卡片42 社会学（CrashCourse1-4 范式/宏观与微观/方法）

3 Paradigms 范式 - 1 structural functionalism 结构功能主义 / 2 conflict theory 冲突理论 / 3 Symbolic Interactionism 符号互动学

1⃣️Structural Functionalism (macro)- French sociologist Emile Durkheim（a well-oiled machine 和谐运行的机器） 🔑social functions : manifest and latent functions 显性功能和隐性功能 🔑social disfunctions 🦠Since it sees society as fundamentally functional and stable, it can be really bad at dealing with change. It can be bad at providing good explanations for wht change happens, and it can also interpret bad things in society as having positive functions, which should therefore not be changed.

2⃣️Conflict Theory (marco) (a group of competing interests - power, money, land, food or status 争夺利益的群体 / This view takes change as being fundamental to society, constantly driven by these conflicts.) 🔑1st : the theory of class conflict - Karl Marx -society has different classes based on their relationships to the means of production -under capitalism, two classes were the capitalists (bourgeoisie) and the workers (proletariat) 🔑2nd : rece-conflict theory - W.E.B DuBois 🔑3rd：gender-conflict theory

3⃣️Symbolic Interactionism (micro) - German sociologist Max Weber（the product of everyday social interactions） 🔑Understanding 🔑There is no big-T truth. Instead, it looks at the world we create when we assign meaning to interactions and objects.

我颜控。没救。

Scales : macro & micro 宏观与微观

Macro Questions : What caused the transition from feudalism to capitalism? 什么导致了封建主义向资本主义的过渡？How does race impact educational achievement? 种族如何影响学业成就？

Micro Questions : Do doctors talk to patiens of different races differently? 医生会对不同种族的病人用不同方式交谈吗？How do the members of a certain group build a group identity? 特定群体中的成员如何构建群体认同？

3 Types of Sociological Inquiry （sociology as a sicence）

1⃣️Positivist Sociology 实证社会学, or the study of society based on systematic obsercations of social behavior / whether a person acts a certain way 🔑objective (empirical evidence) -quantitative data（定量）try to measure -qualitative data（定性）try to illustrate or characterize 🦠limitation : not everything you want to know about society is going to fit into observable, measurable categories / ethics / If you're interested in how humans behave in the real world, you don't want your research methods to make them act differently than they otherwise would. 🦠Not all social facts can be applied to all people, in all time periods. In other words, truth is not always objective.

2⃣️Interpretative Sociology 解释社会学, the study of society that focuses why this behavior / how do people view their own actions and thoughts 🔑seeing the world from their subject's perspective, rather than through quantitative data

3⃣️Critical Sociology 批判社会学, the study of society that focuses on the need for social change

Research Methods

1⃣️Hypothesis 陈述假设 -a statement of a possible relationship between two variables 对2个变量之间可能的关系进行陈述 🔑before you can assign a value to a variable, you have to operationalize it - that is, you have to define the exact variable you're going to measure, and exactly how you will measure it. 🔑correlation does not always equal causation 相关关系 并非总是等于 因果关系

2⃣️Collect Data: experiments/ surveys/ participant observation（fieldwork）/ existing resources 3⃣️Analyze That Data 🔑inductive logical thought 归纳逻辑思维 deductive logical thought 演艺逻辑思维