英语写作中的连接词
回想一下英语老师第一次教你写论文的时候。你是不是印象深刻的是,在每一段的开头用一个词,比如 first,addition,further,second,third?
并非所有连接词都是单个词。有时候,你需要一个完整的短语来使你的写作平稳过渡。这些短语被称为过渡短语。你可能在学校里学过的过渡短语都被叫作“结束语”。可随着你在学术生涯中的进一步发展,渐渐发现似乎并不是这样...
继续往下读,学习所有关于完美的连接词和短语以及何时使用它们,同时包括文章的连接中可能遇到的常见陷阱。
什么时候使用连接词
连接词说明其他词和短语之间的关系。虽然你通常被教导在句子开头使用连接词,但这并不是连接词唯一应该出现的地方。
一般来说,过渡是句子的关键。这是句子核心信息传达的关键点。不是每个句子都必须包含连接词,但是当一个句子包含连接词时,通常是对其疑问句或陈述句至关重要。
连接词的类型
转折词以有序的方式表达作者思想,表达细微的差别,阐明模糊性、建立连接、展示比较。
连接词做很多不同的作用,大致上被分成八个不同的类别。
介绍、同意和添加的连接词
连接词最常见的使用方式之一是引入新的思想,并添加到文章中已经探讨过的主题。
这类连接词和短语包括:
- coupled with
- in addition (to)
- further
- furthermore
- moreover
- likewise
- equally important
- too
- first
- second
- third
- uniquely
让我们来看看在句子中使用这些连接词的几种方法:
- We have to consider the students’ needs, but the staff’s needs are equally important. First, preheat the oven. Second, sift together all your dry ingredients.
- The weather, coupled with the fast and loose itinerary, is the reason why I’m skipping the trip.
反对和限制的连接词
连接词也可以传达对想法和短语的反对或限制。这些词的作用大体上与上述范畴所起的作用相反。造成对立和限制的连接词包括:
- unlike
- or
- but
- while
- as much as
- conversely
- on the contrary
- on the other hand
- above all
- notwithstanding
- despite
这里还有些例子:
- We managed to have a decent harvest despite the drought.
- I went to the seminar expecting a long, boring presentation but on the contrary, it was engaging and a lot of fun!
- While Shekani is a stickler for tradition, Mei gives every holiday party a new twist.
原因和条件转换词
这些连接词汇展示了一个行为如何导致一个特定的效果,或者一个环境如何受另一个环境的制约。这个范畴还包括用来说明意图和行为之间关系的词汇和连接词组。
原因和条件转换词包括:
- since
- while
- due to
- in the event of
- for fear of
- because of
- as long as
- I hope that
- unless
- in case
- whenever
- so that
这里有些例子供你学习:
- As long as there are pets that need homes, I’ll keep volunteering at the shelter.
- I brought extra socks in case we have to walk through puddles.
效果和结果转换词
这些连接词表示特定行为的结果。当你的句子关注于原因时,你会使用“原因和条件”类别中的一个连接词。当重点放在效果本身时,你可以从“效果和结果”这个类别中选择一个与其余部分相符的词。
例如,你可以通过发送一个群组信息来宣布你推迟了烧烤会,这个信息说: “ because of the weather, I postponed the barbecue.”但是你可以用略微不同的方式传达同样的信息,比如说“ it’s raining, so consequently I’ve rescheduled the barbecue. ”
这类词语包括:
- in effect
- as a result
- then
- because the
- hence
- under those circumstances
- henceforth
- consequently
- therefore
这里有些例子:
- It’s very humid outside, hence the condensation on the window.
- We stayed to see the whole show and consequently missed our train home.
- Miguel forgot to add the yeast to his dough and as a result, the bread didn’t rise.
描述例子和支持的连接词
这类连接词语清楚地表明,一个概念支持另一个概念,或者通过提供证据,强调它,或者仅仅作为一个例子。这些词包括:
- explicitly
- for this reason
- indeed
- markedly
- in general
- to clarify
- in fact
- especially
- by all means
- in other words
- notably
- particularly
- significantly
这里提供一些例子:
- They had to slow down production, particularly of items with a low profit margin.
- I love all kinds of pizza, especially stuffed-crust pizza.
- The sequel’s tone was markedly different from the first movie’s.
结语和总结连接词
这些是连接词汇,它们结束了段落、论点和文章。它们也可以用来总结和重述观点。这些连接词组和词汇包括:
- in summary
- in conclusion
- to conclude
- in any event
- in either case
- overall
- altogether
- in essence
- to summarize
- to sum up
再来看看这几句:
- There were some surprises, but overall we had a great time.
- In conclusion, an upgraded security system isn’t a luxury; it’s a necessity.
描述时间的连接词
另一类连接词涉及时间,特别是当某事发生或将要发生与另一事件有关时。这些词包括:
- presently
- now
- occasionally
- once
- after
- in the meantime
- in a moment
- momentarily
- after
- at the present time
- all of a sudden
- every so often
看看这几句例子:
- I was walking through the mall when all of a sudden, I recognized my long-lost sister standing in line to buy a pretzel.
- I’d love to hang out at the coffee shop after work.
- Don’t leave the lobby—we’ll be with you momentarily.
位置的连接词
连接词也可以吸引读者的注意力,让他们注意到事物的位置,或者两者之间的物理或空间关系。这可能意味着某人或某物的字面位置,它们可以用作比喻,如“ Dan’s auto body shop is above Rick’s when it comes to quality and attention to detail.”
这些单词和短语包括:
- beside
- over
- where
- in front of
- behind
- next to
- under
- beyond
- amid
- among
- opposite
- adjacent to
- above
- below
你会注意到,这些词汇也可以在句子中充当介词。也可以充当状语从句中的连接词。下面是一些在写作中使用这种连接词的例子:
- In the back, my cousin was grilling hamburgers.
- Among the students surveyed, more than half were excited to return to campus full-time.
- Next to the garage, they found a parking spot.
作者在转折词上常犯的错误
使用连接词并不容易。有时候,特别是当英语不是你的第一语言时,你可能不小心用错了词来表达你正在进行的过渡类型,或者使用了一个与信息内涵不完全相符的词。例如,你可以这样说,“ We could go out for burgers, pizza, sushi, or tacos. In either case, that works for me。”Either 意味着只有两个选择,所以在这个场景中它不适合,这里总共有四个选择。(最好的表达方式是“ in any case”。)
这里还有一些常见的错误表达:
当你想用as well as替代and时,意味着下面的信息不如前面的信息重要,而“ and”则意味着它们同样重要。
- Adam and Jeremy came over for dinner.
- I made ribs and mac and cheese as well as a bagged salad.
当你想用essentially替代explicitly时, ”Essentially”指的是主体核心的一个基本因素或真理,而“Explicitly”表达的是某些东西是字面上的和明确的,没有任何误解的余地。
- Although they offer personal training and classes, that gym is essentially an overpriced equipment store.
- The gym’s website explicitly states that no guest passes will be issued until further notice.
另一个作者有时会犯的错误是在不恰当的语境中使用转折词。正如你在上面的列表中看到的,一些连接词和短语比其他的更加正式和学术化。你可以通过选择一个不符合你的语气或写作类型的连接词,让你的写作看起来太正式,或者太随意。下面是一些不符合句子的连接词例子:
- I just picked up a new dress, got my makeup done, and therefore, I’m ready to hit the club.
- In Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, Edna Pontillier felt inadequate whenever she spent time with Adele Ratignolle.
- I’ll be out of the office on Wednesday and consequently won’t be responding to emails.
对于他们所传递的信息来说,看看他们是否太正式或太随意了?选词对于有效的沟通至关重要,包括为每个句子选择正确的过渡。
让每一个过渡都变得平稳
不确定你选择的连接词是否正确?通过 Grammarly完成写作,可以获得关于如何选择完美的词语和使用最适合你所交流的语气的建议。