Ius-Introduction
1. Literature review可以作为一种研究方法 & 新的一章
LR的作用：When reading an article, independent of discipline, the author begins by describing previous research to map and assess the research area to motivate the aim of the study and justify the research question and hypotheses. 激励研究目的，合理化研究问题 & 假设
1.1 什么时候用LR：
想要检验某个领域的理论（理论的validity or accuracy）；
看某个issue or research problem的全览，识别gap，简单的讨论某个事情
1.2 使用LR的不同方法:
qualitative, quantitative, or mixed design
the systematic review, the semi-systematic review, and the integrative review
2. 问问自己为什么写这一section： research question + methodology+structure 是否把自己引导到这里，如果不是改Q，M，Structure部分
3. Empirical Study: （用社会学的方法，研究法学问题）
定性研究给的data，可能会给带来意想不到的关联关系
定性研究的作用：discribe, explain, test assumptions, evaluate reforms
检验empirical legal research的原则：external validity, causal validity, measurement validity
Gijs van Dijck, Jacques Hagenaars, 'Empirical Legal Research: Priniciples and Procedures'
4. Legal Doctrinal Study:
4.1 'law in context': law in context - non-legal facts or knowledge to understand or criticize law
不等于black-letter-law: 不是教科书上的法
4.2 区分case中的empirical & doctrinal 部分：
empirical: 谁是parties，法庭是什么？
doctrinal: 解释treaties中的权利rights
4.3 研究问题链：不同的类型的子问题（解释型 or normative类型-构建起主框架）
why is the law as it is? (explanatory)
how does the law really work? (Impact)
what should it become? (normative or perspective)
4.4 区分：使用其他领域的理论 or 方法？
4.5 区分a legal problem (from the legal world) & a social problem (climate change)
problem - legal issue -research question
problem & issue都是challenging situations or matters；
区别：issue is an important topic or problem for debate or discussion (implies that there is a debate or controversy e.g. deal with an issue)
problem is a harmful and unwelcome matter or situation that needs to be dealt with (does not specifically indicate debate or controversy e.g. solve a problem)
4.6 不是所有的研究都需要建议部分
4.7 normative study: 不仅回答应该怎么做？（还要回答：为什么应该这样做？）
