【翻译】精神分析技术的基础3.3:脱离语境
Taken Out of Context
脱离语境
[Psychoanalysis is] a practice that is based upon the ex-sistence of the unconscious.— Lacan (1973-1974, June 11, 1974)
（精神分析是）一种基于无意识的外密性的实践— 拉康（1973-1974，1974.6.11）
in obvious way of punctuating someone's discourse is to repeat it back to him verbatim, thereby highlighting, underlining, or underscoring it, as it were. sometimes simply hearing the exact same words repeated by someone else sheds new light on them, allowing them to be heard differently. At other times, it may be more helpful to repeat back only some of the words in the analysand's discourse, isolating just one or two words from their original context to highlight the fact that the analysand used, for example, the exact same locution to qualify his lover as he used several minutes earlier to qualify his mother.
给某人的言说的明显的断句方式是把它逐字的重复给他听，因此可以说是，高亮之，在其下划线，强调之。有时候仅仅听到由其他人重复的完全一样的词，会使这些词得到充分理解，允许它们以不一样的方式被听到。在其他时候，只把分析者的言说中的某些词重复给他，这可能会更有帮助，从最初的语境中只提取出一个或两个词，以便强调这种事实，即分析者使用的，比如说，完全一样的说话风格来形容他的爱人，正如他几分钟之前用来形容他的母亲。
Many idiomatic expressions have multiple meanings, and reiterating only the idiomatic expression used by the analysand in his statement may shed a very different light on the meaning of the sentence than the analysand had originally intended. When, for example, one of my analysands was describing dream and said, "In the dream I was holding an object of some sort and I ran over to give it to her," I simply repeated back "give it to her," recalling, as I lid, the importance of that phrase in the analysand's sexual fantasies (it being announced by someone who was not clearly identified in the fantasy, telling him to have sex with a woman). Isolating the expression allowed the analysand to dwell less on the enigmatic peculiarities of the object as it was presented in the dream (devoid as it was of qualities) and what it might mean to give it to someone as a gift, and instead to consider one of the figurative meanings of the expression.
很多惯用的表达有多重意义，并且只有重复分析者在他的陈述中使用的惯用表达，才使句子的意思得到一个与分析者最开始打算的非常不一样的理解。例如，当我的一个分析者正在描述梦，“在梦中，我正拿着某种东西，然后跑过去把它给她，”我只是重复“把它给她”，同时想起，那个短语在分析者的性幻想中的重要性（在那个幻想中某个认不清的人要他和一个女人性交）。分离出那个表达，使分析者更少详谈，与那个在梦里呈现出来的东西有关的神秘怪癖，以及把它作为礼物给某人可能意味着什么，取而代之的是去考虑那种表达的某种比喻意义。
In another dream, the same analysand saw a woman he knew and noticed he was wearing a red blouse. He then looked down, "as if I wanted to transfer the red from her upper body down to the lower half, as if I wanted to see red." To "see red" obviously also means to get angry, and it clearly made more sense to repeat only those polyvalent words and not the whole of the analysand's statement. (In this case, the analysand noticed the double meaning himself and Ied to a considerable nexus of ideas.)
在另一个梦里，同一个分析者看到他认识的一个女人，并且注意到她正穿着一个红色的衬衫。然后他往下看，“好像我想把红色从她的上身移向下半身，好像我想看到红色一样。”“看到红色”显然也意味着生气，并且只重复那些多重意义的词而非分析者的全部陈述明显地要更有意义。（在这种情况下，分析者自己注意到了双重意义，导向了观念间的一个重大的联系。)
Sometimes it is not the idiomatic expression itself that is ambiguous but rather the way that it is incorporated into the grammar of the analysand's enunciation. For example, an analysand of mine was talking about his relationship with his wife and came out with the statement "I was trying to earn her keep." When I queried, "Her keep?" he realized that he had turned things around in such a way that it was not clear whether he was saying that he was trying to be kept by her or to pay for her. A short time later, the same analysand was talking about another woman and complained, "Her regard of me was withering." When I responded with "Withering?" he heard both the sexual connotation and his intended meaning (which probably only the context could have revealed) that her good opinion of him was waning. He subsequently realized that regard can also be understood as to gaze or look: To be looked at by her made him wither.5
有时不是惯用的表达本身是模棱两可的，而是它们被并入分析者的语法的表达方式。比如，我的一个分析者正在谈论他和妻子的关系，说到“我正在试着earn her keep。”当我问“Her keep？”时，他意识到，通过这样一种方式，他已经扭转了意思，并不清楚他是在说他正在试着让她留住他，还是为她付账。过了一会儿，那个分析者正在谈论另一个女人，抱怨到“她对我的regard正在withering."当我回应道”Withering？“时，他同时听到了性暗示和他打算的意思（这可能只有在语境中才能显示出来），即她对他的好看法正在减少。他随后意识到，regard也能被理解为注视或看：被她看着使他wither。5
When faced with the description of a long, complicated dream to which the analysand initially professes to have few or no associations, it is often useful to highlight words or phrases in the dream that can lead off in several different directions because of their polysemy. In a detailed dream with several scenes in it told to me by one analysand, there were at one point some monks sitting at a round table singing a happy song to each other, but it had "a false ring to it," he commented. "Round table" could obviously lead to a couple of different trains of thought, but it was the words "false ring" that, when I repeated them to the analysand, led to several sessions of material regarding his marriage, the external circumstances (visa problems) that had led to it, the sort of false ring he had bought for the occasion (silver instead of gold), its eventual replacement by a gold ring that was subsequently lost in a fire, and so on. 'We weren't taking the thing seriously," he remarked. He indicated that he wanted to escape from the institution of marriage, which he associated with his father. Although his father was always saying that "you must be joyful," it did not ring true to the analysand—rather, it seemed to be a put on, a joyful 'face "he put on for [the family]," For the analysand to become a husband was to 'become like his father, whom he characterized as asexual, domesticated, and a fine, upstanding member of the community who was devoid of desire. And, 'indeed, although the analysand's wife-to-be and he had been passionate about each other before the marriage, he was no longer as attracted to her afterward. 'Taking the potentially polyvalent words "false ring" out of context led to a great deal of previously undiscussed material, as well as to a discussion of his ideal of marriage as a pledge to "the one special person" who "would cure me, make me whole ... I could relax into being who I was really supposed to be."
当面对一个冗长复杂的梦——分析者最初声称对此只有一些或没有什么联想的的梦——的描述的时候，强调梦中的词或短语经常是有用的，而且由于它们的多义性，可以从几个不同的方向开始。在一个由分析者告诉我的有几个场景的详述的梦中，在某处很多和尚坐在一个圆形的桌子上，向彼此唱着一首快乐的歌，但是这有”a false ring“，他评论到。”圆形的桌子“显然可以引出几个不同的一连串的想法，但是，是这个词”false ring“，当我重复给分析者时，引出已经导致了这种”false ring“的关于他的婚姻以及外在的环境（签证问题）的材料的几次会谈。他临时买的那种假戒子(银的而不是金的），最后被换成一个金戒子，后来在一场火灾中丢失了，等等。”我们没有把这当成一回事，“他说。他表明，他想逃离婚姻制度——这让他联想到自己的父亲。尽管他的父亲总是说，“你一定要快乐，”这对分析者来说听起来并非是真的，相反，这似乎是他为家人摆出一副快乐的“脸”。对于分析者来说，成为一个丈夫意味着变得像他的父亲那样，他的特点是无性的，喜欢家庭生活的，以及一个缺乏欲望的良好的正直的社会成员。而且，确实，尽管分析者的未婚妻和他在结婚之前就已经对彼此充满热情，但他后来不再对她有吸引力了。把潜在的多义的词“false ring”从语境中提取出来，引出大量的先前未被讨论过的材料，以及关于他的理想的婚姻——作为一种对那个会治愈我，使我完整……使我可以自在的做我本来的样子的“特定的人”的誓言——的讨论
Note:
注释：
5 Casement (1991) provided an interesting example of taking what the analysand says out of context,
5.Casement（1991）提供了一个把分析者所说的从语境中提取出来的有趣的例子
If a patient were to say, "My boss is angry with me," this can be silently abstracted as "someone is angry with someone."Who is angry with whom then remains unclear 1 tcouldbe a statement of fact, objectively reported; it could be a reference to the patient's anger, projected onto the boss, it could be a displaced reference to the transference, the therapist seen as angry, or it could be an oblique reference to the patient being angry with the therapist. (p. 37)
如果一个病人说“我的老板对我生气”这可以简单地抽象为“某人对某人生气。”谁对谁生气，然后保持为不清楚的状态。这可以是一种对事实的陈述，客观地报道。可以是对病人的愤怒的一种指涉，投射到了老板身上；可以是一种对转移的指涉，治疗师被视为愤怒的；也可以是对病人在生治疗师的气的一种潜在的指涉。
In essence, Casement has simply taken the word anger out of context, allowing it to be applied in as many possible ways as he can think of. I would add that when the analyst takes words and phrases out of context in this way and repeats them back to the analysand, the analysand often responds by saying something like "That's actually an expression my mother used to use. ..."
大体上，Casement只是把生气这个词从语境中提取出来，允许它被应用在他可以想到的尽可能多的方面。我会补充说，当分析师以这种方式把词或短语从语境中提取出来，然后重复给分析者，分析者经常通过说某些类似于”那实际上是我的母亲过去经常使用的一种表达“的话来回应。
Note that by taking words and expressions out of context, the analyst is simply reversing what the unconscious does in the course of dream formation. As Freud (1900/1958, pp. 165-188) told us, the dream takes "day residues," such as comments someone. made or statements read somewhere the day before, and recomposes them in different fashions so as to disguise what is really at issue in the dream. When the analyst takes them out of the context of the dream's manifest content, she allows the analysand to recall their original source in the day residues, residues that may include the analyst but that should not be presumed to do so in all cases (it is but one possibility among others).
注意，通过让词和表达脱离语境，分析师正在简单地逆转在梦的构造的过程中无意识的机制。正如弗洛伊德（1900/1958，pp165-188）告诉我们的，梦利用”日间残余“，比如前一天某人的评论或在某处读到的陈述，然后用不同的手法改写它们，以便在梦中伪装真正有争议的东西。当分析师把它们从显梦的语境中提取出来时，她使得分析者能够想起它们在日间残余中的最初的源头，可能包括了分析师，却不应该假定所有情况（这只是众多情况中的一种可能）中都是如此的残余
脱离语境
[Psychoanalysis is] a practice that is based upon the ex-sistence of the unconscious.— Lacan (1973-1974, June 11, 1974)
（精神分析是）一种基于无意识的外密性的实践— 拉康（1973-1974，1974.6.11）
in obvious way of punctuating someone's discourse is to repeat it back to him verbatim, thereby highlighting, underlining, or underscoring it, as it were. sometimes simply hearing the exact same words repeated by someone else sheds new light on them, allowing them to be heard differently. At other times, it may be more helpful to repeat back only some of the words in the analysand's discourse, isolating just one or two words from their original context to highlight the fact that the analysand used, for example, the exact same locution to qualify his lover as he used several minutes earlier to qualify his mother.
给某人的言说的明显的断句方式是把它逐字的重复给他听，因此可以说是，高亮之，在其下划线，强调之。有时候仅仅听到由其他人重复的完全一样的词，会使这些词得到充分理解，允许它们以不一样的方式被听到。在其他时候，只把分析者的言说中的某些词重复给他，这可能会更有帮助，从最初的语境中只提取出一个或两个词，以便强调这种事实，即分析者使用的，比如说，完全一样的说话风格来形容他的爱人，正如他几分钟之前用来形容他的母亲。
Many idiomatic expressions have multiple meanings, and reiterating only the idiomatic expression used by the analysand in his statement may shed a very different light on the meaning of the sentence than the analysand had originally intended. When, for example, one of my analysands was describing dream and said, "In the dream I was holding an object of some sort and I ran over to give it to her," I simply repeated back "give it to her," recalling, as I lid, the importance of that phrase in the analysand's sexual fantasies (it being announced by someone who was not clearly identified in the fantasy, telling him to have sex with a woman). Isolating the expression allowed the analysand to dwell less on the enigmatic peculiarities of the object as it was presented in the dream (devoid as it was of qualities) and what it might mean to give it to someone as a gift, and instead to consider one of the figurative meanings of the expression.
很多惯用的表达有多重意义，并且只有重复分析者在他的陈述中使用的惯用表达，才使句子的意思得到一个与分析者最开始打算的非常不一样的理解。例如，当我的一个分析者正在描述梦，“在梦中，我正拿着某种东西，然后跑过去把它给她，”我只是重复“把它给她”，同时想起，那个短语在分析者的性幻想中的重要性（在那个幻想中某个认不清的人要他和一个女人性交）。分离出那个表达，使分析者更少详谈，与那个在梦里呈现出来的东西有关的神秘怪癖，以及把它作为礼物给某人可能意味着什么，取而代之的是去考虑那种表达的某种比喻意义。
In another dream, the same analysand saw a woman he knew and noticed he was wearing a red blouse. He then looked down, "as if I wanted to transfer the red from her upper body down to the lower half, as if I wanted to see red." To "see red" obviously also means to get angry, and it clearly made more sense to repeat only those polyvalent words and not the whole of the analysand's statement. (In this case, the analysand noticed the double meaning himself and Ied to a considerable nexus of ideas.)
在另一个梦里，同一个分析者看到他认识的一个女人，并且注意到她正穿着一个红色的衬衫。然后他往下看，“好像我想把红色从她的上身移向下半身，好像我想看到红色一样。”“看到红色”显然也意味着生气，并且只重复那些多重意义的词而非分析者的全部陈述明显地要更有意义。（在这种情况下，分析者自己注意到了双重意义，导向了观念间的一个重大的联系。)
Sometimes it is not the idiomatic expression itself that is ambiguous but rather the way that it is incorporated into the grammar of the analysand's enunciation. For example, an analysand of mine was talking about his relationship with his wife and came out with the statement "I was trying to earn her keep." When I queried, "Her keep?" he realized that he had turned things around in such a way that it was not clear whether he was saying that he was trying to be kept by her or to pay for her. A short time later, the same analysand was talking about another woman and complained, "Her regard of me was withering." When I responded with "Withering?" he heard both the sexual connotation and his intended meaning (which probably only the context could have revealed) that her good opinion of him was waning. He subsequently realized that regard can also be understood as to gaze or look: To be looked at by her made him wither.5
有时不是惯用的表达本身是模棱两可的，而是它们被并入分析者的语法的表达方式。比如，我的一个分析者正在谈论他和妻子的关系，说到“我正在试着earn her keep。”当我问“Her keep？”时，他意识到，通过这样一种方式，他已经扭转了意思，并不清楚他是在说他正在试着让她留住他，还是为她付账。过了一会儿，那个分析者正在谈论另一个女人，抱怨到“她对我的regard正在withering."当我回应道”Withering？“时，他同时听到了性暗示和他打算的意思（这可能只有在语境中才能显示出来），即她对他的好看法正在减少。他随后意识到，regard也能被理解为注视或看：被她看着使他wither。5
When faced with the description of a long, complicated dream to which the analysand initially professes to have few or no associations, it is often useful to highlight words or phrases in the dream that can lead off in several different directions because of their polysemy. In a detailed dream with several scenes in it told to me by one analysand, there were at one point some monks sitting at a round table singing a happy song to each other, but it had "a false ring to it," he commented. "Round table" could obviously lead to a couple of different trains of thought, but it was the words "false ring" that, when I repeated them to the analysand, led to several sessions of material regarding his marriage, the external circumstances (visa problems) that had led to it, the sort of false ring he had bought for the occasion (silver instead of gold), its eventual replacement by a gold ring that was subsequently lost in a fire, and so on. 'We weren't taking the thing seriously," he remarked. He indicated that he wanted to escape from the institution of marriage, which he associated with his father. Although his father was always saying that "you must be joyful," it did not ring true to the analysand—rather, it seemed to be a put on, a joyful 'face "he put on for [the family]," For the analysand to become a husband was to 'become like his father, whom he characterized as asexual, domesticated, and a fine, upstanding member of the community who was devoid of desire. And, 'indeed, although the analysand's wife-to-be and he had been passionate about each other before the marriage, he was no longer as attracted to her afterward. 'Taking the potentially polyvalent words "false ring" out of context led to a great deal of previously undiscussed material, as well as to a discussion of his ideal of marriage as a pledge to "the one special person" who "would cure me, make me whole ... I could relax into being who I was really supposed to be."
当面对一个冗长复杂的梦——分析者最初声称对此只有一些或没有什么联想的的梦——的描述的时候，强调梦中的词或短语经常是有用的，而且由于它们的多义性，可以从几个不同的方向开始。在一个由分析者告诉我的有几个场景的详述的梦中，在某处很多和尚坐在一个圆形的桌子上，向彼此唱着一首快乐的歌，但是这有”a false ring“，他评论到。”圆形的桌子“显然可以引出几个不同的一连串的想法，但是，是这个词”false ring“，当我重复给分析者时，引出已经导致了这种”false ring“的关于他的婚姻以及外在的环境（签证问题）的材料的几次会谈。他临时买的那种假戒子(银的而不是金的），最后被换成一个金戒子，后来在一场火灾中丢失了，等等。”我们没有把这当成一回事，“他说。他表明，他想逃离婚姻制度——这让他联想到自己的父亲。尽管他的父亲总是说，“你一定要快乐，”这对分析者来说听起来并非是真的，相反，这似乎是他为家人摆出一副快乐的“脸”。对于分析者来说，成为一个丈夫意味着变得像他的父亲那样，他的特点是无性的，喜欢家庭生活的，以及一个缺乏欲望的良好的正直的社会成员。而且，确实，尽管分析者的未婚妻和他在结婚之前就已经对彼此充满热情，但他后来不再对她有吸引力了。把潜在的多义的词“false ring”从语境中提取出来，引出大量的先前未被讨论过的材料，以及关于他的理想的婚姻——作为一种对那个会治愈我，使我完整……使我可以自在的做我本来的样子的“特定的人”的誓言——的讨论
Note:
注释：
5 Casement (1991) provided an interesting example of taking what the analysand says out of context,
5.Casement（1991）提供了一个把分析者所说的从语境中提取出来的有趣的例子
If a patient were to say, "My boss is angry with me," this can be silently abstracted as "someone is angry with someone."Who is angry with whom then remains unclear 1 tcouldbe a statement of fact, objectively reported; it could be a reference to the patient's anger, projected onto the boss, it could be a displaced reference to the transference, the therapist seen as angry, or it could be an oblique reference to the patient being angry with the therapist. (p. 37)
如果一个病人说“我的老板对我生气”这可以简单地抽象为“某人对某人生气。”谁对谁生气，然后保持为不清楚的状态。这可以是一种对事实的陈述，客观地报道。可以是对病人的愤怒的一种指涉，投射到了老板身上；可以是一种对转移的指涉，治疗师被视为愤怒的；也可以是对病人在生治疗师的气的一种潜在的指涉。
In essence, Casement has simply taken the word anger out of context, allowing it to be applied in as many possible ways as he can think of. I would add that when the analyst takes words and phrases out of context in this way and repeats them back to the analysand, the analysand often responds by saying something like "That's actually an expression my mother used to use. ..."
大体上，Casement只是把生气这个词从语境中提取出来，允许它被应用在他可以想到的尽可能多的方面。我会补充说，当分析师以这种方式把词或短语从语境中提取出来，然后重复给分析者，分析者经常通过说某些类似于”那实际上是我的母亲过去经常使用的一种表达“的话来回应。
Note that by taking words and expressions out of context, the analyst is simply reversing what the unconscious does in the course of dream formation. As Freud (1900/1958, pp. 165-188) told us, the dream takes "day residues," such as comments someone. made or statements read somewhere the day before, and recomposes them in different fashions so as to disguise what is really at issue in the dream. When the analyst takes them out of the context of the dream's manifest content, she allows the analysand to recall their original source in the day residues, residues that may include the analyst but that should not be presumed to do so in all cases (it is but one possibility among others).
注意，通过让词和表达脱离语境，分析师正在简单地逆转在梦的构造的过程中无意识的机制。正如弗洛伊德（1900/1958，pp165-188）告诉我们的，梦利用”日间残余“，比如前一天某人的评论或在某处读到的陈述，然后用不同的手法改写它们，以便在梦中伪装真正有争议的东西。当分析师把它们从显梦的语境中提取出来时，她使得分析者能够想起它们在日间残余中的最初的源头，可能包括了分析师，却不应该假定所有情况（这只是众多情况中的一种可能）中都是如此的残余
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