WOJ的学习笔记:动词(WIP)
文章是直接从Obsidian上复制下来的,所以肯定有很多MD语法的记号...请谅解。主要的参考书目是Alexander Vovin的A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese。
WOJ的动词范畴:
- Mode:affirmative和negative
- Aspect:imperfect和perfect
- Tense:present-future和past
- Mood:indicative,imperative,tentative,negative tentative,second tentative,debitive,potential,negative potential,subjunctive,suppositional,optative,desiderative,benefactive,exclamative
- Voice:active,passive,causative,reciprocal-cooperative
- Retrospective
- Reported Action
- Iterative
- Predication
- Honorification
动词类:
辅音动词^[Frellesvig, Bjarke. (2008). On the verb morphology of Old Japanese. Current Issues in the History and Structure of Japanese. 219-252. ]:
类|词干
---|---
四段(75%)|CVC-
ra变|(C)Vr-
na变|(CV)n-
四段动词表:
形式|問p- to1p-|取r- to2r-
---|---|---
converb|問p-i1|取r-i
final|問p-u|取r-u
attributive|問p-u|取r-u
evidential|問p-e2|取r-e
imperative|問p-e1|取r-e
negative|問p-an-|取r-an-
tentative|問p-am-|取r-am-
其中:attributive的 -u < \*-uru,evidential的 -e2< \*-ure2,其中根据whitmant定律-r-丢失。
ra变:与四段动词相比,唯一的不同是在于final形式以-i结尾(或者按Frellesvig的说法是“r-irr verbs can be said to be syntactically rather than morphologically irregular: they use the infinitive as conclusive form”。)
na变:是辅音动词和元音动词的混合
元音动词^[ibid.]:
类|词干
---|---
下二段(20%)|(CV)Ce2-
上二段(30%)|(CV)Ci2-
上一段|(C)(w)i1-
sa变|se-
ka变|ko-
二段动词表:
形式|起き- oki2-|留め- to2do2me2-|得 e2-
---|---|---|---
converb|起き-∅|留め-∅|得-∅
final|起k-u|留m-u|∅-u
attributive|起k-uru|留m-uru|∅-uru
evidential|起k-ure|留m-ure|∅-ure
imperative|起き(yo2)|留め(yo2)|\-
negative|起き-n-|留め-n-|得-n-
tentative|起き-m-|留め-m-|得-m-
一段动词表:
形式|見- mi1-|廻る- mi2-
---|---|---
converb|見-∅|廻-∅|
final|見|廻|
attributive|見-ru|廻-ru|
evidential|見-re|廻-re|
imperative|見(yo2)|廻(yo2)|
negative|見-n-|廻-n-|
tentative|見-m-|廻-m-|
sa-变:只有converb形式是以-i结尾;而且有se-~so2-的交替
残缺动词(defective verb)
形式|n-|to2-|ro2-|to2-
---|---|---|---|---
converb|n-i|to2|-|to2
final|-|-|ro2|to2
attributive|n-o2|t-u|ro2|to2
subordinative|n-i-te|-|-|to2-te
-ar- form|nar < n-i-ar|-|-|-
\*to2可能是韩语借词,平安时代以后有tar < t-ar-
系词n-:
连体形n-i
1.作為nominal predicate
>那許曾波遠迩伊麻世婆
>$なこ_2そ_2はをにいませば$
>汝こそは男にいませば(KK 5)
>伊可奈留夜比止爾伊麻世可
>$いかなるやひ_1と_2にいませか$
>如何なるや人にいませか(BS 5)
>伊米爾毛伊母我美延射良奈久尓
>$いめ_2にも_1いも_2がみ江ざらなくに$
>夢にも妹がみえざらなくに(MYS 15.3735)
2.作為noun,adjective後的adverbialization
>袁登賣爾多陀爾阿波牟登
>をと_2め_1にただにあはむと_2
>乙女に直に合はむと
>麻許曾迩斗比多麻閇
>まこ_2そ_2にと_1ひ_1たまへ_2
>真こそに問ひ給へ
>於夜那斯爾奈礼奈理鶏迷夜
>おやなしになれなりけめや
>親無しに生れ成りけめや
>都可倍麻都良米伊夜等保奈我尓
>つかへ_2まつらめ_2いやとほながに
>仕へ奉らめいや遠長に