of a wife
6. vengeance for a mistress slain
7. Vengeance for a slain or injured friend
8. Vengeance for a sister seduced

B

1. Vengeance for intentional injury or spoliation
2. Vengeance for having been despoiled during absence
3. Revenge for a false accusation
4. Vengeance for violation
5. Vengeance for having been robbed of one's own
6. Vengeance on a whole sex for a deception by one

C

1. Professional pursuit of criminals

Discussion

Revenge is a common topic within our everyday lives, although the effect in terms of preventing recurrence of the crime is often negligible. 'Vengeance', even more than the very similar 'revenge' is done for the satisfaction of those who have been harmed in some way, and can be an act of great anger, sometimes arguably worse than the original crime.

Seeing vengeance in a story provides us with a vicarious release, allowing us to harmlessly channel our vengeful anger that might otherwise get us into trouble. Seeing the villain punished gives a sense of righteous satisfaction and confirmation that right will always be done.

情境四：亲属复仇

具体描述

要素

• 亲属中复仇的一方
• 亲属中犯罪的一方
• 受害者回忆
• 双方之间的关系

概要

家庭成员中，一方犯罪，伤害了另一方（受害者）。犯罪的一方因为严重的罪行，遭到复仇一方的惩罚。

变体

A

1. 因父亲之死向母亲复仇
2. 因母亲向父亲复仇

B

1. 因兄弟之死向子嗣复仇

C

1. 因父亲之死向丈夫复仇

D

1. 因丈夫之死向父亲复仇

进一步阐述

家庭成员之间的社会信任准则通常很强，因此，我们很难忽视某一家庭成员被另一家庭成员伤害。这可能引起犯罪的家庭成员受到严重的惩罚，比如被驱逐，或者被处死。

即使在今天，这种情境也并不罕见，比如，一个和不同文化背景的男人结婚或生活的女人，有可能会被她的家庭谋杀。

值得注意的是，家庭象征常常被某些组织团体（如黑手党）利用，任何违法家庭规则的成员都将受到严厉惩罚。

与向犯罪者的复仇一样，对亲人的复仇也充满了强烈的愤怒，甚至比对犯罪者的复仇更强烈，尽管也有可能带有某种程度的悲伤。这种故事震撼人心，而严厉惩罚背叛家族者则不受家庭准则约束，或者只是名义上受约束实际却没什么用。

Vengeance taken for kindred upon kindred

Description

Elements

• Avenging kinsman
• Guilty kinsman
• Remembrance of the victim
• A relative of both

Summary

One family member, the Guilty Kinsman, harms another (the Victim). They are punished for this serious transgression by an Avenging Kinsman.

Variants

A

1. a father's death avenged upon a mother
2. a mother avenged upon a father

B

1. a brother's death avenged upon a son

C

1. a father's death avenged upon a husband

D

1. a husband's death avenged upon a father

Discussion

Families very often have extremely strong social trust codes whereby the harming of one family member by another cannot go unnoticed. This can lead to extreme punishment, such as casting out of the offender or even their death.

This is not so unusual even today, where families will, for example, kill a woman who marries or lives with a man who is from outside of cultural boundaries.

It is noticeable that the family metaphor is adopted by such organized groups as the Mafia, and who punish severely any family members who transgress family rules.

As with vengeance of a crime, this act is often filled with great anger, perhaps even more so than for criminal action, although perhaps also tinged with sorrow. In a story, it can be very shocking and perhaps somehow affirming to people where extreme response to family betrayal is not a part of the family code, or even where this is used but has not been needed.

情境五：追捕

具体描述

要素

• 惩罚
• 逃亡者

概要

逃亡者因违法被追捕、抓获、惩罚。

变体

A

1. 逃犯因抢劫、政治罪犯等而被追捕。

B

1. 因错爱被追捕。

C

1. 英雄和强权对抗。

D

1. 一个伪疯子与一个伊阿古式的精神病医生斗争。

进一步阐述

追捕是一种常见的游戏，我们对此很熟悉，并且很容易认同被追捕者。当他们逃避追捕时，至少在某段时间内，我们会感受到他们的恐惧和兴奋。

追捕也反映了一种普遍的、更广泛的追寻模式，英雄（或者其他什么人）寻找想要的或者需要的事物，这也使观众感同身受，从而唤起他们心中的兴奋。

斗争是对追捕的必要补充，从更广泛的意义上来说，斗争反应了寻找的模式，可以是追寻模式中反复出现的主题。

Pursuit

Description

Elements

• Punishment
• A Fugitive

Summary

A Fugitive is pursued, caught and Punished for some miscreant act.

Variants

A

1. Fugitives from justice pursued for brigandage, political offences, etc

B

1. Pursued for a fault of love

C

1. A hero struggling against a power

D

1. A pseudo-madman struggling against an Iago-like alienist.

Discussion

Chase is a common game with which we are familiar and so easily identify with the pursued, feeling their sense of fear and excitement as they evade capture, at least for a while.

Chase also mirrors a common broader pattern of seeking, where the hero (or someone) goes on a quest after some desired or needed object, so perhaps also evoking excitement from this alternative source.

Struggle is an odd addition to pursuit, although in the broader sense, this reflects the pattern of seeking, in which struggle can be a recurring theme.

情境六：灾难

具体描述

要素

• 征服的力量
• 胜利的敌人
• 信使（非必备）

概要

灾难性事件发生了。

变体

A

1. 遭受失败
2. 祖国被摧毁
3. 人类毁灭
4. 自然灾害

B

1. 推翻君主

C

1. 被他人忘恩负义
2. 遭受不公正的惩罚或敌对
3. 遭遇暴行

D

1. 被爱人或丈夫抛弃
2. 父母失去孩子

进一步阐述

灾难可以有很多种形式，可能是他人恶意伤害或者事故，也可能由命运和环境造成。所有形式的底线是，造成了伤害。不管原因是什么，它都为人类故事提供了一个经典的基础，在此基础上，主角会恢复、反击，也许为了生存，也许为了拯救他人，也许为了复仇。于是，英雄应运而生。

在观看灾难及起后果的故事时，我们情形灾难没有在现实中发生，或者我们担心灾难也有可能发生在自己身上。当看到主角的反应时，我们又看到希望，我们也能在灾难中幸存，并可能学会如何避免灾难发生。

Disaster

Description

Elements

• A vanquished power,
• A victorious enemy,
• Or a messenger

Summary

A calamitous event occurs.

Variants

A

1. Defeat suffered
2. A fatherland destroyed
3. The fall of humanity
4. A natural catastrophe

B

1. A monarch overthrown

C

1. Ingratitude suffered
2. The suffering of unjust punishment or enmity
3. An outrage suffered

D

1. Abandonment by a lover or a husband
2. Children lost by their parents

Discussion

Disaster can take many forms, whether caused by malignant others, accident, fate or the environment. The bottom line is that harm is caused. No matter the cause, it provides a classic base for human stories where the protagonist recovers and fights back, perhaps for survival, perhaps to save others and perhaps for vengeance. In such circumstances are heroes born.

In watching disasters and their aftermath, we feel grateful that such calamity has not happened to use. We may also gain an increase in general tension that disaster could also happen to us. As we identify with the protagonist and watch their response, we feel hopeful that we also could survive a disaster and perhaps learn some of the things to avoid.

'Disaster' is the 6th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境七：飞来横祸

具体描述

要素

• 不幸者
• 主使者或者不幸

概要

无辜的不幸者被意外的不幸伤害，或者被深思熟虑的主使者蓄意伤害。

变体

A

1. 无辜者成为野心勃勃阴谋的受害者

B

1. 无辜者被应该保护他们的人侵犯。

C

1. 被强力剥夺权利或遭遇不幸
2. 发现自己被最爱的人或最亲密的人遗忘

D

1. 不幸者丧失希望

进一步阐述

故事中，无辜者很常见，反映了孩子的处境，即孩子们的天真会使他们陷入危险、遭遇伤害。这使人们感到愤慨或恐惧。

那些伤害儿童的人，可能会被他们的亲戚寻仇，同样地，那些伤害无辜者的人，也会被别人寻仇，这给观众复仇的满足感。

不幸使人丧失希望，让人陷入深深的绝望，当我们寻求出路或获救时，我们会感到奇妙的解脱。

Falling prey to cruelty or misfortune

Description

Elements

• An Unfortunate
• A Master or a Misfortune

Summary

The innocent Unfortunate is harmed by accidental Misfortune or by a deliberate Master who should know better.

Variants

A

1. The innocent made the victim of ambitious intrigue

B

1. The innocent despoiled by those who should protect

C

1. The powerful dispossessed or wretched
2. A favorite or an intimate finds himself forgotten

D

1. The unfortunate robbed of their hope

Discussion

Innocents are common in stories and echo the position of the child whose naivety leads them into danger and harm. Harming innocents thus creates emotion of outrage and horror.

Those who harm children are subject to something along the lines of vengeance taken for kindred upon kindred, and so those who harm the innocent may befall the same fate, giving the viewer the satisfaction of revenge.

The loss of hope that misfortune can bring can send us into a deep despair, from which we can find wonderful relief as we claw our way out or are rescued.

'Falling prey to cruelty or misfortune' is the 7th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境八：叛乱

具体描述

要素

• 暴君
• 叛乱者

概要

叛乱者领导或促成起义，反抗暴君

变体

A

1. 针对个人的密谋
2. 针对群体的密谋

B

1. 个人反抗，影响或涉及了他人
2. 群体反抗

进一步阐述

在变乱故事中，我们可以同情任何一方，或是反对暴政的自由战士，或是打击自治的叛逆的执法者。

叛逆是我们青少年时代的主题之一，因为天性迫使我们反抗父母的控制，逃离家庭，将身体里的基因传播到更远更广的地方。

叛逆对成年人来说也是可怕的，因为这有可能破坏摧毁他们习得的规则系统。

Revolt

Description

Elements

• A Tyrant
• A Conspirator

Summary

The Conspirator leads or contributes to a revolt against an oppressive Tyrant

Variants

A

1. a conspiracy chiefly of one individual
2. a conspiracy of several

B

1. revolt of one individual who influences and involves others
2. a revolt of many

Discussion

In stories of revolution, our sympathies can be directed to either side, to sympathy for the freedom fighters against an oppressive regime or support for the law enforcement officers who fight self-promoting criminals.

Revolution is a theme of our teenage years as nature impels us to rebel against parental control and flee the family fold to spread the genetic seed far and wide.

Revolution is also scary for adults as it threatens to disrupt and destroy the system that they have learned and accepted as law.

'Revolt' is the 8th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境九：英雄事业

具体描述

要素

• 大胆的领导者
• 目标
• 对手

概要

变体

A

1. 为战争做准备

B

1. 战争
2. 战斗

C

1. 带走想要的人或物
2. 重新占有想要的物

D

1. 冒险远征
2. 为了得到心爱的女人而冒险

进一步阐述

勇敢是年轻人（尤其是年轻男人）的一个特征，他们想通过仪式来证明自己值得尊重，这样他们可以迈向群体中的更高层次。

看着他人大胆和勇敢的行为方式，可以激励我们面对自己的心魔，也可让我们得到替代性的发泄。

Daring enterprise

Description

Elements

• A Bold leader
• An Object
• An Adversary

Summary

Variants

A

1. preparations for war

B

1. war
2. a combat

C

1. carrying off a desired person or object
2. recapture of a desired object

D

1. adventurous expeditions
2. adventure undertaken for the purpose of obtaining a beloved woman

Discussion

Daring is an attribute of the young adult (particularly the male) who prove themselves, perhaps by acts of ritual and rites of passage, as worthy of esteem and thus being allowed to belong to a higher level within the group.

Watching others acting in daring and courageous ways either inspires us to face our own demons or gives us a vicarious release.

'Daring enterprise' is the 9th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十：劫持

具体描述

要素

· 劫持者

· 被劫持者

· 救护人

概要

被劫持者被劫持者带走。被劫持者可能被救护人救出。

变体

A

1. 劫持不情愿的女人

B

1. 劫持顺从的女人

C

1. 在没有杀死劫持者的情况下，救出被劫持女人
2. 在杀死劫持者的情况下，救出被劫持女人

D

1. 营救被囚禁的朋友
2. 营救孩子
3. 拯救被错误困扰的灵魂

进一步阐述

劫持通常违背个人意愿，也可能在意想不到的情况下，抓捕、带走一个人。当救助者进行某种“反向劫持”时，被劫持者获得自由。

当我们想象孩子或亲人被劫持（或者我们自己被劫持）时，心中总是充满了恐惧。这种恐惧会转化为救助和逃离的想法，故事的其他部分可围绕这些想法展开，这将使读者集中注意力且精神振奋。

Abduction

Description

Elements

· The Abductor

· The Abducted

· The Guardian

Summary

The Abducted person is taken by the Abductor. The Abducted may be rescued by a Guardian.

Variants

A

1. abduction of an unwilling woman

B

1. abduction of a consenting woman

C

1. recapture of the woman without the slaying of the abductor
2. recapture of the woman with the abductor slain

D

1. the rescue of a captive friend
2. the rescue of a child
3. the rescue of a soul in captivity to error

Discussion

Abduction is the capture and taking of a person, normally against their will but perhaps just in an unexpected situation. Freedom comes when a rescuer performs some kind of 'reverse abduction'.

The thought of abduction creates fear in many of us as we think about children and loved ones being kidnapped (or maybe ourselves being taken). That fear then turns to thoughts of rescue and escape around which the rest of the story may revolve, with the reader paying close and excited attention.

'Abduction' is the 10th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十一：谜团

具体描述

要素

· 询问者

· 探索者

· 问题

概要

询问者提出一个问题，探索者必须解决这个问题。

变体

A

1. 寻找经历病痛、濒临死亡的人

B

1. 在经历病痛、濒临死亡的情况下解开谜团
2. 在经历病痛、濒临死亡的情况下解开谜团，其中的问题是令人梦寐以求的女人。

C

1. 提供悬赏，以找出某人的名字
2. 提供悬赏，以确认性别
3. 做某些测试，以检测精神状态

进一步阐述

谜团和问题会使读者感同身受，因为读者也会试图理解和解决谜团。

我们解决问题的根本动机，是追求完美，以及问题解决之后的奖励。解开谜团意味着我们聪明机智，从而提高面对生活中其他挑战的能力。

而跟多的悬赏满足了人们的基本需求和欲望。

The Enigma

Description

Elements

· Interrogator

· Seeker

· A Problem

Summary

The Interrogator poses a Problem which the Seeker must solve.

Variants

A

1. Search for person who must be found on pain of death

B

1. A riddle to be solved on pain of death
2. A riddle to be solved on pain of death in which the poser is the coveted woman

C

1. Temptations offered with the object of discovering his name
2. Temptations offered with the object of ascertaining the sex
3. Tests for the purposes of ascertaining the mental condition

Discussion

Puzzles and problems draw the reader into the situation as they (the reader) also seeks to understand and resolve the puzzle.

A basis of the motivation we feel to resolve puzzles is the need for completion and the consequent reward of closure. Resolving enigmas makes us feel clever and intellectual and hence more able to face life's other challenges.

More general temptations play to basic needs and desires.

'The Enigma' is the 11th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十二：获得

具体描述

要素

· 恳求者

• 拒绝给予的对方

或者

• 仲裁员
• 反对方

概要

恳求者向对方提出某些要求，对方拒绝合作。或者，对立双方无法达成一致，其争议由仲裁员仲裁。

变体

A

1. 通过计谋或武力，努力获得某物。

B

1. 仅通过口才尽力说服他人

C

1. 同仲裁员辩论

进一步阐述

一个人想让另一个人做某事或提供某物，但另一个人拒绝了，这时，相关人员便会紧张。这种人际冲突可能时很多故事的基础。

这种冲突在我们日常生活中很常见，对抵制那些拒绝给予的人，我们感同身受。

在不能产生肢体冲突的情况下，双方或许请其他人来帮忙解决。对于第三者，仲裁员只是十种可能的角色之一。因此，这个人可能因挽救那天的事态而成为英雄人物，也可能是主角或者是相对次要的助手。

Obtaining

Description

Elements

· A Solicitor

• An Adversary who is refusing

or

• An Arbitrator
• Opposing Parties

Summary

A Solicitor requests something of the Adversary, who refuses to cooperate.

Or, there are Opposing Parties who cannot reach agreement and so their dispute is resolved by the Arbitrator.

Variants

A

1. Efforts to obtain an object by ruse or force

B

1. Endeavour by means of persuasive eloquence alone

C

1. Eloquence with an arbitrator

Discussion

When one person wants another to do or provide something but the second refuses, a tension arises between the people involved. This interpersonal conflict can be the basis of many stories.

Such conflicts are common in our daily lives and we recognize ourselves in stories such as where those who have refuse to give to those who do not.

Where physical conflict is impossible or undesirable, the parties may turn to someone else to help resolve the situations. For this third person, arbitration is only one of ten possible roles. This person can thus take a heroic role in saving the day and may be the main protagonist or a relatively minor helper.

'Obtaining' is the 12th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十三：同族敌意

具体描述

要素

• 恶毒的亲属
• 怀恨或相互憎恨的亲属

概要

两人是亲属，互相憎恨，并采取相应的行动。

变体

A

1. 一人被其他几个兄弟憎恨。
2. 兄弟之间相互仇恨。
3. 亲属之间出于私利互相仇恨。

B

1. 父子之间的仇恨
2. 夫妻之间的仇恨
3. 父女之间的仇恨

C

1. 祖孙之间的仇恨

D

1. 养父养子（翁婿）之间的仇恨
2. 义兄弟（郎舅）之间的仇恨

E

1. 养母养女（婆媳）之间的仇恨

F

1. 杀婴

进一步阐述

在很多社会体中，家庭不和是普遍存在的令人悲伤的主题。这不仅仅是两个人的不睦，他们之间的相互厌恶也会发展成刻骨的仇恨或更严重的情况。

家庭的问题在于，不管你爱他们还是恨他们，你都无法逃避。即使他们不同意你说的话或做的事，他们还是你的家人。这有时会很糟糕，你们拥有共同的姓氏，明明是他们做了不好的事情，有时候却像你也跟着做了。这种影响可能会扩散到家庭之外，例如，犯罪者的家人可能会被社会歧视，被打上罪犯的烙印。因此，他们憎恨家庭的害群之马，也是情理之中的。

家庭仇恨也有深刻的心理根源，例如俄狄浦斯情结作祟，父母子女之间的敌意根深蒂固。 同样，幼时兄弟姐妹向父母争宠，可能导致长期的怨恨。

杀婴现象今天仍然存在，例如，重男轻女或青少年母亲无所是从导致的杀婴。

很多现实生活中的家庭仇恨的例子可以转化为故事。例如，肥皂剧经常围绕家庭摩擦展开。这些摩擦可能引起宏大的冒险，比如，孩子为了向父母或亲戚证明自己，最终获得了巨大的成就。

Enmity of kinsmen

Description

Elements

• Malevolent Kinsman
• Hated or reciprocally hating kinsman

Summary

Two relatives hate one another (and act accordingly).

Variants

A

1. One brother hated by several
2. Reciprocal hatred between brothers
3. Hatred between relatives for reasons of self-interest

B

1. Hatred of father and son
2. Mutual hatred
3. Hatred of daughter for the father

C

1. Hatred of grandfather for grandson

D

1. Hatred of father-in-law for son-in-law
2. Hatred of two brothers-in-law

E

1. Hatred of mother-in-law for daughter-in-law

F

1. Infanticide

Discussion

A sadly common theme through many societies is the family feud, where two people not only do not get on with one another but their dislike blossoms into full hatred and all that that entails.

The problem with family is that love them or hate them, you can't escape them. Just because you do not agree with what they may say or do, they do not stop being family. This can make things worse, as you share the family name and when a relative does something you consider bad it is, in some respects, as if you have done that thing in some way. This can also leak beyond the walls of the family home, for example, where a criminal's family may suffer socially, all being branded as somehow criminal. They might thus be forgiven for hating the black sheep of the family.

Family hatred can also have deep, psychoanalytic roots, for example where the Oedipus Complex is not navigated successfully, and enmity between parents and and children becomes an ingrained pattern. Likewise early sibling rivalry for parental attention can morph into long-term grudges.

Infanticide is still alive today, for example in cultures where having a baby girl is less desirable than having a boy, or where teenage mothers are just unable to cope.

There is much in real-life about family hatred that translates into stories. Soap operas, for example, often rotate around family friction. Such disputes can also lead to grander adventures, for example where a child achieves great things in order to 'show' parents or relatives what he or she is made of.

'Enmity of kinsmen' is the 13th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十四：同族竞争

具体描述

要素

• 亲属中优势一方
• 亲属中劣势一方
• 目标

概要

两位亲属，同一目标。相比处于劣势的一方，其他人更青睐优势一方。

变体

A

1. 同族之间，一方恶意竞争
2. 同族之间，两方恶意竞争
3. 同族之间两方竞争，其一作弊

B

1. 父母和子女争夺未婚情人
2. 父母和子女争夺已婚爱人
3. 父母一方和子女争夺父母另一方的爱
4. 父母和子女的竞争

C

1. 堂兄弟姐妹的竞争

D

1. 朋友的竞争

进一步阐述

竞争对手之间的感情十分复杂。尽管他们有竞争，但他们也可能是朋友，也可能是敌人，或者对彼此漠不关心。竞争中将贬低一方，并毫无人性地侮辱对方的情况也十分常见。

竞争对手常常争夺稀缺资源，这种稀缺资源通常是另一人的感情和注意力，比如兄弟姐妹争夺母爱，两个本是朋友的女人争夺孩子。竞争中的危险和悲伤，会使竞争变质，甚至可能使朋友变为敌人。

竞争创造了三角关系，戏剧三角或其他情况可能随之而来。

故事中，竞争没有敌意激烈，因此很多时候更容易接受，这取决于你追求刺激的程度。

就像其他故事一样，在戏剧中看到熟悉的模式，有助于我们接受现实，并赋予生活中类似的模式以意义。

（直接用动词做谓语符合中国语言习惯。不用“进行”“做”之类的词）

Rivalry of kinsmen

Description

Elements

• The Preferred Kinsman
• The Rejected Kinsman
• The Object

Summary

Two relatives compete over an Object, often another person who shows more favor to the Preferred Kinsman and shows less favor to the Rejected Kinsman.

Variants

A

1. Malicious rivalry of a sibling
2. Malicious rivalry of two siblings
3. Rivalry of two siblings, with adultery on the part of one

B

1. Rivalry of a parent and a child for an unmarried lover
2. Rivalry of a parent and a child for a married lover
3. Rivalry of a parent and a child for the love of the other parent
4. Rivalry of parent and child

C

1. Rivalry of cousins

D

1. Rivalry of friends

Discussion

Rivals can have a broad range of emotions towards one another. Although they compete, they may also be friends. They may also be enemies or be indifferent to one another. It is common in competitions to reduce the other party to an insensate object which can consequently be abused without human concern.

Rivals often compete over a scarce resource, often the affections and attention of another, from the mother of siblings to a boy being fought over by two women who might otherwise be friends. The danger and sad fact of rivalry is that it can turn sour and friends may become bitter enemies.

Rivalry creates triangular relationships and the Drama Triangle or other Games can ensue.

Rivalry in a story is less vicious than enmity and is thus easier in many ways to watch and accept -- depending on what level of excitement you are seeking.

As with other stories, seeing familiar patterns being played out helps us accept and give meaning to similar patterns in our own lives.

'Rivalry of kinsmen' is the 14th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十五：因奸害命

具体描述

要素

• 两个通奸者
• 遭到背叛的配偶

概要

通奸演变成暴力，通奸者试图杀害配偶，或者与另一人通奸。

变体

A

1. 情妇杀害她的丈夫，或者为情妇杀害她的丈夫
2. 杀害信任自己的情人

B

1. 为了情妇，或为了自己的利益，杀害妻子

进一步阐述

在大多数文化中，通奸是一种社会不认可的行为，通常会引起人们对遭受背叛者的同情。

当情绪（包括罪恶感）激起时，通奸通常变得更糟，可能导致通奸者做出更恶劣的行为。当一个人已经公认是坏人或罪犯时，他们可能会相信，并行事邪恶，或者他们可能“一不做二不休”，而抛弃了正常的价值。

否认错误也可能导致争吵，并向配偶掩盖其通奸恶行，配偶因而承受惨痛的代价。

故事的观众可能很难相信他们的眼睛，但他们知道这种事情确实会发生在现实中，它使正常人陷入黑暗和邪恶。这绝不是英雄行为，但在向凶手报仇或伸张正义时，会给人英雄的感觉。

Murderous adultery

Description

Elements

• Two Adulterers
• A Betrayed Spouse

Summary

Adultery turns to violence as an Adulterer seeks to remove the Spouse or turns on the other Adulterer.

Variants

A

1. Slaying of a husband by, or for, a paramour
2. Slaying of a trusted lover

B

1. Slaying of a wife for a paramour, and in self-interest

Discussion

Adultery is a socially disapproved-of activity in most cultures and generally creates much sympathy for the betrayed.

Normal adultery can turn worse when the emotions aroused, including guilt, can lead an adulterer into even worse acts. When a person is already cast as bad and guilty, they may either believe the accusation and act in an evil way, or they may think 'In for a penny, in for a pound' and dispense with consideration of normal values.

Denial of the wrong-doing may also lead the person into argument and displacement of their bad deed onto the spouse, who pays the ultimate and terrible price.

The watcher of this story may hardly believe their eyes, yet know that this kind of thing does happen in reality as once-normal people sink into dark and evil acts. This is hardly the act of a hero, but may well give the hero something of a quest in bringing vengeance or justice to the murderer.

'Murderous adultery' is the 15th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十六：疯狂

具体描述

要素

• 疯子
• 受害者

概要

一个突然发疯的人失去控制，伤害受害者。

变体

A

1. 在疯狂中杀害亲属
2. 在疯狂中杀害爱人
3. 杀害或伤害不相关的人

B

1. 疯狂导致耻辱

C

1. 疯狂导致失去亲人

D

1. 遗传性精神错乱的恐惧导致疯狂

进一步阐述

强烈的情绪引起强烈的刺激，导致理性思维的丧失。愤怒占据上风，失去所有意识控制，在一段时间内变成另外一个人。

在故事中，我们被这种失去控制和人性的行为惊吓，同时也在关注我们可以做些什么。我们也可能同情受折磨的人并为之悲伤，意识到这种情况也会发生在我们身上。

有些人在这样的行为中释放了自己得到解脱，但其他人会因此受害。现代的治疗方法可以借助愤怒管理法，人们学会压制、替代、升华或其他方式转移他们的破坏性冲动。

Madness

Description

Elements

• A Mad person
• A Victim

Summary

A person becomes temporarily Mad, losing control and harming the Victim.

Variants

A

1. Kinsmen slain in madness
2. A lover slain in madness
3. Slaying or injuring of a person not hated

B

1. Disgrace brought upon oneself through madness

C

1. Loss of loved ones brought about by madness

D

1. Madness brought on by fear of heredity insanity

Discussion

Strong emotion causes powerful arousal, which leads to a loss of rational thinking. Anger takes over and the person loses all conscious control, effectively becoming a different person for a while.

In stories, we are both horrified by this loss of control and humanity whilst also looking on in fascination and recognition of what we perhaps sometimes would like to do. We also may feel pity and sorrow for the afflicted person, realizing that perhaps it could also happen to us.

Some people do indeed let go and find release in this activity, although others pay the price. The modern treatment of this can be Anger Management classes, where the person learns to suppress, displace, sublimate or otherwise deflect their destructive urges.

'Madness' is the 16th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十七：失手致命

具体描述

要素

• 鲁莽者
• 受害者
• 或者丢失的物品

概要

鲁莽的人丢失物品，或者由于无心、好奇或粗心伤害到他人。

变体

A

1. 鲁莽导致自身不幸
2. 鲁莽导致自身受辱

B

1. 好奇导致自身不幸
2. 好奇导致失去亲人

C

1. 好奇导致他人死亡或不幸
2. 鲁莽导致亲人死亡
3. 鲁莽导致爱人死亡
4. 轻信导致亲人死亡
5. 轻信导致不幸

Discussion

俗语说“好奇心害死猫”，当我们对某件事情感兴趣时，沉迷其中往往忘了可能的风险和危害。

无论现实生活还是故事，当看到他人鲁莽行事时，我们常常不屑一顾，或有莫名优越感。我们应该记得“重蹈覆辙”这句成语，看起来无害的行为，可能演变成使自己或他人受伤甚至死亡的事件。

Fatal imprudence

Description

Elements

• The Imprudent
• The Victim
• or the Object Lost

Summary

The Imprudent person loses an Object or causes harm to the Victim through unthinking imprudence, curiosity and general carelessness.

Variants

A

1. Imprudence the cause of one's own misfortune
2. Imprudence the cause of one's own dishonor

B

1. Curiosity the cause of one's own misfortune
2. Loss of possession of a loved one through curiosity

C

1. Curiosity the cause of death or misfortune to others
2. Imprudence the cause of a relative's death
3. Imprudence the cause of a lover's death
4. Credulity the cause of kinsmen's deaths
5. Credulity the cause of misfortune

Discussion

'Curiosity killed the cat' is a common saying and reflects the way in which, when we become interested in something, we sometimes forget the risks and hazards that we may be taking when putting our noses in harm's way.

When we see others being imprudent, whether in real life or in stories, we tut-tut and feel a bit superior to them. We also may remember that 'there but for the Grace of God go I', in that it is easy for what may seem a harmless activity turn into something where we or others may get hurt or even killed.

'Fatal imprudence' is the 17th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.

情境十八：无意的禁断之爱

具体描述

要素

• 施爱者
• 被爱者
• 揭露者

概要

施爱者向被爱者示爱，却从揭露者那里知道两人是近亲。

变体

A

1. 发现自己娶了母亲
2. 发现爱人是自己的兄弟（姐妹）

B

1. 发现自己同兄弟（姐妹）结婚
2. 发现自己同兄弟（姐妹）结婚，这是第三人恶意促成
3. 无意中渐渐把兄弟（姐妹）当作爱人

C

1. 无意中渐渐侵犯儿童

D

1. 无意中渐渐走向通奸
2. 无意中通奸

进一步讨论

禁断之爱震惊社会，它们违反了伦理道德的严苛规矩。当然，乱伦生下的孩子，很大概率有遗传疾病，因此禁断之爱在所有文化中都被强烈禁止。

当然，如果禁断之爱是无意的，那么观众内心就会产生一种混乱的冲突，又厌恶乱伦，又同情饱受煎熬的爱人。一个强大的情感困境牵动着心弦，提供了一个有力的故事元素。

Involuntary crimes of love

Description

Elements

• The Lover
• The Beloved
• The Revealer

Summary

The Lover performs acts of love with the Beloved, only to find (via the Revealer) that the Beloved is a close relative.

Variants

A

1. Discovery that one has married one's mother
2. discovery that one has a sibling as a lover

B

1. Discovery that one has married one's sibling
2. Discovery that one has married one's sibling, in which the crime has been villainously planned by a third person
3. Being on the point of taking a sibling, unknowingly, as a lover

C

1. Being upon the point of violating, unknowingly, a child

D

1. Being upon the point of committing an adultery unknowingly
2. Adultery committed unknowingly

Discussion

Crimes of love are amongst the most socially shocking in the way they break very strong rules against incestuous relationships. The children of incest, of course, can easily be genetically damaged, and hence such relationships are strongly banned in all cultures.

However, when this act is accidental, then a confusing conflict is set up in the viewer, who is both disgusted by the crime and sympathetic to the lover who themselves will be feeling even more internal conflict. The result is a powerful emotional dilemma which pulls on the heart strings and provides a strong story element.

'Involuntary crimes of love' is the 18th of Georges Polti's 36 Dramatic Situations.