女高音中的多面手——Margherita Durastanti
罗马建立者?Check. 游泳女健将?Check. 自恋美少年(不过Capece的剧本里Narcissus喜欢上的竟然是Echo的倒影,一头撞死)?Check. 一肚子坏水的罗马皇后?Check. 没了老婆就又哭又闹的小王子?Check. 该王子大义凛然的老婆?Check. 坏事做尽的皇子?Check. 护犊母老虎?Check. 一心替父报仇的未来海贼王?Check. 虚张声势的火神之子?Check. 相比正歌剧全盛时期那些演来演去都是命运多舛、苦大仇深的公主王后的女高音们,意大利人Margherita Durastanti可谓是男女(角色)通吃、老少(角色)咸宜、能文能武、亦正亦邪,同时她还保持着与亨德尔合作时间跨度最长的纪录。 Durastanti的生卒年月与早期生涯我们一无所知,最早关于她的记载来自1700年的一部威尼斯pasticcio和1700-1701演出季的两部曼托瓦歌剧,其中她在Marc’Antonio Ziani的Il duello d’amore e di vendetta里饰演一个男角(此剧剧本几年后为亨德尔的第一部意大利歌剧Vincer se stesso è la maggior vittoria提供了原材料),[1] 此时她可能是曼托瓦宫廷的一员。之后几年她的行踪亦不为人知,直到1707年,她的名字出现在罗马的Francesco Maria Ruspoli侯爵家( 八卦一下,影星Olivia Wilde的前夫是他家后代)的账本里,差不多和她同时来到Ruspoli家中的还有20出头的亨德尔,这名已经在汉堡歌剧界崭露头角的萨克森年轻人1706年底至1710年初在意大利各地一边从当时最杰出的音乐家身上汲取精华,一边用自己高超的管风琴技巧和音乐创作在意大利乐坛引起不小的轰动。亨德尔及他的继任者、威尼斯人Antonio Caldara在Ruspoli家最主要的工作是为其每周日的conversazione创作康塔塔,Durastanti则在很多这样的作品里担任女高音独唱。所谓conversazione, 是当时罗马的几位贵族阿卡迪亚社 (Accademia degli Arcadi) 成员(如Ruspoli侯爵及两位红衣主教,Benedetto Pamphilj和Pietro Ottoboni)每周在自家举行的私人娱乐活动,期间吟诗奏乐,谈笑有鸿儒,往来无白丁。除此之外,遇上重大宗教节日,雄心勃勃欲成为罗马最重要艺术赞助人的Ruspoli还会举办大型演出。1708年的复活节星期天,Durastanti在亨德尔为Ruspoli创作的清唱剧《复活》(La Resurrezione)中演唱抹大拉的玛利亚,然而当时的罗马承蒙新约哥林多前书14:34“妇女在会中要闭口不言”一说而禁止女性在公共场合登台表演,第二天Ruspoli因此受到了教皇克莱门特十一世的警告,不得不向流亡罗马的波兰王后Maria Casimira借来了阉伶Pippo(不是因扎吉,虽然他看上去的确有点没balls的感觉)取代Durastanti.[2]

1709-1712年,Durastanti作为San Giovanni Grisostomo剧院的头牌女高音在威尼斯继续自己的演艺生涯,这里她又遇上了亨德尔——由后者作曲、那不勒斯总督Vicenzo Grimani作词、Durastanti担任剧名主角的歌剧Agrippina 1709年底首演后大获成功,整个狂欢季里连演了27场。此外Durastanti还在Antonio Lotti和Carlo Francesco Pollarolo的歌剧中饰演角色,包括为亨德尔的Riccardo Primo, re d’Inghilterra提供原材料的Isacio tiranno里的塞浦路斯统治者Isaac I Komnenos之女Pulcheria. 接下来的几年里Durastanti在意大利各地辗转,足迹遍布博洛尼亚、雷焦艾米利亚、米兰、帕尔马、佛罗伦萨,之后在1715-1716演出季出演了5部那不勒斯歌剧,包括Alessandro Scarlatti的Carlo, re d'Allemagna和La virtù trionfante. 1719年在萨克森宫廷任职的佛罗伦萨小提琴家与作曲家Francesco Maria Veracini将她请去德累斯顿,结果不久后被德国人称为“伯爵夫人”[3]的Durastanti又见到了那位当时已经远在英国的老熟人。1710年代末的德累斯顿在皈依天主教的萨克森选帝侯兼波兰国王与立陶宛大公“强力的”奥古斯特 (August der Starke) 统治下文化空前繁荣,宫廷剧院星光熠熠,除了Durastanti外,还雇佣有阉伶Senesino和Matteo Berselli, 女高音Maddalena Salvai, 男高音Francesco Guicciardi和男低音Giuseppe Maria Boschi.[4] 而英吉利海峡西岸,一些英国贵族们为了能够在伦敦上演高质量的歌剧而成立了皇家音乐学院 (Royal Academy of Music, 并非那个音乐学校,而兴许是向法国人借鉴——巴黎歌剧院的正式名称即为Académie Royale de Musique),聘请亨德尔作曲,并派遣后者返回欧洲大陆物色歌唱家,同时点名指定要和Senesino尽快签约,且合同期越长越好。[5] 之后他们又请来了两位知名意大利作曲家Attilio Ariosti和Giovanni Bononcini. 亨德尔到达德累斯顿后不久恰逢王储、未来的Friedrich August II/August III与奥地利女大公Maria Josepha大婚,Lotti根据宫廷诗人Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino的剧本为庆典谱写了歌剧Teofane, Durastanti在其中饰演意大利国王Berengar二世的遗孀Gismonda(名字是杜撰的)。亨德尔极有可能观看了演出,至少他带走了剧本,并在三年后据此写出了Ottone, re di Germania, 继续由Durastanti出演她的老角色. 然而亨德尔与歌唱家们的谈判进展并不顺利,只有Durastanti签下了一份18个月1600镑的合同(之后Senesino的薪水是一年2000镑,另一名女高音Salvai则是一年700镑),[6] 在皇家音乐学院开幕季之前来到了英国,其他人除Guicciardi始终没来伦敦之外则直到Senesino在1720年和德累斯顿宫廷乐长Johann David Heinichen在歌剧Flavio Crispo排练中发生争执、导致所有意大利歌手被解雇后才得以加盟。[7] 意大利诗人、皇家音乐学院意大利文秘书Paolo Rolli对亨德尔选择与Durastanti签约颇有微词,在一封给摩德纳派驻英国的外交使节Giuseppe Riva的信中抱怨道,"他们说Durastanti肯定要来唱歌剧了。哦,多么糟糕的为英格兰的选择!我不准备谈论她的唱功,但她真是头大象!"[8] 不过这位后来与Metastasio竞争神圣罗马皇帝御用诗人职位的罗马人向来以傲慢和毒舌著称,他曾斥温文尔雅的Ariosti为“愚蠢的动物”、“无脑”,[9] 还在Marziale in Albion一书中为其写了一首恶毒的墓志铭(也难怪他以Martial自诩!): “这里长眠着Attilio Ariosti —— 要是他能和你搭讪,他还会借钱。 到死都是个神父,无论发生什么, 活着和死掉都在花别人的钱。”[10] 不过与Durastanti在德累斯顿共事的Pallavicino给生活在英国的意大利商人、外交官Giovanni Giacomo Zamboni的信里大力称赞她:“你会发现我的推荐不仅可靠,甚至多余,因为这位值得尊敬的歌唱家将是自己的推荐——她是近年来舞台上最杰出的演员之一。”此外Senesino也在致Riva的信里举荐Durastanti. [11] 由此看来,Durastanti即便缺乏后来皇家音乐学院的两位头牌女高音Francesca Cuzzoni和Faustina Bordoni那样的明星效应,至少也是位有实力的音乐家。在Senesino尚未到来的情况下,尽管也有别的阉伶在场 (Benedetto Baldassari),Durastanti还是被委以男主角的重任,第一个演出季里在Giovanni Porta的歌剧Numitore里扮演罗慕洛,在亨德尔的Radamisto及由Thomas Roseingrave改编的Domenico Scarlatti的Narciso中担任剧名主角。18世纪的音乐学家Charles Burney根据后来出版的Numitore乐谱评价,认为其音乐“比之前任何一部我们听到的从意大利来的歌剧都更出色”[12](其实此时Porta已经在英国)。 作为皇家音乐学院成立演出季重头戏的Radamisto首演虽然因为各种原因推迟(最后一次甚至发生在预定演出当天,因为一些贵族太太们要看一个法国喜剧班子的表演![13]),但并没有影响它的成功,Durastanti也受到了称赞。[14] 我们从Mary Cowper伯爵夫人1720年4月27日的日记里得知当晚乔治一世(本剧的受题献者)和王储都亲临现场(显然是矛盾很深的两人对外界发出的和解信号,不过讽刺的是,历史上的伊比利亚王子Rhadamistus恰恰是因为叛变被其父Pharasmanes处死),并且还有大量的观众。[15] John Mainwaring, 第一位亨德尔传记作家这样描述道: “If persons who are now living, and who were present at that performance may be credited, the applause it received was almost as extravagant as his Agrippina had excited: the crowds and tumults of the house at Venice were hardly equal to those at London. In so splendid and fashionable an assembly of ladies (to the excellence of their taste we must impute it) there was no shadow of form, or ceremony, scarce indeed any appearance of order or regularity, politeness or decency. Many, who had forc’d their way into the house with an impetuosity but ill suited to their rank and sex, actually fainted through the excessive heat and closeness of it. Several gentlemen were turned back, who had offered forty shillings for a seat in the gallery, after having despaired of getting any in the pit or boxes.”[16] 亨德尔为Durastanti的角色精心创作了6首咏叹调和一首二重唱,其中Radamisto哀悼亡妻(他以为)的“Ombra cara di mia sposa”更是亨德尔一生中写过最伟大的咏叹调之一,Burney如是写道: “[T]oo much praise cannot be given to that song, in which, though the composition is so artful, an inverted chromatic imitation being carried on in the accompaniments, yet the cantilena is simply pathetic throughout. I remember hearing Reginelli sing this air at the opera in 1747, among some light Italian songs of that period, and it seemed the language of philosophy and science, and the rest the frivolous jargon of fops and triflers.”[17] 之后随着越来越多更年轻名头也更响的意大利歌手加盟,Durastanti在皇家音乐学院中的地位逐渐下降。1720年11月开幕的第二季里Durastanti将男主角让给了新来的Senesino, 改唱女主角 (Radamisto第二版里的男主角之妻Zenobia, 亨德尔与Bononcini, Filippo Amadei一人各写一幕的Muzio Scevola里的罗马女人质Cloelia, Amadei改编Giuseppe Maria Orlandini的Arsace里的波斯女王Statira——原型其实是小高乃依剧作Le Comte d’Essex里的伊丽莎白一世, Bononcini的Astarto里的泰尔女王Elisa, Ciro o L’odio e l’amore里的Massagetae女王Tomyris)。[18] 1721年3月2日Durastanti与丈夫Casimiro Avelloni的女儿受洗时,孩子的教父母分别为乔治一世、王妃Caroline与Bruce伯爵夫人,[19] 足见英国王室对她的青睐。同年10月Durastanti在慕尼黑饰演了意大利作曲家Pietro Torri的L’amor d’amico vince ogni altro amore中的女主角、伊庇鲁斯王Pyrrhus的姐姐Deidamia, 时任北德宗座代牧的意大利作曲家Agostino Steffani在给Riva的信中说她受到了“热烈的掌声”(“con grande applauso”)与“一致地爱戴与尊敬”(“universalmente amata e stimata”),她还陪同巴伐利亚选帝侯夫人Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska参观了圣母望见修道院,在修道院院长、Steffani的妹妹Ippolita面前大赞其兄,表示“天下谁人不识君”(“tutto il mondo cattolico deve conoscermi”——Steffani的转述)。[20] 然而之后Durastanti因病错过了1721-22皇家音乐学院演出季,[21] 亨德尔本来已经谱完了以她为女主角的歌剧Floridante的第一幕与第二幕大半, 此时不得不为新的Elmira、原本唱女配角Rossane的英国女低音Anastasia Robinson重写,Rossane则交给了意大利女高音Salvai. 下一季Durastanti病愈复出后接替Salvai,[22] 亨德尔根据她的特长大幅修改了角色,三首咏叹调被替换,并新增了一首,[23] Burney认为其中的“O dolce mia speranza”是“the most pathetic and beautiful of the slow Siciliana kind I ever heard.”[24] 1722年底在欧洲红得发紫的Cuzzoni的到来使得Durastanti从此基本只能屈居配角——给Senesino当绿叶的阉伶Gaetano Berenstadt曾抱怨皇家音乐学院只重视男女主角,而其他人都是“蜡烛台”。[25] 1722-23和1723-24两个演出季里Durastanti出演了亨德尔的Ottone, re di Germania中的Gismonda, Flavio里的伦巴底宫廷侍臣Vitige, Giulio Cesare in Egitto中庞培之子Sextus Pompey, Ariosti的Coriolano里主角的母亲Veturia,Vespasiano中的图密善,[26] Aquilio consolo里奴隶起义首领Athenion的姐/妹Linceste, Bononcini的Erminia的剧名主角——《被解放的耶路撒冷》里的安条克公主,Farnace里的埃及王子Clitarchus, Calfurnia中的马略之妻Julia.[27] 此时她准备向英国告别,1724年3月17日,在一场以Durastanti为受益人的Coriolano复演中她加演了一首蒲伯作词的恭维英国的英语康塔塔,其中“But let old charmers yield to new; | Happy soil, adieu, adieu!”被视作是她承认自己的地位被Cuzzoni取代,[28] 颇有一种长江后浪推前浪,前浪死在沙滩上的感慨。 1724年夏,Durastanti与皇家音乐学院的另几位意大利成员Bononcini, Cuzzoni, Berenstadt, Giuseppe Bigonzi, Boschi受邀去了巴黎,她与Cuzzoni前往波旁公爵在尚帝伊的庄园演唱,路易十五也前去观看。[29] 除此之外,当年在巴黎印发的Ottone与Giulio Cesare剧本显示他们与一位“Madame Palerme”[30] 还在艺术赞助人Pierre Crozat的家中上演了这两出歌剧的音乐会版,Durastanti不仅重演了自己在伦敦的角色,还身兼二职唱了本来属于Senesino的神圣罗马皇帝奥托二世以及(也许)凯撒。[31] 此后Durastanti没再与皇家音乐学院续约,而是返回了意大利,[32] 同时走人的还有Berenstadt, 但她与亨德尔的缘分并未就此走到尽头。近十年后,如今音域已是女中音的Durastanti再一次来到伦敦与入了英国籍的亨德尔重逢,此时皇家音乐学院因为经济状况堪忧已经关闭,转为由亨德尔和瑞士人John Jacob Heidegger管理的所谓 “Second Academy”,而1733年6月王储Frederick为了对抗乔治二世和他支持的亨德尔,联合一众贵族——包括不少原皇家音乐学院的董事[33]——新成立了“贵族剧院”(“Opera of the Nobility”), 请来了当时意大利最负盛名的歌剧作曲家之一,那不勒斯人Nicola Porpora,[34] 吸引亨德尔的歌手纷纷跳槽,只有女高音Anna Maria Strada del Pò选择留下。被釜底抽薪的亨德尔只得为他的歌剧重新物色人选,这次他找来了阉伶Giovanni Carestini和Carlo Scalzi, Maria Caterina和Rosa Negri姐妹,德裔英国男低音Gustavus Waltz,以及老相识Durastanti.[35] 1733-34演出季Durastanti首先在亨德尔的pasticcio, Semiradmide riconosciuta里扮演剧名主角,亚述女王Semiramis. Bristol伯爵夫人在致丈夫John Hervey的信中抱怨歌剧“空洞无趣”,不过新来的Carestini是位“极好的歌手”,其他人则“除了唱得和以前一样好的老Durastanti外都是垃圾”。[36] 此外当季Durastanti还在亨德尔的新歌剧Arianna in Creta里饰演了反派、克里特王米诺斯的卫队长Tauris, 在为庆祝安妮公主与奥朗日王子威廉大婚而作的短歌剧 (serenata) Parnasso in festa中演唱主管史诗的缪斯Calliope, 并在Ottone, Il pastor fido和Sosarme的复演里分别扮演Gismonda, 宁芙Eurilla和吕底亚王Haliates,及另外两部pasticci, Caio Fabricio中的伊庇鲁斯王后Bircenna和Arbace里的波斯皇家卫队长Artabanus,[37] 并且还参与了1734年4月亨德尔清唱剧Deborah的复演。[38] 演出季结束后Durastanti又一次离开了亨德尔的剧团,从此淡出了人们的视野。回顾这位歌唱家长达30多年的职业生涯,她所塑造的角色之多样化令人赞叹,即便在爱好乔装打扮的巴洛克时代,像Durastanti这样无论出演男主、女主、男配、女配都游刃有余的歌手也并不多见。不仅如此,为她所作的咏叹调也充分挖掘各种情绪,[39] 如“L’alma mia fra le tempeste”的自信,“Non hò cor che per amarti”的狡黠,“Pensieri, voi mi tormentate”的焦虑不安与坚定决心并存,“Ombra cara di mia sposa”的悲痛,“Vanne, sorella ingrata”的愤怒,“Dolce bene di quest’alma”的忠贞不渝, “Trema, tiranno”的反抗,“Se impassibile, immortale”的欢欣。也许正是由于Durastanti的多才多艺,亨德尔才会长期与她合作,并在她早已成明日黄花时仍然请她再度踏上伦敦舞台。 [1] Dean & Knapp, 668. [2] Kirkendale, 236-237. [3] Burney, 380; possibly as a result of her marriage to Casimiro Avelloni, who might have been a Neapolitan nobleman, but due to lack of evidence, this can only remain a conjecture. [4] LaRue, 80; Lotti’s wife, the soprano Santa Stella, also went to Dresden with him and sang in operas. [5] Deutsch, 90. [6] Ibid., 94. [7] Dean & Knapp, 301. [8] Lindgren Zamboni, letter 38a. [9] Lindgren Ariosti, 342. [10] Streatfeild, 9 n. [11] Lindgren Zamboni, letter 43 and notes. [12] Burney, 259. [13] Deutsch, 103. [14] Colman-Register, from Sasse, 213. [15] Deutsch, 104. [16] Mainwaring, 98-99. [17] Burney, 260. [18] BDA Vol.4, 520; Timms, 155 ff. [19] Deutsch, 123. [20] Lindgren & Timms, letter 21 and notes. [21] Dean & Knapp, 311-312. [22] Ibid., 401. Burney is wrong in attributing the role of Elmira in the revival to Durastanti. [23] Three out of these four arias were taken from the cantata “Crudel tiranno amor”, probably composed for Durastanti in June 1721. [24] Burney, 283. [25] Lindgren Paris, 21. [26] This seems a particularly fun role to play, as this precious teenager first catches the attention by treading upon the ex-emperor Vitellius’ head, then woos his sister-in-law (played by Cuzzoni) over dinner, kicks a captain to the ground, seizes his father Vespasian (Boschi) and his brother Titus (Senesino) by force, and all of a sudden gets swallowed up by Earth, an act engineered by Titus. In the end Domitian is pardoned by Vespasian (again) and is given the command of Asia – lieto fine indeed. [27] BDA Vol.4, 520; Timms, 155 ff. [28] LaRue, 103. [29] Lindgren Paris, 22. [30] Either Anna Dotti or Gerolima Moreni, detta la Palermina. See Dean & Knapp, 438 n. [31] Lindgren Paris, 22-23. [32] From Zamboni’s letters (Lindgren, Zamboni, 147 & 165) we learn that she and Avelloni were in Venice for some time in 1725, where Durastanti gave birth to another child, while a letter (216) by Berenstadt from 1728 indicates they have moved to Rome. [33] Dean, 133. [34] and of course, Farinelli, later. [35] Dean, 133. [36] Deutsch, 336. [37] Strohm, 185. [38] Deutsch 362 lists her as “Israelite Woman”, but doesn’t provide the source; on page 385 he says Durastanti’s part may have been sung by Cecilia Young (later Mrs. Thomas Arne) in the 1735 revival, but in fact Young took the part of Jael, while who sang the Israelite Woman remains a mystery. [39] Not every singer was capable of delivering the expected Affekt of an aria written for them, e.g., the good-natured Anastasia Robinson, unable to “act the Termagant”, wrote to Riva in the hope that he and/or Lady Darlington would ask Handel to change one of her arias in Ottone. Handel did oblige, replacing the more defiant “Pensa, spietata madre” with “Ah! tu non sai” and rewriting “Nel suo sangue”. See Dean & Knapp, 435. BIBLIOGRAPHY BDA Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers, and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. Vol. 4. Eds. Philip H. Highfill, Jr., Kalman A. Burnim, and Edward A. Langhans. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press: 1975. Burney, Charles. A General History of Music, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period. Vol. 4. London: 1789. Dean, Winton. Handel’s Operas: 1726-1741. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2006. ---- and John Merrill Knapp. Handel’s Operas: 1704-1726. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2009. Deutsch, Otto Erich. Handel: a Documentary Biography. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1955. Kirkendale, Ursula. "The Ruspoli Documents on Handel." Journal of the American Musicological Society 20.2 (1967): 222-273. Knapp, John Merrill. “Handel, the Royal Academy of Music, and Its First Opera Season in London (1720).” The Musical Quarterly 45.2 (1959): 145-167. LaRue, C. Steven. Handel and His Singers: The Creation of the Royal Academy Operas, 1720-1728. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Lindgren, Lowell. “Ariosti’s London Years, 1716-29.” Music & Letters 62.3/4 (1981): 331-351. ----. “Musicians and Librettists in the Correspondence of Gio. Giacomo Zamboni (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MSS Rawlinson Letters 116-138).” Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 24 (1991): 1-194. ----. “Parisian Patronage of Performers from the Royal Academy of Musick (1719-28).” Music & Letters 58.1 (1977): 4-28. ---- and Colin Timms, “The Correspondence of Agostino Steffani and Giuseppe Riva, 1720-1728, and Related Correspondence with J.P.F. von Schönborn and S.B. Pallavicini.” Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 36 (2003): 1-174. Mainwaring, John. Memoirs of the Life of the Late George Frederic Handel. London: R. & J. Dodsley, 1760. Sasse, Konrad, ed. “Opera Register from 1712 to 1734 (Colman-Register).” Händel-Jahrbuch 5 (1959): 199-223. Streatfield, R. A. Handel. 2nd edition. London: Methuen & Co., 1910. Strohm, Reinhard. Essays on Handel and Italian Opera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Timms, Colin. “Handelian and Other Librettos in Birmingham Central Library.” Music & Letters 65.2 (1984): 141-167. APPENDIX Several arias composed for Durastanti: Per me già di morire (La Resurrezione) Pensieri, voi mi tormentate (Agrippina) Ombra cara di mia sposa (Radamisto) Dolce bene di quest'alma (Radamisto) L'angue offeso mai riposa (Giulio Cesare) Qual leon che fere irato (Arianna in Creta) 感谢所有在写作过程中向我提供帮助的友邻!
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