读书笔记-贝克都市化社会和它的敌人
Beck, U. (2002). The cosmopolitan society and its enemies. Theory, culture & society, 19(1-2), 17-44.
我的理解：
Beck 在文章中解释了什么是cosmopolitan 和cosmopolitanism，这两者是有区别的。Cosmopolitanism 是一种方法论，与nationalism、globalism相对应。Cosmopolitanism 从根本上说是想挑战民族国家的想象和划分。Cosmopolitan 是所有文化在全球化过程中重新洗牌和被定义的过程，是文化的重组和再造，是共融之后的分化，是文化、社会、经济、法律上的重组。与世界公民global citizenship 相联系。在全球化过程中，我们对空间认知发生了从the social space of humankind 到 a new space of sociological imagination.的转变。全球化在世界范围内带来的流动对以往以民族国家为边界的社会学分析造成的冲击和挑战。而Cosmopolitanism就是作者Beck提出了应对这种挑战的一种方法。
作者辨析了全球化与地方化的关系，认为全球化不仅仅是全球化，也关于地方化。全球和地方也是一对相互确立的概念，就像我们国家为什么说“越是民族的，越是世界的”一样。全球化理论的一个重要结果就是地方概念的复兴。为什么儒家文化复兴，为什么会出现向传统复归的趋势？全球化是一个重要的因素。
作者认为全球化不是发生在那儿（别处），却是发生在这儿（此处）。
所以cosmopolitanism 的框架可以用来分析跨国亲密关系，它是一种跳出民族国家的框架来看待问题的分析方法，是一种全球治理。比如跨国婚姻涉及的签证问题，是一种从民族国家视角出发才会衍生的问题，因为缺乏一个能够实现全球治理的机构来管理跨国婚姻，所以跨国婚姻目前的治理还是在民族国家框架下的。
民族国家的治理是基于地域以及对于过去共同的记忆，而Cosmopolitanism是基于现在的共同经历以及对未来的共同想象而生发出的治理术。
这篇文章回答以下三个问题：
1. What is a cosmopolitan sociology?
2. What is a cosmopolitan society?
3. Who are the enemies of cosmopolitan societies?
What is a cosmopolitan sociology?
Globalization: globalization is a non-linear, dialectic process in which the global and the local do not exist as cultural polarities but as combined mutually implication principles.
Cosmopolitanization: globalization involve not only interconnections across boundaries, but transform the quality of the social and the political inside nation-state societies,which means internal globalization, globalization from within the national societies. This transforms everyday consciousness and identities significantly. Issues of global concern are becoming part of the everyday local experiences and the “moral life- worlds” of people.
Cosmopolitanization thesis is a methodological concept which helps to overcome methodological nationalism and to build a frame of reference to analyse the new social conflicts, dynamics and structures of Second Modernity. (Beck, 2002c; Beck et al., 2002; Lash, 2002; Latour,2002).
The core point of a cosmopolitan perspective is the ‘dialogic imagination'
• "Dialogic imagination “: The clash of cultures and rationalities within one’s own life, "the internalized other "
The dialogic imagination corresponds to the coexistence of rival way of life in the individual experience, which makes it a matter of fate to compare, reflect, criticize, understand, combine contradictory certainties.
— From Friedrich Nietzsche 《The Age of Comparison》: the individual was free to pick and choose among competing traditions and heritages. What is more important, the various cultures of the world were beginning to interpenetrate each other. And this process will continue until ideas of every culture would be side by side.
Why is it a method?
'Cosmopolitanism ‘ means being a citizen of two worlds—‘cosmos’ and ‘polis’. (Immanuel Kant argued 200 years ago)
Five different dimensions to this:
Externally it means:
a. Including the otherness of nature,
b. Including the otherness of other civilizations and modernities, and
c. Including the otherness of the future.
Internally it means:
a. Including the otherness of the object, and
b. Overcoming the (state) mastery of (scientific, linear) rationalization
Cosmopolitan sociology
Method: principle : this-as-well-as-that but not either-or
Living and thinking in terms of inclusive oppositions, which characterizes methodological nationalism and first modernity sociology.
In relation to the concept of ‘globality’(Albrow, 1966; Robertson, 1922) cosmopolitanism means: rooted cosmopolitanism, having ‘roots’ and ‘wings’ at the same time. There is no cosmopolitanism without localism.
Reflexive modernization and cosmopolitan
Basic indicator of reflexive modernization : pluralization of borders.
不再有预先设定的边界，一切都是被选择的被再诠释的
Cosmopolitan calls for ‘world citizenry’ and ‘cosmopolitan state’
A cosmopolitan sociology imposes fundamental questions of redefinition, reinvention and reorganization
Goran Thernorn（1995，2000）：Globality means reflexive globalization, a global everyday experience and consciousness of the global.
Methodological cosmopolitanism implies a new politics of comparison in relation to the internal otherness of nature, future, other civilizations, etc. 不再以西方现代化为理想型，不再把非西方的现代化视为不成熟的西方类型。
The national has to be rediscovered as the internalized global. Cosmopolitanization= globalization from within and globalization internalized.
如何从方法上做到cosmopolitanism:
— interconnectedness (David Held, 1999) ‘Global Transformations'
— the new metaphor of the fluid that flows
— cosmopolitanization from within: cosmopolitanization is different from cosmopolitanism. Cosmopolitanism is a large, ancient, rich and controversial set of political ideas, philosophies and ideologies. Cosmopolitanization, is a frame of reference for empirical exploration for globalization from within, globalization internalized. It is a kind of class analysis after class analysis, which takes on board globalization.
Transnational immigration and education are creating a quite significant stratum of educated transnationals.
They have personal knowledge, both of East-Asia and of
California, of Latin America and of Anglo-America, of South-Asia and England, of the Arab world, Africa and France, of Turkey and Germany and the USA, to mention only a few of the largest combinations. These people are raising the standards of the cosmopolitan redefinition of social sciences, which we have to work on. The basic idea is: a cosmopolitan social theory and social science ask about the complicated accommodations, alliances and creative contradictions between the nation-state and mobile
capital, between the hidden cosmopolitanization of nation-state societies and national identities and institutions, between cosmopolitanism and nationalism.
What is a Cosmopolitan Society?
Cosmopolitanization is being experienced and reflected upon as crisis--a threefold crisis: crisis of cosmos (nature), crisis of polis
(paradigm of nature-state politics) and crisis of rationality and control
In cosmopolitanization: people all over the world are reflecting on a shared collective future, which contradicts a nation-based memory of the past.
全球化是空间维度上的。而cosmopolitanization 则是关于时间和集体记忆维度上的。
但要注意的是 consciousness 和action之间的差别。Form of action- in the spheres of politics, science, law, etc.-are past-based. So far, there are very few transnational forms of action designed for a shared collective future. → 跨国经验的研究很重要，它为实现未来的共同想象以及全球治理提供了经验基础。
To sum up this first part of my argument: in the dimension of space we talk and reflect upon the de-territorialization of the social, the political and the economic; in the dimension of time we have to reflect upon the ‘retraditionalization’ of the social, political and cultural through a globally shared collective future. Re-traditionalization means the collective future consciousness takes over the position of tradition and memory in the pastorientated
national imagination and paradigm: the tradition of cosmopolitan societies is the tradition of future. It is, of course, a fragile future, a future crisis, a future of de-futurization.
在全球化中发现传统。
Space-time
the sphere of experience, in which we inhabit globally networked life-worlds, is glocal, has become a synthesis of home and non-place, a nowhere place.
（共同的经历，而不是国别的差异。文化变成了一种基于共同经历而形成的，而不是基于地域差异。）
A cosmopolitan sociology should investigatenot only presence and absence, but also ‘imagined presence’ (Urry,2000). Dialogic imaginations presuppose, among others, imagined presence of geographically distant others and worlds.
Identity
全球化生活的两个重要影响：
① community life will no longer be determined solely or even primarily by location;
② collective memory is losing its unity and integrity.
nationalism 的观点会认为，全球化对民族国家里的个体造成的影响是一致的，但cosmopolitanism 的观点认为，在新兴的全球化社区中，并不是每个人都从流动（mobility）和现代通信（modern communications） 中获得了同等的利益。Transnationality 并不是对所有人都是一种解放。
所以 cosmopolitan sociology 必须追问:
① what are the mechanisms of power that enable the mobility as well as the relocation of diverse populations within these emerging cosmopolitan social structures?
② How are cultural flows and the dialogic imagination conditioned and shaped within the new forms of production and global inequalities?
Production Paradigm
this globalization of trade is not restricted to flows of goods and capital, but includes the globalization of decision-making frames.‘International’ trade, as recorded by economic research, is being transformed into ‘intra-firm trade’, in which nothing is bought or sold, but, rather, products are pushed back and forth within a ‘firm’ operating transnationally.
这里没太明白，仅仅是因为在全球化的框架下做决策，国际公司间的交易就成了跨国公司之间的内部交易了么？
Class and Power
Globalization is a narrative about power, not about digital space and financial markets.
Dilemmas of Cosmopolitanism
Dialogic imagination includes:
• The clash of cultures within one’s own life
• Globally shared collective futures (as opposed to past-based forms of action)
• A sense of global responsibility in a world risk society, in which there are ’no others ‘
• A commitment to dialogue and against violence
• A commitment to destroy faith in the supposedly natural artifice of ’society’ and stimulate the self-reflexivity of divergent entangled cosmopolitan modernities
Three characteristics:
Globality — the awareness of a global sphere of responsibility
Plurality — the acknowledgement of the otherness of others
Civility — non-violence
Who are the enemies of Cosmopolitan societies?
Nationalism
Globalism
Democratic authoritarianism
