《谕英国国王书（Letter to Queen Victoria）》 1839（19410118） 林则徐（中英对照原文）
林则徐谕英国国王书
洪惟我大皇帝抚绥中外，
一视同仁，利则与天下公之，害则为天下去之。盖以天地之心为心也。贵国王累世相传，皆称恭顺。观历次进贡表文云：凡本国人到中国贸易，均蒙大皇帝一体公平恩待等语。窃喜贵国王深明大义，感激天恩，是以天朝柔远绥怀，倍加优礼。贸易之利，垂二百年。该国所由以富庶称者，赖有此也。
唯是通商已久，众夷良莠不齐，遂有夹带，诱惑华民，以致毒流各省者。似此但知利己，不顾害人，乃天理所不容，人情所共愤。大皇帝闻而震怒。特遣本大臣来至广东，与本总督部堂巡抚部院，会同查办。凡内地民人贩食者，皆应处死。若追究夷人历年贩卖之罪，则其贻害深而攫利重，本为法所当诛。
惟念众夷尚知悔罪乞诚，将趸船二万二百八十三箱，由领事官义律，禀请缴收，全行毁化。叠经本大臣等据实具奏。幸蒙大皇帝格外施恩，以自首者，情尚可原，姑宽免罪。再犯者法难屡贷，立定新章。谅贵国王向化倾心，定能谕令众夷，兢兢奉法。但必晓以利害，乃知天朝法度，断不可以不懔遵也。
查该国距内地六七万里，而夷船争来贸易者，为获利之厚故耳。以中国之利利外夷，是夷人所获之厚利，皆从华民分去。岂有反以毒物害华民之理。
即夷人未必有心为害，而贪利之极，不顾害人，试问天良安在？闻该国禁食甚严，
是固明知之为害也。
既不使为害于该国，则他国尚不可移害，况中国乎？
中国所行于外国者，无一非利人之物。利于食，利于用，并利于转卖，皆利也。中国曾有一物为害外国否？况如茶叶大黄，外国所不可一日无也。
中国若靳其利而不恤其害，则夷人何以为生？又外国之呢羽哔叽，非得中国丝斤不能成织。
若中国亦靳其利，夷人何利可图？其余食物，自糖料姜桂而外，用物自绸缎磁器而外，外国所必需者，曷可胜数。而外来之物，皆不过以供玩好，可有可无。既非中国要需，何难闭关绝市。乃天朝于茶丝诸货，悉任其贩运流通，绝不靳惜。无他，利与天下公之也。该国带去内地货物，不特自资食用，且得以分售各国，获利三倍。即不卖，而其三倍之利自在。何忍更以害人之物，恣无厌之求乎？设使别国有人贩至英国，诱人买食；当亦贵国王所深恶而痛绝之也。
向闻贵国王存心仁厚，自不肯以己所不欲者，施之于人。并闻来粤之船，皆经颁给条约，有不许携带禁物之语。是贵国王之政令本属严明。只因商船众多，前此或未加察。
今行文照会，明知天朝禁令之严，定必使之不敢再犯。且闻贵国王所邻之兰顿，及嘶噶兰、嗳伦等处，本皆不产。惟所辖印度地方，如孟啊啦、曼哒啦萨、孟买、叭哒拏默拏、嘛尔洼数处，连山栽种，开池制造。
累月经年，以厚其毒。
臭秽上达，天怒神恫。
贵国王诚能于此等处拔尽根株，尽锄其地，改种五谷。有敢再图种造者，重治其罪。此真兴利除害之大仁政，天所佑而神所福，延年寿，长子孙，必在此举矣。
至夷商来至内地，饮食居处，无非天朝之恩膏，积聚丰盈，无非天朝之乐利。其在该国之日犹少，而在粤东之日转多。
弼教明刑，古今通义。
譬如别国人到英国贸易，尚须遵英国法度，况天朝乎？今定华民之例，卖者死，食者亦死。试思夷人若无带来，则华民何由转卖，何由吸食？是奸夷实陷华民于死，岂能独予以生？彼害人一命者，尚须以命抵之，况之害人，岂止一命已乎？故新例于带来内地之夷人，定以斩绞之罪。所谓为天下去害者此也。
复查本年二月间，据该国领事义律，以禁令森严，禀求宽限。凡印度港脚属地，请限五月，英国本地，请限十月。然后即以新例遵行等语。今本大臣等奏蒙大皇帝，格外天恩，倍加体恤。凡在一年六个月之内，误带，但能自首全缴者，免其治罪。若过此限期，仍有带来，则是明知故犯，
即行正法，断不宽宥。
可谓仁之至义之尽矣。
我天朝君临万国，
尽有不测神威，
然不忍不教而诛。故特明宣定例。该国夷商欲图长久贸易，必当懔遵宪典，将永断来源，切勿以身试法。王其诘奸除慝，以保刈尔有邦，益昭恭顺之忱，共享太平之福，幸甚，幸甚！
接到此文之后，即将杜绝缘由，速行移覆，切勿诿延。
His Majesty the Emperor comforts and cherishes foreigners as well as Chinese: he loves all the people in the world without discrimination. Whenever profit is found, he wishes to share it with all men; whenever harm appears, he likewise will eliminate it on behalf of all of mankind. His heart is in fact the heart of the whole universe.
Generally speaking, the succeeding rulers of your honorable country have been respectful and obedient. Time and again they have sent petitions to China, saying: "We are grateful to His Majesty the Emperor for the impartial and favorable treatment he has granted to the citizens of my country who have come to China to trade," etc. I am pleased to learn that you, as the ruler of your honorable country, are thoroughly familiar with the principle of righteousness and are grateful for the favor that His Majesty the Emperor has bestowed upon your subjects. Because of this fact, the Celestial Empire, following its traditional policy of treating foreigners with kindness, has been doubly considerate towards the people from England. You have traded in China for almost 200 years, and as a result, your country has become wealthy and prosperous.
As this trade has lasted for a long time, there are bound to be unscrupulous as well as honest traders. Among the unscrupulous are those who bring opium to China to harm the Chinese; they succeed so well that this poison has spread far and wide in all the provinces. You, I hope, will certainly agree that people who pursue material gains to the great detriment of the welfare of others can be neither tolerated by Heaven nor endured by men. . . .
Your country is more than 60,000 li from China. The purpose of your ships in coming to China is to realize a large profit. Since this profit is realized in China and is in fact taken away from the Chinese people, how can foreigners return injury for the benefit they have received by sending this poison to harm their benefactors? They may not intend to harm others on purpose, but the fact remains that they are so obsessed with material gain that they have no concern whatever for the harm they can cause to others. Have they no conscience? I have heard that you strictly prohibit opium in your own country, indicating unmistakably that you know how harmful opium is. You do not wish opium to harm your own country, but you choose to bring that harm to other countries such as China. Why?
The products that originate from China are all useful items. They are good for food and other purposes and are easy to sell. Has China produced one item that is harmful to foreign countries? For instance, tea and rhubarb are so important to foreigners' livelihood that they have to consume them every day. Were China to concern herself only with her own advantage without showing any regard for other people's welfare, how could foreigners continue to live? Foreign products like woolen cloth and beiges rely on Chinese raw materials such as silk for their manufacturing. Had China sought only her own advantage, where would the foreigners' profit come from? The products that foreign countries need and have to import from China are too numerous to enumerate: from food products such as molasses, ginger, and cassia to useful necessities such as silk and porcelain. The imported goods from foreign countries, on the other hand, are merely playthings which can be easily dispensed with without causing any ill effect. Since we do not need these things really, what harm would come if we should decide to stop foreign trade altogether? The reason why we unhesitantly allow foreigners to ship out such Chinese products as tea and silk is that we feel that wherever there is an advantage, it should be shared by all the people in the world. . . .
I have heard that you are a kind, compassionate monarch. I am sure that you will not do to others what you yourself do not desire. I have also heard that you have instructed every British ship that sails for Canton not to bring any prohibited goods to China. It seems that your policy is as enlightened as it is proper. The fact that British ships have continued to bring opium to China results perhaps from the impossibility of making a thorough inspection of all of them owing to their large numbers. I am sending you this letter to reiterate the seriousness with which we enforce the law of the Celestial Empire and to make sure that merchants from your honorable country will not attempt to violate it again.
I have heard that the areas under your direct jurisdiction such as London, Scotland, and Ireland do not produce opium; it is produced instead in your Indian possessions such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, and Malwa. In these possessions the English people not only plant opium poppies that stretch from one mountain to another but also open factories to manufacture this terrible drug. As months accumulate and years pass by, the poison they have produced increases in its wicked intensity, and its repugnant odor reaches as high as the sky. Heaven is furious with anger, and all the gods are moaning with pain! It is hereby suggested that you destroy and plow under all of these opium plants and grow food crops instead, while issuing an order to punish severely anyone who dares to plant opium poppies again. If you adopt this policy of love so as to produce good and exterminate evil, Heaven will protect you, and gods will bring you good fortune. Moreover, you will enjoy a long life and be rewarded with a multitude of children and grandchildren! In short, by taking this one measure, you can bring great happiness to others as well as yourself. Why do you not do it?
The right of foreigners to reside in China is a special favor granted by the Celestial Empire, and the profits they have made are those realized in China. As time passes by, some of them stay in China for a longer period than they do in their own country. For every government, past or present, one of its primary functions is to educate all the people living within its jurisdiction, foreigners as well as its own citizens, about the law and to punish them if they choose to violate it. Since a foreigner who goes to England to trade has to obey the English law, how can an Englishman not obey the Chinese law when he is physically within China? The present law calls for the imposition of the death sentence on any Chinese who has peddled or smoked opium. Since a Chinese could not peddle or smoke opium if foreigners had not brought it to China, it is clear that the true culprits of a Chinese's death as a result of an opium conviction are the opium traders from foreign countries. Being the cause of other people's death, why should they themselves be spared from capital punishment? A murderer of one person is subject to the death sentence; just imagine how many people opium has killed! This is the rationale behind the new law which says that any foreigner who brings opium to China will be sentenced to death by hanging or beheading. Our purpose is to eliminate this poison once and for all and to the benefit of all mankind. . . .
Our Celestial Empire towers over all other countries in virtue and possesses a power great and awesome enough to carry out its wishes. But we will not prosecute a person without warning him in advance; that is why we have made our law explicit and clear. If the merchants of your honorable country wish to enjoy trade with us on a permanent basis, they must fearfully observe our law by cutting off, once and for all, the supply of opium. Under no circumstance should they test our intention to enforce the law by deliberately violating it. You, as the ruler of your honorable country, should do your part to uncover the hidden and unmask the wicked. It is hoped that you will continue to enjoy your country and become more and more respectful and obeisant. How wonderful it is that we can all enjoy the blessing of peace!
