埃及聖書与蘇美爾語

苏美尔语（Sumerian）是两河流域苏美尔人的语言，约公元前3000年，发展成楔形文字。其音系由4个元音和16个辅音组成。每个符号表示一个或几个音节。多为单音节词，需借助音调区分词义。结构较松散，为半组合模式，常将分句、甚至整个句子组合成复合动词。 公元前2000年前，被阿卡德语（Akkadian、Assyrian、Babylonian）所代替。但苏美尔语作为书面、文学、科技、宗教语言在两河流域一直被使用到公元1世纪左右。 阿卡德语（Akkadian Language）是两河流域古代阿卡德人的语言，属于闪-含语系、东闪米特语族，其书面形式为楔形文字，由苏美尔文字演变而来。 赫梯语语言学分类： 区域 安纳托利亚 年代 前20至前13世纪 语系 印欧语系安纳托利亚语族•赫梯语 文字 赫梯楔形文字 语言代码 ISO 639-2 hit ISO 639-3 【埃及圣书】 HIEROGLYPHS（ιερογλύφος）“圣刻”，流行于公元前3000年到公元4世纪。古埃及人自己称为mdwnṯr，即圣书。 Angela McDonald 《Write your own Egyptian hieroglyphs : names, greetings, insults, sayings》 CONTENTS Acknowledgments 8 Introduction 9 1. What' s in a Name ?14 2. Personal Names 30 3. Royalty 48 4. Spirits of Place 68 5. Be a Scribe 96 6. Officialdom 112 7. The Priesthood 132 8. The Servants in the Place of Truth 146 9. Keeping Count 160 10. Marking Time 172 Select Bibliography 188 Index 189 The Egyptians believed that the creator god Ptah brought the world into being by naming everything in it. Names had g... of Mitanni , a kingdom which existed to the north of Syria and which the Egyptians also called Naharin ( fig 29). Such named figures are always called the ' Nine Bows ' even if , as in the case of Aanen ' s tomb , more than nine are depicted ! Lists of military conquests were also shown in this way . At Karnak the Sixth Pylon is decorated with the anthropomorphized names of the cities , tribes and towns vanquished by Thutmose III in his campaigns . It is possible to identify several Biblical place - names among the Canaanite conquests . 29. Three bound captive figures from the tomb of Aanen at Thebes . Their distinctive clothes , hairstyles and facial features identify them as accurately as their names . Translation ( reading right to left ): Naharin ( Mitanni ); Irem [ a region of Nubia ]; Keftiu [ Crete ]. The other foreign peoples with whom Egypt came into contact may be seen in the reliefs depicting the major campaigns of New Kingdom monarchs . Ramesses II had his conflict with the Hittite Confederacy shown at all his most important monuments such as Abu Simbel , Abydos and the Ramesseum . Merenptah recorded his successes against the Nubians and the Asiatic tribes of Canaan and Syria on the great stela , now in the Cairo Museum , which is called the Israel Stela because it bears the only mention of the tribe of Israel in all known Egyptian documents . At Medinet Habu the desperate conflicts between Ramesses III and the Libyans and the Peoples of the Sea are vividly portrayed ( fig .30). The map of Egypt ' s Neighbours '( page 70), shows the names of the most important foreign peoples with whom Egypt had contact . …… …… …… ________________________________________________ 《Write Your Own Egyptian Hieroglyphs》 作者：Angela McDonald 出版：The British Museum 2007 ISBN：978-0-7141-1976-2 页数：280 装帧：Paperback 定价：NZ$ 22.99