东方文明的曙光

    目前的世界遗产预备名单中，浙江省的项目多达七项（可能是全国最多的，我并未统计），其中大运河、丝绸之路和江南水乡古镇都是和其他省区联合申报的项目，大运河和丝绸之路申报成功可能性极大，时间表基本已经确定，江南水乡古镇（江苏周庄、同里，浙江乌镇、西塘）则由于过度的商业开发，前景或不明朗。
    余下的四处遗产地均为浙江单独申报，分别为雁荡山、楠溪江、上林湖、良渚遗址。而浙南廊桥和普陀山则在不同的文件中有不同的说法，另外台州临海城墙或被列进“明清城墙”项目而捆绑申报。综上，浙江正在进行申报或有意申报的项目大概共有10项。
    在单独申报的项目中，最有可能率先获得成功的大概就是良渚遗址，已经开始了申遗文本编制的前期准备。
    前段时间无聊看中国的申遗预备清单，竟然发现新石器时期的遗址中竟然只有良渚和牛河梁榜上有名，还和一个同学讨论了一下，当时的理解是大概要通过考古说明所谓“玉器时代”的存在，但这在学术界存有极大争议，而且又正好看到了陈淳对“玉器时代”的看法，即原来的时代划分都是以生产工具为依据，玉器并未用作实际的生产工具，在石器时代和铜器时代之间增加玉器时代的概念，说服力或有不足。又因红山和良渚文化都以玉器为重要特征，这样申报恐怕又难以符合世界遗产所要求的独特性和不可替代性。
    虽然早已耳闻良渚为“东方文明的曙光”，但对这一文化的内容知之甚少，前几日有幸去了良渚博物院和良渚遗址的西城墙、莫角山和反山遗址，回来后便决定要稍了解一下良渚文化的内容，也算对自己进行一下乡土教育了。
                
                
                
                
                
                
    以下文本翻译自UNESCO官网的预备清单，原文见http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5330/，权当对有兴趣了解良渚文化的朋友做个简单的介绍。
Liangzhu Site, located to the northwest of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, about 15 kilometres from the centre of the city, is a famous archaeological site dating from the late Neolithic Age. Liangzhu culture, named after the site, is one of the most important archaeological cultures in China. Dating back to 5,300 - 4,200 years ago, it is characterized by well developed plough-rice agriculture, professionalized handicraft reflected by exquisite jade ware, pottery, and lacquer ware, carved symbols like word, large artificial structures, and a pyramid-shaped social structure. It has been dubbed ‘the dawn of oriental civilization' in the academic circle, and the site is an important piece of evidence that the Chinese civilization has multiple origins.
良渚遗址坐落在浙江省杭州市西北约15公里处，是新石器时期晚期的著名考古遗址。以该遗址地命名的良渚文化是中国最为重要的考古文化之一，距今5300-4200年，有着高度发展的犁耕稻作农业，以精美的玉器、陶器、漆器为代表的专业化手工业，类似字的刻划符号，大型人工建筑和金字塔形的社会结构，被学术界誉为“东方文明的曙光”，更为证明中华文明的多源起源提供了重要依据。
The site lies in the contiguous region between the hilly country in the west of Zhejiang and the Hangjiahu Plain, embraced by the northern and southern branches of Tianmu Mountain. Liangzhugang River (also known as the ‘Small Canal') and the Dongtiaoxi River, one of the eight main rivers of Zhejiang traverse the site, forming the peculiar geological setting of two mountain branches embracing two rivers. In the area which is of the northern subtropical monsoon climate, main crops are rice and wheat while the main cash crops are Mao bamboo and tea.
良渚遗址坐落在浙西山区和杭嘉湖平原的交接处，南北两面均为天目山脉的余脉。良渚港（又称小运河）以及浙江八大河流之一的东苕溪流经此地，形成了两江两山环拥的独特地理环境。此地为北亚热带季风气候，主要的农作物是水稻和小麦，主要经济作物则是毛竹和茶。
The first excavation at the site took place in 1936. Since the 1980s, with a series of important discoveries, such as the cemetery of aristocrats at Fanshan Hill, altars and cemeteries at Yaoshan Hill and Huiguanshan Hill, remains of the foundations of large structures at Mojiaoshan Hill, large defensive structures at Tangshan Hill, and the site of a village at Bianjiashan Hill, Liangzhu site has attracted great attention of archaeologists and historians both at home and abroad. Archaeological research and excavation over the years indicate that the site is dense in distribution, large in scale, exquisite in layout, and covers a total area of 42 square kilometres. Altogether 135 heritage spots have been discovered, including cemeteries, altars, foundations, defensive works, remains of villages, and workshops. The layout resembles that of a big primitive yet well designed town, with a central settlement, a sub-central settlement, and a common settlement. A large number of exquisite cultural heritages have been excavated, including jade wares, potteries and lacquer wares. These, together with the site, reflect the social landscape in the heyday of Liangzhu culture. As an important witness of the origin of Chinese civilization, the site embodies a culture that was unique and extremely important in the world in its times.
1936年考古人员对该遗址进行了首次发掘。自20世纪80年代以来，随着包括反山贵族墓葬、瑶山及汇观山祭坛、莫角山大型建筑基址、塘山大型防御设施、卞家山村址等一系列重要的考古发现，良渚遗址已成为国内外考古学家和历史学家关注的焦点。多年来的考古研究和发掘表明，该遗址地分布密集、规模巨大、布局精细，占地总面积达42平方公里。总共已发现135个遗产点，包括墓葬、祭坛、基址、防御工事、村庄遗存和作坊。良渚遗址布局如同一个巨大、原始而精心设计的古城，有着中心聚居点、次中心聚居点和普通聚居点。大量精美的文化遗存于此出土，包括玉器、陶器和漆器。上述所及，与该遗址地一起共同反映出良渚文化鼎盛时期的社会景观。作为中国文明起源的重要见证，良渚遗址体现了那一时期世界上一种特别且极为重要的文化。
In summary, so far as the origin of Chinese civilization is concerned, the remains at Liangzhu Site rank first in number, integrity, and are the best representatives to show the level of the then civilization. For this reason the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the PRC has pointed out that the site is the best among all the sites representing the early stages of Chinese civilization in terms of scale and historical value. As the great value of Liangzhu culture gets increasingly clarified, the early recognition referring to how Chinese civilization was started has been changed, and people's understanding about Chinese civilization has continued to be enriched. The site is one of the largest and most valuable pieces of material evidence to prove that Chinese civilization dates back to 5,000 years ago, and is a shrine of that civilization. It is of outstanding importance as a rare historical legacy for China and for the mankind.
总之，目前就中国文明的起源而言，良渚遗址的遗存在数量和完整性上名列榜首，同时也是展现那一时期文明水平的最佳代表。因此，中华人民共和国国家文物局指出，该遗址就规模和历史价值而言，是中国文明早期阶段各遗址地中的佼佼者。随着良渚文化的巨大价值日益得到认证，先前关于中国文明如何开始的认知已被改变，人们关于中国文明的认识也不愈加丰富。良渚遗址是实证五千年中国文明最重要的依据之一，是良渚文明的圣地，是一处对中国和全人类都有着突出价值的罕见的历史遗存。
Justification of Outstanding Universal Value
突出普遍价值的理由
As for the criterion (i):
标准i：
The profound cultural contents of the site reflect the artistic and scientific achievements of China, which stand out in the history of human civilization. The site contains a number of classic pieces in traditional civil engineering, which is characterized by the use of earth and wood. For instance, Mojiaoshan Hill is the largest site of rammed foundation dating from the Neolithic Age in China. Raising and ramming the foundation became a standard practice in later constructions, especially in the building of palaces. The multi-tiered altars on Yaoshan Hill and Huiguanshan Hill, piled on or excavated out of naturally formed hills, were the most complicate structured sites for worship of deities in the then period. In terms of the residence sites, the 7-meter-long square timber at Majinkou, the wooden plinth and wooden square well integrated tenon with mortise at Miaoqian, and the earthen wall with a wooden skeleton at Bianjiashan Hill form an important part of civil engineering heritages in the Liangzhu culture period. The exquisite jade wares, potteries and lacquer wares excavated at the site form an important part of the history of art and science of the world. The high technical level and artistic imaginativeness reflected in them indicate the highest archievement of the making and using of jade wares in the Neolithic Age in China. The black-burnished pottery excavated at the site are also great works of art. The lacquer wares excavated at the site are of very high artistic value. The lacquered cup encrusted with jade excavated at Yaoshan Hill is so far the only specimen of the jade-encrusted lacquer ware in China. The use of several colors indicates a faily(应当是fairly，译者注) high level of craftsmanship in the Liangzhu culture period. Silk fabrics discovered at Qianshanyang site attest to the fact that silk weaving started at least 4,200 years ago in China.
良渚遗址深厚的文化内涵反映了中国在人类文明史上的突出艺术及科学成就。该遗址包括了大量以土木使用为特点的传统土木工程中的经典作品。举例而言，莫角山是中国新石器时代最大的夯筑基址，其抬高并夯实基址的做法在后来的建设中——特别是宫殿的建设——成为一种标准。瑶山及汇观山的多层祭坛，在自然山丘上堆砌或挖掘而出，是那一时期最复杂的崇拜神的结构遗迹。就居住地方面而言，马金口长达7米的方木、庙前柱基与木方契合的卯榫结构、卞家山的木构土墙，均为良渚文化时期土木工程遗存的重要组成部分。遗址出土的精美玉器、陶器和漆器则是世界科学和艺术史的重要组成部分，其体现出的高超技术水平和艺术想象力代表了中国新石器时期玉器制作和使用的最高成就。良渚遗址出土的磨光黑陶同样也是杰出的艺术品。这里出土的漆器有极高的艺术价值，瑶山出土的嵌玉漆杯是目前为止中国嵌玉漆器的唯一样本，多种颜色的使用则反映了良渚文化时期相当高的工艺水平。钱山漾遗址出土的丝织品则表明丝织品起源于4200年前的中国。
As for the criterion (ii):
标准ii：
Liangzhu culture, one of the important origins of the Chinese civilization, had far-reaching impact on the Oriental Civilization.The profound cultural contents of the site had great impact on the birth and growth of the Chinese civilization. Archaeological data indicate that during the Liangzhu period a well developed system of the use of the jade had come into being. Certain special types of jade wares were used to indicate the status, power, and sex of their possessors, thus forming an important part of the ‘ritual system'. That system, meant to maintain class-based social order, is an important characteristic of Chinese civilization.
良渚文化是中国文明的一个重要起源，对东方文明有着深远的影响，其丰富的文化内涵对中国文明的诞生和发展有着重要的影响。考古资料表明，良渚时期发达的用玉体系已经形成，某些特殊形制的玉器被用于象征主人的地位、权力和性别，从而构成了“礼制”的重要部分。这一体系维护着以等级为基础的社会秩序，是中华文明的重要特征。
As for the criterion (iii):
标准iii：
Liangzhu Site attests to a long-vanished culture that is inextricably connected with today's tradtition, ideology, beliefs, and art. Liangzhu culture, named after Liangzhu Site, experienced an obvious change about 4,200 years ago. None of the cultures that rose after it in its range-Qianshanyang culture, Guangfulin culture, and Maqiao culture-followed its course. So Liangzhu Site, with its unique scale and significance, attests to the existence of this long-vanished culture. The production and use of Liangzhu-culture jade wares, which had reached an unprecedented level, had profound impact on the tradition of jade veneration that had lasted several thousand years in China. In later ages, jade wares not only indicate social status, but also symbolize traditional moral values. The use of jade wares as embodiment of virtue, a unique cultural phenomenon in the world, was inextricably linked with Liangzhu culture. Liangzhu jade wares, representatives of which are cong, bi, and yue, are not only main embodiments of deity worship during the Liangzhu period, but also those of the Oriental concept of the communion and unity between heaven and man. The tradition they represented was inherited and incorporated, along with alterations, into the ritual jade vessel system (based on the ‘six vessels') of Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, thus having a profound impact on the jade culture of later generations.
良渚遗址证明了一个长期湮没的文化与今日的传统、思想、信仰和艺术有着千丝万缕的联系。以良渚遗址命名的良渚文化，在约4200年前经历了剧变。在其范围内没有后继者能够超越它——钱山漾文化、广富林文化、马桥文化，只是循良渚之道而行——因此，良渚遗址，凭借其独特的规模及意义，证明了这一长期湮灭的文化之存在。良渚文化玉器的制作和使用水平达到了前所未有的高度，对后来中国延续数千年的玉器崇拜传统有着极为深远的影响。在后世，玉器不再仅仅表明社会地位，同样也象征着传统的道德观念。玉器的使用作为美德的彰显并成为世界范围内一种特殊的文化现象，这都与良渚文化紧密相关。良渚玉器，其代表性器物包括琮、璧、钺等，不仅仅是良渚时期神性崇拜的主要体现，同样也是东方观念中天人和合共融的象征。它们所代表的传统被继承、整合、改变，成为夏商周时期的礼玉制度（以“六器”为基础），从而对后世的玉文化产生了重要的影响。
Satements of authenticity and/or integrity
真实性/完整性申述
Archaeological excavation and research have confirmed the authenticity of Liangzhu Site as a site that dates from the Neolithic Age. It has been well preserved because it had been buried underground for many years. Currently, besides the villages, roads, and some enterprises and public institutions, the area of the site is covered with farm fields and plants. The site is rich in underground heritages, and its surface has mostly retained the original appearance and historic(应当是historical，译者注) settings, having suffered no substantial human or natural destructions. In summary, the site maintains a high standard of authenticity and integrity.
考古发掘和研究已经证实了良渚遗址作为新石器时期遗址的真实性。遗址因被埋藏于地下多年而仍旧保存完好，当然，除了乡村、道路和一些企业及公共设施，遗址区被农田和植物覆盖。良渚遗址有着丰富的地下遗存，其表面大多保持了原貌和历史背景，尚未遭受实质性的人为或自然破坏。总而言之，良渚遗址保持了高标准的真实性和完整性。
Comparison with other similar properties
与相似遗产地的比较
Liangzhu Site is one of the largest and best preserved Neolithic sites in China. It surpasses other Neolithic sites in the country in terms of scale, variety of heritages, cultural contents, and number and craftsmanship of excavated heritages. Jade wares, the most outstanding among them, have been proved unique in the world in craftsmanship, variety, and cultural contents. While the Yin-dynasty ruins, which have already been listed among World Heritage List, is the representative of the mature stage of the Chinese civilization, Liangzhu Site represents the greatest achievements at the beginning of the Chinese civilization. There are both differences and connections between the jade-based Liangzhu culture and the bronze-based Yin-ruins culture. Many elements of the Liangzhu Culture have been adopted by the Shang Culture represented by Yin-dynasty ruins and have become an integral part of the mainstream of the Chinese civilization. The birth and growth of the unified diversity of that civilization may be better understood by linking both the two sites.
良渚遗址是中国规模最大、保存最完好新石器时期遗址之一。它在规模、遗存多样性、文化内涵、出土器物的数量和工艺等方面都超过了中国其他的新石器遗址。其中最为突出的玉器，在工艺、种类和文化内涵上，都被证明有世界范围内的独特性。已列入世界遗产名录的殷墟，是中国文明成熟阶段的代表，而良渚遗址代表的却是中国文明起源阶段的最伟大成就。在以玉器为代表的良渚文化和以铜器为代表的殷墟文化之间存在差异和联系。良渚文化的诸多元素被以殷墟为代表的商文化所接受，并成为中国文化主流中不可分割的一部分。中国文明统一多样性的诞生和发展，或在这两个遗址的关联中获得更好的诠释。
In summary, the abundance and integrity of the underground heritages at Liangzhu Site, and the rich information they reflect about human society at the beginning of human civilization are rarely found in other sites of the same period. The characteristics of the human spirit, relations and ideology in early society that they have reflected, and the influence on remarking and utilizing nature that they have had are irreplaceable by other cultural forms.
总之，良渚遗址地下遗存的丰富程度和完整性，以及其映照出文明之初人类社会的丰富信息，在同一时期的其他遗址中颇为罕见。良渚遗址所体现出的早期社会人类的精神、关系和意识形态的特点，以及其在观察和利用自然方面所产生的影响，是其它文化形式所无法取代的。