The Confrontation

Shebika in the South :the South in Shebika The South ?Yes ,a ruin .Ever since the eleventh-century invasion by the Hilali, who cut down the trees and destroyed the wells,the South has had poverty for a second nature. Nine centuries of gradual decline and surrender to the nomads ,who ,amid a growing 'Saharization', have tried to construct, in small units, a mediocre culture .The period of French colonization wrought few changes .The iron and phosphate mines did not benefit the natives ;the railroad brought only a few tourists ;the army a few buyers. Shebika is the typical example of a community which ,over and above persistent catastrophe ,in spite of the traditions which only accentuate its decay ,gives proof of a will to live of which no one so far has made use In 1956the newly independent government of Tunisia tried 'to do something for the South' .In imitation of Italy's Cassa de Mezzogiorno there was set up a 'Central and South Tunisian Bank', an institution which existed only on paper." But it was publicized over the radio ,and the people of Shebika learned that a movement to help them was under way .And in a language which makes little distinction between reality and wishful thinking ,intention and action were easily con founded .

'It's like the train ,'says old Ahmad .

"What train ?

The train of the Frankawi, which started coming all the way to Tawzar. We went to have a look at it and to see what would happen.'"Well, what did happen?"Nothing. Men change, but God doesn't change. The way of The Banque du Sud was in fact set up in October 1968to aid development in Southern Tunisia. (Ed.)

南部的谢比卡： 南部的谢比卡南部？是的，一片废墟。自从11世纪希拉里人入侵以来，他们砍伐树木，破坏水井，南方一直处于贫穷的第二天性。九个世纪的逐渐衰落和向游牧民族投降，在不断增长的“撒哈拉化”中，游牧民族试图以小单位建造一个平庸的文化。法国殖民时期几乎没有带来什么变化。铁矿和磷矿对当地人没有什么好处； 铁路只带来了少数游客； 军队也带来了少数买家。谢比卡是这样一个社区的典型例子，尽管传统只会加剧社区的衰败，但是这个社区除了持续不断的灾难之外，还证明了一种生存的意愿，迄今为止还没有人利用这种意愿。仿效意大利的 Cassa de Mezzogiorno，设立了一个‘中央和南突尼斯银行’，这是一个只存在于纸面上的机构但是这个消息在电台上被公布了，Shebika 人民得知一场帮助他们的运动正在进行中。在一种对现实和一厢情愿的想法没有什么区别的语言中，意图和行动很容易被确定下来。

“就像火车一样，”老艾哈迈德说。

”“什么火车？

Frankawi 的火车开始一直开到 Tawzar。我们去看了一下，看看会发生什么。“那么，到底发生了什么？“没什么。人会改变，但上帝不会改变。南方银行事实上是在1968年10月建立的，目的是帮助突尼斯南部的发展。(教育署)

God is the straight way, and we are bidden to obey the master of the world."But God allows change.

"Yes, but men don't allow it.

During the early years of Independence a sort of fever ran through Southern Tunisia. Salah Bin Yussif, Bourguiba's South ern collaborator, had not yet broken with the idea of "local internal autonomy'. When he spoke over the radio everyone in the South recognized his voice. But in the long run he did nothing.

"He turned out to be just like the others,' says old Ahmad. 'He spoke from the city and in the city he got into a quarrel. He Was just like all the rest.

At this same time the new young leaders were beginning to realize that there was no solution to the problems of the South in mere paperwork administration, and international experts bore out their views. It was possible to improve the conditior of the villages of the central steppe, of the Sahil, of Cape Bon and of the rural centres such as Medjerda and Enfida, but the problems of the South were insurmountable. In the first place,there was no over-all study of the region, only abstract charts and statistics and a few pages in geography textbooks.

A good deal later, in 196s, it was decided to face up to the problem by joining Qafsa, Medeneen, Sfax and Qabes into a single unit of economic development. We shall ornit the ex-treme South -Buri Bourguiba - a military region, where oil-wells are now gushing, and concern ourselves with the region of particular interest, on which the first serious economic studies date from 1962. These studies, let us note, do not take into account the social framework and the real human potential of the region. At this point, after much stumbling, the govern-ment has set up a scheduled plan for the solution of the most urgent problems. Within ten years Shebika should achieve a certain balance, that is if the government has and invests the necessary money, something of which there can be no guarantee.

The most urgent need, obviously, is for water. The annual rainfall of 5-87 inches in the Shirb, 3-5s in the Jerid and 3-9 in the

神是正直的道路，我们奉命服从世界的主人。但是上帝允许改变。

“是的，可是男人不允许。

在独立初期，一种狂热席卷了突尼斯南部。布尔吉巴在南方的合作者萨拉赫·本·尤瑟夫(Salah Bin Yussif)尚未与“地方内部自治”的理念决裂。当他通过无线电讲话时，南方的每个人都认出了他的声音。但从长远来看，他什么也没做。

“他原来和其他人一样，”老艾哈迈德说。他在城里说了这话，就在城里争吵起来。他和其他人一样。

与此同时，新的年轻的领导人开始意识到，仅仅靠文书管理是无法解决南方问题的，国际专家们也表达了他们的观点。有可能改善中部草原村庄、萨希尔村庄、邦角村庄和梅杰达和恩菲达等农村中心的条件，但南方的问题是无法克服的。首先，没有对这一地区的全面研究，只有抽象的图表和统计数字和几页地理教科书。

很长一段时间后，在20世纪60年代，它决定正视这个问题，将卡夫萨、梅登、斯法克斯和卡贝斯合并为一个经济发展单元。我们将访问最南的布尔吉巴布里- -一个军事地区，那里的油井正在涌出，我们将关注特别感兴趣的地区，第一次严肃的经济研究可追溯到1962年。让我们注意到，这些研究没有考虑到该区域的社会框架和真正的人的潜力。在这一点上，在经历了许多磕磕绊绊之后，政府已经为解决最紧迫的问题制定了一个时间表。在十年内，Shebika应该会达到一定的平衡，也就是说，如果政府拥有并投资了必要的资金，这是无法保证的。

显然，最迫切的需求是水。年降雨量为5-87英寸在Shirb， 3-5英寸在Jerid和3-9英寸在

Of the fifteen Tunisians who worked with us over a period of five years, only one - a cardiologist's daughter who had made a tourist's visit to Jerba and Tawzar - had ever crossed the moun-tains. And yet ten of them had peasant grandparents, a fact which gives some idea of the extent to which the country has developed since Independence. Only Khalil, Salah and Naima had kept up any connexion with the countryside,and the rela-tives with whom Naima corresponded were fishermen of the Karkinnah Islands,who had already crossed the theshold of modern life. As for the parts of the country which our young people knew (except for Salah, and for Khalil, whose uncle owns Jand at Zaghwaan), they are all vacation spots on Cape Bon or in the Sahil. None of them had dreamed of going to the country for the purpose of social study. Indeed, as is true of all the ruling, upper middle class,they fled and even feared nature in the raw.

在五年内与我们合作的十五个突尼斯人中，只有一体的心理学家的女儿，他们已经向Jerba和Tawzar进行了旅游访问 - 曾经越过了Moun-tains。然而，他们中的十年有农民祖父母，这是一个事实，这就涵盖了自独立以来该国发展的程度。只有Khalil，Salah和Naima才能与乡村持续任何连接，奈达达到的Rela-tives符合Karkinnah群岛的渔民，他已经越过了现代生活的荆棘。至于我们年轻人所知道的国家（Salah除外）的国家（Salah除外），他的叔叔拥有Zaghwaan的jand），他们都是海角或萨赫尔的所有度假胜地。他们没有人梦想着向该国寻求社会研究的目的。事实上，对于所有裁决，上层中产阶级，他们逃离甚至害怕原始的。

Obviously, then, the first discovery of the village was a shock.Some of the young men and women who came with us at first were scared away by what they heard about snakes, scorpions and the other dangers of the desert. At a deeper level, none of the survivors found it difficult to establish or keep up a rela-tionship with the people of Shebika. On the contrary, in spite of the poverty of the khammes' vocabulary, there was never any linguistic misunderstanding. Perhaps because this region is profoundly Arabic in speech, whereas to the west, in the moun-tains of Algeria,the Kabyl language is still alive.

显然，那么，村庄的第一个发现是震惊。他们起初一家来自我们的一些年轻人和女性被他们听到蛇，蝎子和沙漠的其他危险所嘲笑的东西。在更深层次的水平下，没有一个幸存者发现它难以与Shebika人民建立或保持联系。相反，尽管Khammes词汇的贫困，但从来没有任何语言误解。也许是因为这个地区在言语中是深刻的阿拉伯语，而向西方，在阿尔及利亚的Moun塔，毕生语言仍然活着。

When we speak of resistance' it is that inherent in the process of study:the difficulty of knowing the real number of inhabitants,of calculating a family budget,of appreciating the significance of Sidi Sultan.For the most part,the village yields itself to the investigator,and often he is the one to take refuge in concealment.

当我们谈到抵抗时，它是研究过程中固有的： 难以知道真正的居民人数，难以计算家庭预算，难以理解 Sidi Sultan 的重要性。在大多数情况下，村庄会把自己交给调查人员，而调查人员往往是那个躲藏起来的人。

‘After a year, I didn't have the heart to say that we could do nothing for them,because I knew they would have to wait for years before anything happened.''I didn't want to lead them on with false hopes,but I couldn't bear to leave them in their misery.'We knew that they had years to wait, but they were all expectation.We talked about them in Tunis, but the economists and students at the School of Government laughed at us and said they weren't really important. What answer,then,were we to bring back? We taught them a lot and they say that we've helped them to understand their situation, but sometimes I feel that we've deceived them.'

The contact with Shebika brought about, in our researchers,a real transformation.It is natural that the person or persons who are the objects of research should be affected by the research process; natural, also, that the researcher should adapt himself to the local situation,but quite out of the ordinary that he should be directly affected by it.

一年之后，我不忍心说我们什么也不能为他们做，因为我知道他们要等上好几年才会发生任何事情。“我不想用虚假的希望引导他们前进，但我不忍心把他们留在痛苦之中。我们在突尼斯讨论了这些问题，但政府学院的经济学家和学生嘲笑我们，说这些问题并不重要。那么，我们要带回什么样的答案呢？我们教了他们很多，他们说我们帮助他们理解了他们的处境，但有时我觉得我们欺骗了他们。

与谢比卡的接触，在我们的研究人员中，带来了一个真正的 transformation。it ，这是很自然的，研究对象的个人或人应该受到研究过程的影响； 也很自然，研究人员应该使自己适应当地的情况，但相当不寻常的是，他应该直接受到影响。

In this case the effect was one of what might be called ero-sion or undermining. Young Tunisian students derive their image of themselves from foreign standards (up-to-dateness,cfficiency,pragmatism) and from attitudes characteristic of their newly independent nation (centralization, systematic and purposeful self-development, a belief in education).At Shebika they did not lose their faith in these things but they were forced to see that they did not have the same value throughout the country.Before coming to the South, no longer as tourists but as analysts, not one of them had realized that the ideas professed at Tunis,which hold the ruling class together, might not have universal application. Their ingenuous and generous con-sciences were put to a rude test. They did not come to doubt that change was possible, but the concrete existence of the people of Shebika taught them two very important things.First,'the government must realize that the South can't be ruled in the same way as the North,and that our education has been of too abstract a character'; second, 'we can't but feel responsible for these people who are part of ourselves'. Shebika, then,obliges the educated young Tunisian, ready to enter the ruling class,to think twice about some of his country's problems.

在这种情况下，效果是可能被称为Ero-Sion或破坏的效果之一。年轻的突尼斯学生将自己的形象从外国标准（最新，C特写，实用主义）和新独立国家的态度（集中化，系统和有目的的自我发展，对教育的信念）的态度。他们并没有失去对这些事情的信念，但他们被迫看到他们在全国内没有相同的价值。到了南方，不再是游客，而是作为分析师，其中一个人已经意识到了这个想法专业人士 - 在突尼斯举行突尼斯，将统治课程一起举起，可能没有普遍的应用程序。他们的塑造和慷慨的科学被归功于粗鲁的测试。他们并没有怀疑改变是可能的，但Shebika人民的具体存在教会了他们两个非常重要的事情。“政府必须意识到南部不能与北方的方式统治，而且我们的教育已经过于抽象了一个角色'；其次，'我们不能对这些人的一部分的人感到负责。然后，Shebika，请授予受过教育的年轻突尼斯，随时准备进入执政班级，三思而后行他的一些问题。