关于股票交易,彼得·林奇给出了10条忠告(下) | 香蕉很大

书接上篇,继续彼得·林奇的忠告:
6:你只能在事后知道哪只股票是伟大的Youcan only knowwhichstock is great afterwards
伟大的股票永远是意外。这是毫无疑问的。如果有谁在买入沃尔玛的时候就知道他可以赚500倍,那么我觉得他是外星人。你永远不可能在事前知道谁是伟大的公司。
你买入一家好公司,回顾这只股票过去8年、10年甚至12年的表现,你说,天啊,看看我赚了多少钱。但是你永远无法知道未来你将赚多少,或者赔多少。你只能在事后知道盈亏。
这和房子一样。许多人在20世纪60年代买房。卡洛琳和我就在那时以4万美元的价格买了一套房子。后来房价上涨了很多。我们买的时候,没人告诉我们将赚很多钱。回想20世纪60年代,没人说:买一套房子吧,买房是很好的投资,你将赚很多钱。你瞧,15年过去了,房价上涨了一大截。这完全是一个意外。
然而过去四五年来,人们大量购置房产——他们的第二套住房,他们觉得他们将从中发大财。这种方式行不通。
股票也一样。我买入了麻省的一个零售公司Stop&Shop。当我买入的时候,它的股息收益率是7%。股票的表现平平,我当时觉得我可能会赚30%。
4个月后,在我做了更多的研究之后,我发现该公司在收购了Bradlees之后的表现非常好。在现在这个时点上,沃尔玛仍然不是Bradlees的对手。
Bradlees开始进入沃尔玛的市场。不过整个东北市场都是它们的。Bradlees是一家折扣仓储商店,现在做得很好。它们转变了Stop&Shop的经营方式,推出了超级Stop&Shop。它们做得非常好。股价在11年的时间内上涨到原来的15倍。
对我来说这完全是一个意外。不过公司不断变得越来越好,我也一直持有。
Great stocks are always accidents. There is no doubt about this. If anyone knows that he can earn 500 times when he buys Wal-Mart, then I think he is an alien. You can never know beforehand who is a great company.
You buy a good company, look back at the performance of this stock in the past 8 years, 10 years, or even 12 years, and you say, oh my god, look at how much money I made. But you can never know how much you will earn or lose in the future. You can only know the profit and loss after the fact.
This is the same as a house. Many people bought houses in the 1960s. Caroline and I bought a house for $40,000 at that time. Later, house prices rose a lot. When we bought, no one told us that we would make a lot of money. Back in the 1960s, no one said: Buy a house. Buying a house is a good investment. You will make a lot of money. You see, 15 years have passed, and house prices have risen by a big margin. This is totally an accident.
However, in the past four or five years, people have bought a lot of real estate—their second home, and they think they will make a fortune from it. This method does not work.
The same goes for stocks. I bought Stop&Shop, a retail company in Massachusetts. When I bought it, its dividend yield was 7%. The performance of the stock was mediocre, and I thought I might earn 30%.
Four months later, after I did more research, I found that the company performed very well after the acquisition of Bradlees. At this point in time, Wal-Mart is still no match for Bradlees.
Bradlees began to enter the Wal-Mart market. But the entire Northeast market belongs to them. Bradlees is a discount warehouse store, which is doing well now. They changed the way Stop&Shop operates and launched Super Stop&Shop. They are doing very well. The stock price rose to 15 times its original value in 11 years.
To me, this was a complete accident. But the company keeps getting better and better, and I always hold it.
失败乃成功之母,那成功他爹呢?偶然,是也!对于未来不可预见,即便是风投这样专业的投资机构也存在FOMO,于是采取了宁可错杀一千不可放过一个的做法,所以我从来不相信那些野生股神的所谓预测。即便专业机构的预测也仅仅是为你提供一个视角,不然你把Golman Sach那些预测拿出来看看,对的概率很有限。
7:散户具有巨大的优势Retail investors have huge advantages
在股票投资方面,散户绝对具有难以置信的优势。有些散户在化工行业工作,有些则在造纸行业就业。他们将比我提前9个月获悉化工行业的景气状况变化。他们能最先知道氯出现了短缺。他们可以率先知道腐蚀剂缺货。他们能第一时间知道库存销售完毕。但是他们却去买生物工程类股票。
他们也知道修建一座氯气工厂需要5到6年。如今在美国,得到一张保龄球馆的环保批准都很困难,更不用说具有腐蚀性的氯气工厂了。人们能获得他们所处行业的很多信息。
我最喜欢举的一个例子是史克必成(Smithkline Beck-man)。这是一家规模相对较小的医药公司,是它发明了治疗溃疡的药Tegamet。直至那时,治疗溃疡没有其他方法只有手术。
对一家公司而言,类似Tegamet这种药非常好。一个不错的药是你喝了之后病就好了,然后你说声谢谢,并支付4美元的诊断费就完了。但是你不得不持续服用Tegamet,不然的话溃疡就会复发。
这家公司的股价上涨至原来的15倍。在他们买入必成器具之前叫史克。
你不必在Tegamet还在做临床测试的时候买入这家公司。你甚至不必在它刚上市的时候买入。不过,当你的亲戚朋友使用了这种药发现对溃疡的治疗效果不错的时候,那时你应该买入。想象一下所有的医生都开这种药,所有的药剂师都配这种药就知道这笔投资有多好。
在座有多少人曾经从医生那里得到关于医药公司股票的提示?有多少人从医生那里得到石油或者电子公司的提示?
我曾经从假日旅馆公司的副董事长那里得到过一个非常好的提示。大约12或13年前,他告诉我德州有一家名为LaQuinta的汽车旅馆公司。他说,他们打败了我们。他们的产品很好。他们的经营范围已经超出了圣安东尼奥,他们做得很好。结果证明这的确是一只很好的股票。
每隔几年你只需要投资几只你拥有丰富信息的股票就可以获得良好的回报。你只需要专注某个领域,购买你熟悉的本地公司就可以了。
在麻省威尔伯雷市有一名消防员,他对股市知道的不多。但是他有一个很好的理论。他发现他们镇上有两家公司不断扩大工厂,于是他每年在这两家公司的股票上面投入1000美元,连续投了5年,结果他成了一名百万富翁。
他不看《华尔街日报》,他也不读《巴伦周刊》,没有Cray计算机。他只是看到公司在不断成长,因而得出判断公司的情况一定很不错。他们是了不起的本地公司。
散户具有一些优势,我真的想着重强调这一点。散户一般觉得他们是业余篮球队员,却要与洛杉矶湖人队对决,因此毫无希望获胜。其实这是完全错误的。散户具有很多特定的优势。
In terms of stock investment, retail investors absolutely have an incredible advantage. Some retail investors work in the chemical industry, while others work in the paper industry. They will learn about the changes in the chemical industry’s economic situation nine months ahead of me. They can be the first to know that there is a shortage of chlorine. They can be the first to know that the corrosive is out of stock. They can know the inventory sale is complete the first time. But they went to buy bioengineering stocks.
They also know that it will take 5 to 6 years to build a chlorine plant. Today in the United States, it is difficult to obtain environmental approval for a bowling alley, let alone a corrosive chlorine factory.People can get a lot of information about their industry.
One of my favorite examples is Smithkline’s(Smithkline Beck-man). This is a relatively small pharmaceutical company that invented Tegamet, a drug to treat ulcers. Until then, there was no other way to treat ulcers but surgery.
For a company, a medicine like Tegamet is very good. A good medicine is that you get better after you drink it, and then you say thank you, and pay a $4 diagnosis fee and it’s all done. But you have to continue taking Tegamet, otherwise the ulcer will recur.
The company’s stock price rose to 15 times its original value. Before they bought Bicheng Equipment, it was called Smith K.
You don’t have to buy this company while Tegamet is still in clinical testing. You don’t even have to buy it when it first hits the market. However, when your relatives and friends have used this medicine and found that it has a good effect on the treatment of ulcers, you should buy it at that time. Imagine that all doctors prescribe thisMedicine, all pharmacists will know how good this investment is when they prescribe this medicine.
How many of you have ever received tips from doctors about pharmaceutical company stocks? How many people get tips from oil or electronics companies from doctors?
I once got a very good tip from the vice chairman of Holiday Inn Company. About 12 or 13 years ago, he told me that there was a motel company in Texas called LaQuinta. He said that they defeated us. Their products are very good. Their business scope has gone beyond San Antonio, and they have done a good job. It turns out that this is indeed a good stock.
Every few years you only need to invest in a few stocks that you have a wealth of information to get good returns. You only need to focus on a certain area and buy a local company you are familiar with.
There is a firefighter in Wilbury, Massachusetts. He doesn’t know much about the stock market. But he has a good theory. He discovered that two companies in their town were expanding their factories, so he invested $1,000 in the stocks of these two companies every year for five consecutive years. As a result, he became a millionaire.
He doesn’t read the Wall Street Journal, he doesn’t read Barron’s, and he doesn’t have a Cray computer. He just saw the company’s continuous growth, so he concluded that the company’s situation must be very good. They are great local companies.
Retail investors have some advantages, and I really want to emphasize this point. Retail investors generally think that they are amateur basketball players, but they have to face off with the Los Angeles Lakers, so they have no hope of winning. In fact, this is completely wrong. Retail investors have many specific advantages.
8:职业投资人——一个难以置信的矛盾Professional investor-anincredible contradiction
我知道你们听说过经常被人引用的矛盾说法“大虾(jumbo shrimp)”。这一矛盾说法我一直很喜欢。由于我曾经在军队服役两年,因此另外一个我喜欢的矛盾说法是“军事情报(military intelligence)”。
不过“职业投资者”这个说法也是矛盾说法中的精品。职业投资者具有所有那些偏见,他们只买大盘股,他们只买具有多年历史的公司,他们不会看有工会的公司。
我曾经持有过有工会的公司,它们给我带来丰厚的回报。他们也不会买无增长行业的股票。我们却在该行业获得了很好的回报。我曾经买入过破产公司的股票。我还买入过即将破产的公司。这些投资并不愉快。你可能不相信职业投资者的偏见,有些人不会买入以Y开头的公司等等。
另外,职业投资者还有一个最重要的规则。如果你是一名职业投资者,如果你在市场公认的蓝筹股上赔钱,你会没事,但是如果你在其他股票上面赔钱,你就会遇到麻烦。
比如如果你在IBM上面的投资亏了钱,所有人都会说,IBM出了什么问题?但是如果你在Taco Bell或者LaQuinta汽车旅馆上面亏了钱,他们会说,你出了什么问题?你在后者这样的公司上面赔钱,他们会把你扫地出门。但是你却可以在IBM、明尼苏达矿业公司或者柯达公司上面无限亏损都没事。
关于散户,那些专业投资者好像总有些先天的心理优势,单就投资结果而言我并不这么认为。比如最近基金跌的“跌妈不认”,你看基金经理从蔡总变蔡狗了,他有啥办法,一样都是熬着。其实这种偏见我们自己也有,比如我们拿散户的比例来判断一个投资市场的成熟程度,认为美国散户比例低,机构买家更多,所以更成熟,但是就在这么成熟的市场里,散户还是逼死了好几家做空的机构。成不成熟看制度、看监管、看结果,而不是看散户比例。
其实投资中我们想当然认为合理的谬论很多,比如高风险高回报,乍听很合理,其实扯得一逼,因为期间没啥必然联系。如果真的高风险就有高回报,那么全世界最富有的人应该是赌徒,而现实是赌徒往往输的倾家荡产,债台高筑然后被人填海了。之前还有人跟我说这话反过来就对了,高回报就意味着高风险,我觉得依然是扯淡,因为风险高不高看你的耐受能力,比如买彩票风险高不高,实际很高,因为较大概率你本金没了,但是为什么那么多人买?因为损失的起。也许有人跟我争辩那是因为回报高,以小博大。那么我同样比例的放大100万倍,你还买吗?2元变成200万了,当然同样中奖我也赔你2千亿,我相信这时绝大部分人会选择买房了,所以回报和风险只在一定区域内正相关,超出边界的都是未知,别听那些砖家忽悠你。当这些专家愚蠢时,你赚钱的机会就来了,这就好像08年的次贷危机,专家都是睁眼瞎,推荐读读刘易斯的《大空头》。
9:永远有一些事让人担忧There'salwayssomething to worry about.
最后一个需要考虑的因素是永远有一些事让人担忧。你必须问你自己,我对痛苦的容忍程度有多大?如果你准备进入股市,你就必须做到能够承受痛苦。永远有一些很严重的事情让人担忧。
我在20世纪40和50年代长大,股市在40年代的表现不太好。人们真的很害怕再次出现萧条。相对比较严肃并且很关切的人是国家的领袖,他们认为我们走出大萧条的唯一原因是二战。他们觉得这个国家如此不稳定以至于如果再发生一次大萧条,整个社会就会崩溃。
后来就是对核战争的恐惧。20世纪50年代人们像疯了一样修建防核尘地下室、囤积罐头食品。他们修建了成千上万的防核尘地下室。
20世纪50年代人们不愿意购买股票,因为他们担心核战争,担心萧条再次出现。20世纪50年代不是那么辉煌的年代,可是道琼斯指数仍然上升至原来的3倍。普通的股票也涨至原来的3倍,虽然这个时期人们担心很多大问题。
十几年前,我清楚地记得石油价格从4美元/桶、5美元/桶暴涨到30美元/桶。所有人都预言说石油将涨到100美元一桶,那样的话世界将遭遇萧条,全球都将崩溃。
3年后,石油的价格跌至12美元/桶。那时人们又说石油价格将下滑至2美元/桶,我们将遭遇萧条。我没有开玩笑,这是相同一批人说的。人们担心石油价格下降将导致与石油相关的贷款出现大规模违约。
再后来人们担心的是货币供应量的增长情况。你们还记得吗?货币供应量的数据通常在周四下午公布。我们全都等着看最新的数据。没人知道这些数据是什么意思。但是他们会说M3增速平缓、M2增速下降等等。每个人都对货币供应量的增长忧心忡忡。
但是这与Melville公司一点关系都没有,Melville公司的盈利连续42年保持上涨,HJHeinz的盈利连续58年上涨, Bristol Meyers的盈利连续上涨了36年并且没有债务。你认为这些公司在乎货币供应量吗?人们是在杞人忧天。
现在人们开始担心臭氧层和气候变暖。如果这是阻止你购买好公司的理由,那么你就有麻烦了。实际上,如果你看星期天的报纸,里面的新闻如此消沉以至于你很可能周一都不想去上班了。
你得听我的——这是一个伟大的国家。在过去10年中我们新增了2500万份工作,尽管大公司裁减了100万份工作。二战之后我们经历了8次衰退。以后我们还将碰到衰退。在过去70年里股市下跌幅度超过10%的次数共有40次。我们还将经历更多下跌。
但是如果你将一直为这些事情担心,那么你应该把你的钱存在银行或者货币市场账户。
10:投资真的很简单Investment is really easy
因此你需要找到一些你掌握很多信息并且能理解的公司,然后和这些公司绑在一起就行了。
终于写完了,祝大家继续红下去,周末愉快。
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