中古汉语拟音 Reconstruction of Middle Chinese
本文可以看作是俞敏(1984)“等韵溯源”、远藤光晓(遠藤光暁,Endō Mitsuaki)(1989)“切韻の韻序について”(关于切韵的韵序)、蒲立本(Edwin G. Pulleyblank)(1991)Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin(《早期中古汉语、晚期中古汉语、早期官话拟音字典》)、罗杰瑞(Jerry L. Norman,羅杰瑞)(1994)“Pharyngealization in Early Chinese”(早期汉语的咽化)、郑张尚芳(2003)《上古音系》、白一平(William H. Baxter)& 沙加尔(Laurent Sagart,沙加爾)(2014)Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction(《上古汉语新构拟》)、msoeg、顾国林等一批较新观点的综合。 This article can be regarded as a compilation of many newer ideas from Yú Mǐn (俞敏) (1984) “等韵溯源” (On the origin of děngyùn), Endō Mitsuaki (遠藤光暁) (1989) “切韻の韻序について” (The order of rimes in “Qie-Yun”), Edwin G. Pulleyblank (蒲立本) (1991) Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin, Jerry L. Norman (羅杰瑞) (1994) “Pharyngealization in Early Chinese”, Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng (郑张尚芳) (2003) 《上古音系》 (Old Chinese Phonology), William H. Baxter (白一平) & Laurent Sagart (沙加爾) (2014) Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, msoeg, Gù Guólín (顾国林), and others.
术语解释 Glossary
反切注音 fanqie
反切注音是受梵语语音学启发产生的汉语音位注音方法,其使用两个不同的汉语音节来表示另一个汉语音节的声母和韵母,其中表示声母的音节所对应的汉字称为反切上字,表示韵母的音节所对应的汉字称为反切下字。反切注音反映出了汉语母语者对汉语声母和韵母的有标性的直观感受,通常只有有标性不高于待注音音节的音节所对应的汉字才能充当待注音音节的反切用字。这个特性令反切注音可以反映出难以由其他材料表现出的特征,例如非咽化音节所对应的汉字往往可以作为表示咽化音节的反切上字,而在绝大多数情况下咽化音节所对应的汉字则无法作为表示非咽化音节的反切上字,从而展现出许多传统上认为是同质的切韵系统声母实际上包含了相对无标的非咽化变体和相对有标的咽化变体。(更多讨论见附录) Fanqie (反切) was a phonemic transcription method for Chinese languages inspired by the researches in Sanskrit phonology. Fanqie utilized two different Chinese syllables to represent another syllable’s initial and final, where the character of the syllable representing the initial was called the upper fanqie character (反切上字), and the character of the syllable representing the final was called the lower fanqie character (反切下字). Fanqie reflected native Chinese speakers’ intuitive perception on the markednesses of syllables, where normally only those characters of the syllables with markednesses not higher than the target syllable were allowed to be utilized as the target syllable’s fanqie transcriptions. This allowed fanqie to reflect features that were difficult to uncover in other materials, for example characters of non-pharyngealized syllables often served as the upper fanqie characters for transcribing pharyngealized syllables, while in most cases characters of pharyngealized syllables weren’t used as the upper fanqie characters for transcribing non-pharyngealized syllables, therefore uncovering that many initials in Qieyun system traditionally considered homogeneous actually consisted of relatively unmarked non-pharyngealized variants and relatively marked pharyngealized variants. (See appendix for further discussions.)
切韵系统 Qieyun system
切韵系统指《切韵》(《切韻》)记载的反切注音所反映出的汉语音韵系统,在许多讨论中都是早期中古汉语的同义词。《切韵》本身是陆法言(陸法言)领导的编辑团队对之前多个学者所编纂韵书的糅合,这种糅合遵循“从分不从合”原则,即只要有一个学者能够区分某些韵母,那么《切韵》也就分开记录这些韵母,即使在陆法言所处的时代可能并没有任何一门汉语仍区分它们。因此切韵系统并不是陆法言当时的汉语,而是《切韵》所采样的多门汉语的最后共同祖先,亦即魏晋时期的一支通用汉语。这也使得《切韵》成为了人类历史上最早的历史比较语言学研究,尽管陆法言等人很可能并不理解这一成就。至于下一个关于汉语的历史比较语言学研究则要等到20世纪下半叶由罗杰瑞依据闽语白读构拟出的原始闽语。 Qieyun system was the phonemic system of Chinese reflected by the fanqie recorded in Qièyùn (《切韻》), which was synonymous with Early Middle Chinese in many discussions. Qièyùn per se was a fusion compiled by Lù Fǎyán’s (陸法言) editorial team from several earlier scholars’ rime dictionaries, and such a fusion was performed under a “differentiating instead of merging” rule, i.e. provided any scholar who was able to differentiate certain finals, the said finals would be recorded as separate finals in Qièyùn, even if there possibly wasn’t any Chinese language in Lù Fǎyán’s era still retained such a distinction. Therefore Qieyun system wasn’t the Chinese language in Lù Fǎyán’s era, but the last common ancestor of those Chinese languages sampled by Qièyùn, i.e. a common Chinese language during the Wèi-Jìn (魏晉) era. This also made Qièyùn the earliest work of historical-comparative linguistics in human history, although Lù Fǎyán’s editorial team were presumably unaware of this achievement. The next research of historical-comparative linguistics regarding Chinese languages didn’t exist until the second half of the 20th century, when Jerry L. Norman reconstructed Proto-Min based on the colloquial pronunciations in Min Chinese.
韵图 rime table
韵图反映了梵语学者对某支汉代以降汉语的特征分析。韵图最初可能起源于来华的佛教徒为了方便学习汉语而发明的教学工具,其忽略了梵语母语者无法理解的咽化特征,在主元音的分类上也同汉语母语者对汉语的直观感受有所不同。目前已知的韵图最早出版于宋代,包括《韵镜》(《韻鏡》)和《七音略》两个版本(其中《韵镜》更接近原本的韵图而《七音略》包含了后世汉语学者的许多修改),但其实际起源要远早于此。韵图正确区分出了《切韵》以来的所有韵书都不能区分的语音区别,如分别源于上古汉语 *oŋ “容纳”和 *loŋ “用”的 容 /ou̯ŋ/ 和 庸 /i̯ou̯ŋ/、分别源于上古汉语 *aŋ “羊”和 *laŋ “阳光”的 羊 /au̯ŋ/ 和 陽 /i̯au̯ŋ/ 在韵图中被正确记录为了不同的音节,而在《切韵》以来的韵书(乃至《七音略》)的编排中 容 和 庸、羊 和 陽 均被认为完全同音(容/庸 /i̯ou̯ŋ/:餘 /i̯ɤ/ 封 /pou̯ŋ/ 反;陽/羊 /i̯au̯ŋ/:与 /i̯ɤˀ/ 章 /t̠͡ʃau̯ŋ/ 反),说明这两种音节在魏晋时期业已合流。韵图也正确区分出了只有 /ʐɨ/ 和 /ʐɨˀ/ 两个实例的俟母 /ʐ-/ 音节(在《韵镜》中只记录了唯一一个实例 /ʐɨˀ/),俟母音节在改动较少的《切韵》中拥有专属的反切上字——也就是二者自身(俟 /ʐɨˀ/:漦 /ʐɨ/ 史 /ʂɨˀ/ 反;漦 /ʐɨ/:俟 /ʐɨˀ/ 淄 /ʈ͡ʂɨ/ 反),而主流唐代学者则抛弃了俟母反切上字“漦”而将其改为崇母 /ɖ͡ʐ-/ 反切上字,说明当时俟母 /ʐ-/ 和崇母 /ɖ͡ʐ-/ 业已合流。韵图还正确区分出了合口青韵 /-ˤy̑ɜi̯ŋ/、迥韵 /-ˤy̑ɜi̯ŋˀ/、徑韵 /-ˤy̑ɜi̯ŋʱ/、錫韵 /-ˤy̑ɜi̯k/ 和开口青韵 /-ˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/、迥韵 /-ˤi̯ɜi̯ŋˀ/、徑韵 /-ˤi̯ɜi̯ŋʱ/、錫韵 /-ˤi̯ɜi̯k/,而《切韵》的反切注音表明陆法言等学者的口音中这两组韵母业已合流(例如 熒 /ʁˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/:胡 /ʁˤo/ 丁 /tˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/ 反;形 /ʁˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/:戶 /ʁˤoˀ/ 經 /qˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/ 反)。韵图严格遵循平上去入四声一一对应的原则,这反映了魏晋时期汉语主要的四类韵尾——即韵尾的辅音特征相对不明显的平声、韵尾带紧喉特征的上声、韵尾带气声特征的去声和韵尾为非鼻化塞音的入声(这也是汉语格律诗平仄规则的起源)。而《切韵》的韵母排序(见附录)表明陆法言等学者实际上不认同这种原则,而是认为入声应该区别对待,反映了魏晋以来平声、上声和去声的区别已从韵尾逐渐演变为音节的发声态和声调,同时鼻音韵尾也引发了音节的鼻音化,使得平上去入四声原本的严格对应关系逐渐消亡。另外,上古汉语以 *-ts 为音节尾的韵母演变为了在《切韵》的记载中均为去声的泰韵、祭韵、夬韵、廢韵等韵母,然而在韵图中夬韵和廢韵被列入了主元音最接近的转的入声位置,表明在韵图所描述的汉语中这两个韵的韵尾仍存有塞音特征,或是已经演变为了入声(类似于上古汉语 *mbits “鼻子”在魏晋时期的北方汉语中演变为了未被早期韵书记载的 /bit/)。不了解前中古汉语的后人认为梵语学者为了节省页面而把这两个韵母随意放进了这些位置,然而从韵图的一些留有大量空白的转可以看出梵语学者对描写语言学的追求要甚于节省页面。 The rime table (rhyme table) reflected the Sanskrit scholars’ analysis of a post-Hàn Chinese. It was probably to have originated as a teaching aid invented by Indian monks visiting China for learning Chinese languages, where characteristics incomprehensible to native Sanskrit speakers like the pharyngealization were ignored, and certain groupings of nuclear vowels had also diverged from native Chinese speakers’ intuitive perception. The rime table in its earliest attested form was known to be published in the Sòng (宋) dynasty in two different versions respectively named Yùnjìng (《韻鏡》) and Qīyīnlüè (《七音略》) (where Yùnjìng was more similar to the original rime table and Qīyīnlüè contained many modifications by subsequent Chinese scholars), however the actual origin of which dated back much earlier. The rime table correctly distinguished phonological distinctions not found in all rime dictionaries since Qièyùn, for example 容 /ou̯ŋ/ and 庸 /i̯ou̯ŋ/, which respectively evolved from Old Chinese *oŋ “to contain” and *loŋ “to use”, or 羊 /au̯ŋ/ and 陽 /i̯au̯ŋ/, which respectively evolved from Old Chinese *aŋ “caprid” and *laŋ “sunshine”, were correctly recorded as different syllables in the rime table, while in the record of rime dictionaries since Qièyùn (as well as in Qīyīnlüè) 容 and 庸 or 羊 and 陽 were complete homophones (容/庸 /i̯ou̯ŋ/ : 餘 /i̯ɤ/ 封 /pou̯ŋ/ 反; 陽/羊 /i̯au̯ŋ/ : 与 /i̯ɤˀ/ 章 /t̠͡ʃau̯ŋ/ 反), indicating that these two types of syllable had merged by the Wèi-Jìn era. The rime table correctly distinguished the syllables with 俟 initial /ʐ-/, which was found only in two instances /ʐɨ/ and /ʐɨˀ/ (in Yùnjìng only /ʐɨˀ/, as the sole instance, was recorded). In the lesser modified versions of Qièyùn they were transcribed by the specific upper fanqie characters, i.e. each other of themselves (俟 /ʐɨˀ/: 漦 /ʐɨ/ 史 /ʂɨˀ/ 反; 漦 /ʐɨ/: 俟 /ʐɨˀ/ 淄 /ʈ͡ʂɨ/ 反), while the majority of scholars in the Táng (唐) era opted to reject the upper fanqie character “漦” and use the upper fanqie characters for 崇 initial /ɖ͡ʐ-/ instead, indicating that 俟 initial /ʐ-/ had then merged with 崇 /ɖ͡ʐ-/ initial. The rime table correctly distinguished the rounded 青 final /-ˤy̑ɜi̯ŋ/, 迥 final /-ˤy̑ɜi̯ŋˀ/, 徑 final /-ˤy̑ɜi̯ŋʱ/, 錫 final /-ˤy̑ɜi̯k/ and the unrounded 青 final /-ˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/, 迥 final /-ˤi̯ɜi̯ŋˀ/, 徑 final /-ˤi̯ɜi̯ŋʱ/, 錫 final /-ˤi̯ɜi̯k/, while the fanqie recorded in Qièyùn indicated that Lù Fǎyán and others’ dialects had merged those two types of finals (e.g. 熒 /ʁˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/: 胡 /ʁˤo/ 丁 /tˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/ 反; 形 /ʁˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/: 戶 /ʁˤoˀ/ 經 /qˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ/ 反). The rime table strictly followed the rule that the quadruple coda classes level (平聲), rising (上聲), departing (去聲), and entering (入聲) should be corresponded together, which reflected the four major types of coda class in the Chinese languages by the Wèi-Jìn era, i.e. the level class with codas devoid of outstanding consonantal characteristics, the rising class with stiff voiced codas, the departing class with breathy voiced codas, and the entering class with non-nasal stop codas (this was also the origin of the level-oblique (平仄) rule in the classical Chinese poetry). While the arrangement of finals in Qièyùn (see appendix) indicated that Lù Fǎyán and others practically dismissed that rule, instead they considered the entering class as standalone, which reflected that since the Wèi-Jìn era the distinction between the level, rising, and departing class had gradually evolved into the differences in phonations and tones of syllables, along with the nasal codas inducing the nasalization of syllables, therefore leading the strict correspondence between the quadruple coda classes to become moribund. Moreover, the finals with *-ts coda in Old Chinese had evolved into 泰 final, 祭 final, 夬 final, 廢 final, etc. which were all in the departing class in Qièyùn’s record, while in the rime table 夬 final and 廢 final were listed as the entering class in the turns with the most similar nuclear vowels, indicating that in the Chinese language described by the rime table those two finals still retained their stop components, or had actually evolved into the entering class (similar to how Old Chinese *mbits “nose” evolved into /bit/ in northern Chinese by the Wèi-Jìn era, which wasn’t recorded by the early rime dictionaries). Later scholars without the knowledge of pre-Middle Chinese claimed that the Sanskrit scholars arbitrarily put those two finals there to save paper, but several turns with large blank areas in the rime table indicated that those Sanskrit scholars’ pursuit of descriptive linguistics was beyond saving paper.
转 turn
转代表将某种主元音以所有可能的声母、介音、韵尾(四声)组合辗转拼读一次,一转即等同于韵图的一页。韵图中每一转还注有“内”“外”区别和“开”“合”区别,其中“开”或“合”分别代表介音和主元音是不圆唇的或圆唇的(不同于后来只用介音圆唇程度来定义的开口或合口),而“内”“外”区别不对应于任何已知的汉语语音学特征,其有可能源于未知的语音学特征、现已不存的韵图原型的编排方式或是某本佛经译音的用字情况。 A turn (轉) was to read through all the syllables produced by combining one certain type of nuclear vowel with all possible initials, medials, and coda classes, and each turn was equivalent to each page in the rime table. Each turn also featured an “inner”-“outer” (“內”-“外”) distinction and an “open”-“closed” (“開”-“合”) distinction. The “open” or the “closed” respectively meant that the medial plus nuclear vowel was unrounded or rounded (different from later analyses where only the roundnesses of medials were considered), while the “inner”-“outer” distinction didn’t correspond to any known phonological feature in Chinese and it might have originated from unknown phonological features, the design of the unattested prototype of the rime table, or the characters used in certain transcriptions of some Buddhist sutras.
等 division
等是韵图中每一个韵母所分出的四行,第一、二、三、四行即代表第一、二、三、四等。等反映了梵语学者所理解的汉语介音分类,其中第一等代表无介音,第二等代表卷舌介音,第三等代表不明显的钝介音,第四等代表锐介音。在梵语学者的分析中齿龈声母、齿龈后声母和卷舌声母的调音部位区别同介音分类成互补分布,因此在韵图中这三类声母被并入了相同的列。等的分析同反切注音所反映出的汉语母语者对汉语的直观感受非常不同,在汉语母语者看来多数第三等音节的钝介音是可以忽略的附带特征,而第一等音节、声母不为卷舌擦音/塞擦音的第二等音节和少部分第四等音节均存在显著的咽化特征(即使他们不一定能描述出这一点),另外齿龈声母、齿龈后声母和卷舌声母在多数情况下均存在非常明显的差异以致不会被认为是同类。(更多讨论见附录) Divisions (等) were the four rows listed inside each final in the rime table, where the first, second, third, and fourth row respectively corresponded to the first, second, third, and fourth division. Divisions reflected the Sanskrit scholars’ classification of the medials in Chinese syllables, where the first division represented the absence of medials, the second division represented retroflex medials, the third division represented implicit back medials, and the fourth division represented acute medials. In Sanskrit scholars’ analysis, the difference in the places of articulation of alveolar initials, postalveolar initials, and retroflex initials was in complementary distribution with the classification of medials, hence those initials were combined into the same columns in the rime table. The analysis of divisions was drastically different from native Chinese speakers’ intuitive perception reflected by fanqie transcriptions, in which the back medials in most of the syllables in the third division were ignorable incidental features, while the syllables in the first division, the syllables not started with retroflex fricative/affricate initials in the second division, and a small group of syllables in the fourth division all had obvious pharyngealization (even though they might not be able to describe this feature), as well as in most cases the alveolar initials, postalveolar initials, and retroflex initials were too different to be considered as in the same group. (See appendix for further discussions.)
符号 Symbols
- P:唇塞音、唇鼻塞音 labial stop, labial nasal stop
- M:唇鼻塞音 labial nasal stop
- T:齿龈塞音、齿龈鼻塞音 alveolar stop, alveolar nasal stop
- S:齿龈擦音、齿龈塞擦音 alveolar fricative, alveolar affricate
- C:齿龈后擦音、齿龈后塞擦音 postalveolar fricative, postalveolar affricate
- J:闭不圆唇元音、硬腭近音 close unrounded vowel, palatal approximant
- Sr:卷舌擦音、卷舌塞擦音 retroflex fricative, retroflex affricate
- K:舌背-喉塞音、舌背-喉鼻塞音 dorsal-laryngeal stop, dorsal-laryngeal nasal stop
- X:汉语上声声调 Chinese tone of rising class
- H:汉语去声声调 Chinese tone of departing class
- Q:汉语入声声调 Chinese tone of entering class
正文 Main Content
声母 initials
调音部位 place of articulation
切韵声类(韵图声母 等):早期中古汉语拟音 > 晚期中古汉语(唐代通用语)拟音 Qieyun type of initial(rime table initial, division):reconstruction of Early Middle Chinese > reconstruction of Late Middle Chinese (common Táng Chinese)
唇 labial
- 方(幫III)彼(幫III)卑(幫IV):p > p̪͡f -J-:p > p
- 博(幫I)伯(幫II)邊(幫IV):pˤ > p
- 敷(滂III)披(滂III)匹(滂IV):pʰ > p̪͡fʰ -J-:pʰ > pʰ
- 普(滂I)葩(滂II)批(滂IV):pʰˤ > pʰ
- 符(並III)皮(並III)毗(並IV):b > b̪͡vʱ -J-:b > bʱ
- 蒲(並I)白(並II)瓶(並IV):bˤ > bʱ
- 武(明III)眉(明III)彌(明IV):m > ɱ ~ ɱ͡b̪ -J-:m > m ~ m͡b
- 莫(明I)盲(明II)迷(明IV):mˤ > m ~ m͡b
齿龈 alveolar
- 都(端知I)丁(端知IV):tˤ > t
- 他(透徹I)梯(透徹IV):tʰˤ > tʰ
- 徒(定澄I)題(定澄IV):dˤ > dʱ
- 奴(泥娘I)寧(泥娘IV):nˤ > n ~ n͡d
- 力(來III):l > l
- 盧(來I)練(來IV):lˤ > l
- 子(精照IV):t͡s > t͡s
- 作(精照I)齎(精照IV):t͡sˤ > t͡s
- 七(清穿IV):t͡sʰ > t͡sʰ
- 倉(清穿I)千(清穿IV):t͡sʰˤ > t͡sʰ
- 疾(從牀IV):d͡z > d͡zʱ
- 昨(從牀I)前(從牀IV):d͡zˤ > d͡zʱ
- 息(心審IV):s > s
- 蘇(心審I)先(心審IV):sˤ > s
- 徐(邪禪IV):z > zʱ
齿龈后-卷舌 postalveolar-retroflex
- 陟(端知III):t̠ > ʈ
- 卓(端知II):ʈˤ > ʈ
- 丑(透徹III):t̠ʰ > ʈʰ
- 瞠(透徹II):ʈʰˤ > ʈʰ
- 直(定澄III):d̠ > ɖʱ
- 宅(定澄II):ɖˤ > ɖʱ
- 女(泥娘III):n̠ > ɳ ~ ɳ͡ɖ
- 嬭(泥娘II):ɳˤ > ɳ ~ ɳ͡ɖ
- 而(日III):ɹ̠̃ > ʐ̃
- 瀧(來II):ɭˤ > l
- 之(精照III):t̠͡ʃ > ʈ͡ʂ
- 側(精照II):ʈ͡ʂ > ʈ͡ʂ
- 昌(清穿III):t̠͡ʃʰ > ʈ͡ʂʰ
- 初(清穿II):ʈ͡ʂʰ > ʈ͡ʂʰ
- 食(從牀III):d̠͡ʒ > ʐʱ ~ ɖ͡ʐʱ
- 士(從牀II):ɖ͡ʐ > ʐʱ ~ ɖ͡ʐʱ
- 式(心審III):ʃ > ʂ
- 所(心審II):ʂ > ʂ
- 時(邪禪III):ʒ > ʐʱ ~ ɖ͡ʐʱ
- 俟(邪禪II):ʐ > ʐʱ ~ ɖ͡ʐʱ
软腭-小舌-喉 velar-uvular-laryngeal
- 居(見III)几(見III)吉(見IV):k > k
- 古(見I)佳(見II)堅(見IV):qˤ > k
- 去(溪III)綺(溪III)詰(溪IV):kʰ > kʰ
- 苦(溪I)客(溪II)牽(溪IV):qʰˤ > kʰ
- 渠(群III)奇(群III)祇(群IV):ɡ > ɡʱ
- 魚(疑III)宜(疑III)藝(疑IV):ŋ > ŋ ~ ŋ͡ɡ
- 五(疑I)牙(疑II)研(疑IV):ɴˤ > ŋ ~ ŋ͡ɡ
- 於(影III)乙(影III)伊(影IV):ʔ > ʔ
- 烏(影I)握(影II)煙(影IV):ʔˤ > ʔ
- 許(曉III)羲(曉III)欯(曉IV):x > x
- 呼(曉I)花(曉II)馨(曉IV):χˤ > x
- 胡(匣I)下(匣II)奚(匣IV):ʁˤ > ɣʱ
- 于(喻III)以(喻IV):∅ > ∅
韵母 finals
转 推定梵语对音 < 汉代汉语来源 turn, assumed Sanskrit transcription < origin in Hàn Chinese
切韵韵母 等 切韵开合口:早期中古汉语拟音 > 晚期中古汉语(唐代通用语)拟音 Qieyun final, division, Qieyun roundness:reconstruction of Early Middle Chinese > reconstruction of Late Middle Chinese (common Táng Chinese)
内27合 ā < *-ˤaj 内28合 vā < *-ˤwaj ~ *-waj
- 33歌/31哿/36箇I开:ˤɑ > ɑ
- 33戈/31果/36過I合:ˤu̯ɑ > u̯ɑ
- 33戈/31果/36過III开:ɑ > a
- 33戈/31果/36過III合:u̯ɑ > u̯a
内29开 a < *-ˤraj ~ *Saj ~ *Jaj ~ *-a 外30合 va < *-ˤwraj
- 34麻/32馬/37禡II开:ˤɻa > a Sr-:a > a
- 34麻/32馬/37禡II合:ˤɻu̯a > u̯a Sr-:u̯a > u̯a
- 34麻/32馬/37禡III开:a > i̯a
- 34麻/32馬/37禡IV开:i̯a > i̯a
内11开 o < *-ˤa ~ *-a 内12开合 vo < -ˤwa ~ *-wa ~ *-ɔ ~ *-wɔ
- 11模/10姥/11暮I开:ˤo > o
- 9魚/8語/9御II开:ɤ > ɤ
- 10虞/9麌/10遇II合:u̯o > u̯o
- 9魚/8語/9御III开:ɤ > i̯ɤ P/K-:ɤ > ɤ
- 10虞/9麌/10遇III合:u̯o > y̑o P/K-:u̯o > u̯o
- 9魚/8語/9御IV开:i̯ɤ > i̯ɤ
- 10虞/9麌/10遇IV合:y̑o > y̑o
外15开 āi < *-ˤaS ~ *-ˤrɛ ~ *PɛS ~ *SɛS ~ *KɛS ~ *JɛS 外16合 vāi < *-ˤwaS ~ -ˤwrɛ ~ *SwɛS ~ *JwɛS
- 12泰I开:ˤɑi̯ʱ > ɑi̯ H
- 12泰I合:ˤu̯ɑi̯ʱ > u̯ɑi̯ H
- 13佳/12蟹/15卦II开:ˤɻai̯ > ai̯ Sr-:ai̯ > ai̯
- 13佳/12蟹/15卦II合:ˤɻu̯ai̯ > u̯ai̯ Sr-:u̯ai̯ > u̯ai̯
- 14祭IV开:i̯ɛi̯ʱ > i̯ɛi̯ H
- 14祭IV合:y̑ɛi̯ʱ > y̑ɛi̯ H
外13开 ai ~ ait < *-ˤə ~ *-ˤrə ~ *-ˤrəj ~ *-ˤri ~ *-ˤraS ~ *CɛS ~ *-rɛS ~ *-ˤɛ 外14合 vai ~ vait < *-ˤə ~ *-ˤwrə ~ *-ˤwrəj ~ *-ˤwri ~ *-ˤwraS ~ *CwɛS ~ *-wrɛS ~ *-ˤwɛ
- 16咍/15海/19代I开:ˤʌi̯ > ɑi̯
- 15灰/14賄/18隊I合:ˤu̯ʌi̯ > u̯ɑi̯
- 14皆/13駭/16怪II开:ˤɻɜi̯ > ai̯ Sr-:ɜi̯ > ai̯
- 14皆/13駭/16怪II合:ˤɻu̯ɜi̯ > u̯ai̯ Sr-:u̯ɜi̯ > u̯ai̯
- 17夬II开:ˤɻʌi̯ʱ > ai̯ H Sr-:ʌi̯ʱ > ai̯ H
- 17夬II合:ˤɻu̯ʌi̯ʱ > u̯ai̯ H Sr-:u̯ʌi̯ʱ > u̯ai̯ H
- 16咍/15海/19代III开:ʌi̯ > i̯ɛi̯
- 14祭III开:ɛi̯ʱ > i̯ɛi̯ H P/K-:ɨ̯ɛi̯ʱ > ɛi̯ H
- 14祭III合:u̯ɛi̯ʱ > y̑ɛi̯ H P/K-:ʉ̯ɛi̯ʱ > u̯ɛi̯ H
- 12齊/11薺/13霽IV开:ˤi̯ɜi̯ > i̯ɛi̯
- 12齊/11薺/13霽IV合:ˤy̑ɜi̯ > y̑ɛi̯
内4开合 e < *-ɛ ~ *-aj ~ *-rɛ ~ *-raj 内5合 ve < *-wɛ ~ *-waj ~ *-wrɛ ~ *-wraj
- 5支/4紙/5寘II开:e > ɻ̍
- 5支/4紙/5寘II合:u̯e > u̯i
- 5支/4紙/5寘III开:e > i P/K-:ɨ̯e > ɨ
- 5支/4紙/5寘III合:u̯e > y̑i P/K-:ʉ̯e > u̯i
- 5支/4紙/5寘IV开:i̯e > i S-:i̯e > ɹ̩
- 5支/4紙/5寘IV合:y̑e > y̑i
内6开 i < *-i ~ *-rəj ~ *-ri 内7合 vi < *-wi ~ *-wrəj ~ *-wri
- 6脂/5旨/6至II开:i > ɻ̍
- 6脂/5旨/6至II合:u̯i > u̯i
- 6脂/5旨/6至III开:i > i P/K-:ɨ̯i > ɨ
- 6脂/5旨/6至III合:u̯i > y̑i P/K-:ʉ̯i > u̯i
- 6脂/5旨/6至IV开:i > i S-:i > ɹ̩
- 6脂/5旨/6至IV合:y̑i > y̑i
内8开 i < *-ə ~ *-rə
- 7之/6止/7志II开:ɨ > ɻ̍
- 7之/6止/7志III开:ɨ > i P/K-:ɨ > ɨ
- 7之/6止/7志IV开:i̯ɨ > i S-:i̯ɨ > ɹ̩
内9开 i ~ it < *-əj ~ *-aS 内10合 vi ~ vit < *-wəj ~ *-waS
- 8微/7尾/8未III开:ɨi̯ > ɨ
- 8微/7尾/8未III合:u̯ɨi̯ > u̯i
- 20廢III开:ɤi̯ʱ > ɛi̯ H
- 20廢III合:u̯ɤi̯ʱ > u̯ɛi̯ H
外25开 au < *-ˤaw ~ *-ˤraw ~ *-aw ~ *Cɛw ~ *-ˤɛw
- 32豪/30晧/35号I开:ˤɑu̯ > ɑu̯
- 31肴/29巧/34效II开:ˤɻau̯ > au̯ Sr-:au̯ > au̯
- 30宵/28小/33笑III开:ɛu̯ > i̯ɛu̯ P/K-:ɨ̯ɛu̯ > ɛu̯
- 29蕭/27篠/32嘯IV开:ˤi̯ɜu̯ > i̯ɛu̯
外26合 ou < *Pɛw ~ *Sɛw ~ *Kɛw ~ *Jɛw
- 30宵/28小/33笑IV开:i̯ɛu̯ > i̯ɛu̯
内37开 u < *-ˤɔ ~ *-u ~ *-ru ~ *-iw
- 44侯/42厚/47候I开:ˤou̯ > ou̯
- 43尤45幽/41有43黝/46宥48幼II开:u ~ iu̯ > u
- 43尤45幽/41有43黝/46宥48幼III开:u > i̯u M-:u > ou̯ P/K-:u > u
- 43尤45幽/41有43黝/46宥48幼IV开:i̯u ~ iu̯ > i̯u
外40合 ām ~ āp < *-ˤaP ~ *-ˤraP ~ *-aP ~ *SɛP ~ *KɛP 外41合 vām ~ vāp < *-ɔP
- 36談/34敢/39闞/21盍I开:ˤɑm > ɑm
- 52銜/50檻/55鑑/23狎II开:ˤɻam > am Sr-:am > am
- 53嚴/51儼/56釅/31業III开:ʌm > i̯ɛm P/K-:ʌm > ɛm
- 54凡/52范/57梵/32乏III合:u̯ʌm > u̯ɛm
- 47鹽/45琰/50豔/24葉IV开:i̯ɛm > i̯ɛm
外39开 am ~ ap < *-ˤəP ~ *-ˤrəP ~ *PɛP ~ *CɛP ~ *-raP ~ *-rɛP ~ *-ˤɛP
- 35覃/33感/38勘/20合I开:ˤʌm > ɑm
- 51咸/49豏/54陷/22洽II开:ˤɻɜm > am Sr-:ɜm > am
- 47鹽/45琰/50豔/24葉III开:ɛm > i̯ɛm P/K-:ɨ̯ɛm > ɛm
- 48添/46忝/51㮇/25怗IV开:ˤi̯ɜm > i̯ɛm
内38合 um ~ up < *-əP ~ *-iP ~ *-rəP ~ *-riP
- 46侵/44寑/49沁/26緝II开:im > ɻ̍m
- 46侵/44寑/49沁/26緝III开:im > im P/K-:ɨ̯im > ɨm
- 46侵/44寑/49沁/26緝IV开:im > im
外23开 ān ~ āt < *-ˤaT ~ *-ˤraT ~ *-ˤrɛT ~ *CaT ~ *CɛT ~ *KɛT ~ *-raT ~ *-rɛT ~ *-ˤɛT 外24合 vān ~ vāt < *-ˤwaT ~ *-ˤwraT ~ *-ˤwrɛT ~ *CwaT ~ *CwɛT ~ *KwɛT ~ *-wraT ~ *-wrɛT ~ *-ˤwɛT
- 24寒/22旱/27翰/11曷I开:ˤɑn > ɑn
- 24桓/22緩/27換/11末I合:ˤu̯ɑn > u̯ɑn
- 25刪/23潸/28諫/12黠II开:ˤɻan > an Sr-:an > an
- 25刪/23潸/28諫/12黠II合:ˤɻu̯an > u̯an Sr-:u̯an > u̯an
- 28仙/26獮/31線/15薛III开:ɛn > i̯ɛn P/K-:ɨ̯ɛn > ɛn
- 28仙/26獮/31線/15薛III合:u̯ɛn > y̑ɛn P/K-:ʉ̯ɛn > u̯ɛn
- 27先/25銑/30霰/14屑IV开:ˤi̯ɜn > i̯ɛn
- 27先/25銑/30霰/14屑IV合:ˤy̑ɜn > y̑ɛn
外21开 an ~ at < *-ˤrəT ~ *SaT ~ *KaT ~ *JaT ~ *PɛT ~ *SɛT ~ *KɛT ~ *JɛT ~ *SraT 外22合 van ~ vat < *-ˤwrəT ~ *PaT ~ *SwaT ~ *KwaT ~ *JwaT ~ *SwɛT ~ *KwɛT ~ *JwɛT ~ *SwraT
- 26山/24産/29襉/13鎋II开:ˤɻɜn > an Sr-:ɜn > an
- 26山/24産/29襉/13鎋II合:ˤɻu̯ɜn > u̯an Sr-:u̯ɜn > u̯an
- 21元/19阮/24願/9月III开:ʌn > ɛn
- 21元/19阮/24願/9月III合:u̯ʌn > u̯ɛn
- 28仙/26獮/31線/15薛IV开:i̯ɛn > i̯ɛn
- 28仙/26獮/31線/15薛IV合:y̑ɛn > y̑ɛn
外17开 in ~ it < *-ˤəT ~ *SəT ~ *CəT ~ *JəT ~ *-iT ~ *-rəT ~ *-riT 外18合 vin ~ vit < *-ˤwəT ~ *SwəT ~ *CwəT ~ *JwəT ~ *-wiT ~ *-wrəT ~ *-wriT
- 23痕/21很/26恨/10沒I开:ˤɤn > ɤn
- 22魂/20混/25慁/10沒I合:ˤu̯ɤn > u̯ɤn
- 18臻/18隱/21震/7櫛II开:in > ɻ̍n
- 17諄/16準/21稕/5術II合:u̯it > u̯it Q
- 17眞/16軫/21震/5質III开:in > in P/K-:ɨ̯in > ɨn
- 17諄/16準/21稕/5術III合:u̯in > yn P/K-:ʉ̯in > un
- 17眞/16軫/21震/5質IV开:in > in
- 17諄/16準/21稕/5術IV合:y̑in > yn
外19开 in ~ it < *KəT 外20合 vin ~ vit < *PəT ~ *KwəT
- 20欣/18隱/23焮/8迄III开:ɨn > ɨn
- 19文/17吻/22問/6物III合:u̯ɨn > un
外33开 āiṃ ~ āik < *-ˤraK ~ *-raK ~ *-rɛK ~ *SɛK ~ *JɛK 外34合 vāiṃ ~ vāik < *-ˤwraK ~ *-wraK ~ *-wrɛK ~ *SwɛK ~ *JwɛK
- 39庚/37梗/42映/19陌II开:ˤɻai̯ŋ > ai̯ŋ Sr-:ai̯ŋ > ɛi̯ŋ
- 39庚/37梗/42映/19陌II合:ˤɻu̯ai̯ŋ > u̯ai̯ŋ
- 39庚/37梗/42映/19陌III开:ɨ̯ai̯ŋ > ɛi̯ŋ
- 39庚/37梗/42映/19陌III合:ʉ̯ai̯ŋ > u̯ɛi̯ŋ
- 41清/39靜/44勁/17昔IV开:i̯ɛi̯ŋ > i̯ɛi̯ŋ
- 41清/39靜/44勁/17昔IV合:y̑ɛi̯ŋ > y̑ɛi̯ŋ ~ i̯ɛi̯ŋ
外35开 aiṃ ~ aik < *-ˤrɛK ~ *-rɛK ~ *PɛK ~ *CɛK ~ *KɛK ~ *-ˤɛK 外36合 vaiṃ ~ vaik < *-ˤwrɛK ~ *-wrɛK ~ *CwɛK ~ *KwɛK ~ *-ˤwɛK
- 40耕/38耿/43諍/18麥II开:ˤɻɜi̯ŋ > ai̯ŋ Sr-:ɜi̯ŋ > ai̯ŋ
- 40耕/38耿/43諍/18麥II合:ˤɻu̯ɜi̯ŋ > u̯ai̯ŋ Sr-:u̯ɜi̯k > u̯ai̯k Q
- 41清/39靜/44勁/17昔III开:ɛi̯ŋ > i̯ɛi̯ŋ P/K-:ɨ̯ɛi̯ŋ > ɛi̯ŋ
- 42青/40迥/45徑/16錫IV开:ˤi̯ɜi̯ŋ > i̯ɛi̯ŋ
- 42青/40迥/45徑/16錫IV合:ˤy̑ɜi̯ŋ > y̑ɛi̯ŋ ~ i̯ɛi̯ŋ
内42开 iṃ ~ ik < *-ˤəK ~ *-əK 内43合 viṃ ~ vik < *-ˤwəK ~ *-wəK
- 50登/48等/53嶝/30德I开:ˤɤi̯ŋ > ɤi̯ŋ
- 50登/48等/53嶝/30德I合:ˤu̯ɤi̯ŋ > u̯ɤi̯ŋ
- 49蒸/47拯/52證/29職II开:ɨi̯k > ɤi̯k Q
- 49蒸/47拯/52證/29職III开:ɨi̯ŋ > i̯ɤi̯ŋ P/K-:ɨi̯ŋ > ɤi̯ŋ
- 49蒸/47拯/52證/29職III合:u̯ɨi̯k > u̯ɤi̯k Q
- 49蒸/47拯/52證/29職IV开:i̯ɨi̯ŋ > i̯ɤi̯ŋ
内31开 āṃ ~ āk < *-ˤaK ~ *-aK 内32合 vāṃ ~ vāk < *-ˤwaK ~ *-waK
- 38唐/36蕩/41宕/28鐸I开:ˤɑu̯ŋ > ɑu̯ŋ
- 38唐/36蕩/41宕/28鐸I合:ˤu̯ɑu̯ŋ > u̯ɑu̯ŋ
- 37陽/35養/40漾/27藥II开:au̯ŋ > au̯ŋ
- 37陽/35養/40漾/27藥III开:au̯ŋ > i̯au̯ŋ P/K-:au̯ŋ > au̯ŋ
- 37陽/35養/40漾/27藥III合:u̯au̯ŋ > u̯au̯ŋ
- 37陽/35養/40漾/27藥IV开:i̯au̯ŋ > i̯au̯ŋ
外3开合 oṃ ~ ok < *-ˤrɔK
- 4江/3講/4絳/4覺II开:ˤɻɔu̯ŋ > au̯ŋ ~ u̯au̯ŋ Sr-:ɔu̯ŋ > u̯au̯ŋ
内2开合 uṃ ~ uk < *-ˤuK ~ *-ɔK ~ *-rɔK
- 2冬/2腫/2宋/2沃I开:ˤou̯ŋ > ou̯ŋ
- 3鍾/2腫/3用/3燭II开:ou̯k > ou̯k Q
- 3鍾/2腫/3用/3燭III开:ou̯ŋ > i̯ou̯ŋ P/K-:ou̯ŋ > ou̯ŋ
- 3鍾/2腫/3用/3燭IV开:i̯ou̯ŋ > i̯ou̯ŋ
内1开 uṃ ~ uk < *-ˤɔK ~ *-uK ~ *-ruK
- 1東/1董/1送/1屋I开:ˤuŋ > ou̯ŋ
- 1東/1董/1送/1屋II开:uŋ > uŋ
- 1東/1董/1送/1屋III开:uŋ > i̯uŋ M-:uŋ > ou̯ŋ P/K-:uŋ > uŋ
- 1東/1董/1送/1屋IV开:i̯uŋ > i̯uŋ
声 coda classes
声 coda class
早期中古汉语拟音 > 晚期中古汉语(唐代通用语)拟音 reconstruction of Early Middle Chinese > reconstruction of Late Middle Chinese (common Táng Chinese)
平
- ∅ > ∅
- m > m
- n > n
- ŋ > ŋ
上
- ∅ˀ > ∅ X ~ ∅ H
- mˀ > m X ~ m H
- nˀ > n X ~ n H
- ŋˀ > ŋ X ~ ŋ H
去
- ∅ʱ > ∅ H
- mʱ > m H
- nʱ > n H
- ŋʱ > ŋ H
入
- p > p Q
- t > t Q ~ ɾ Q
- k > k Q
附录 Appendix
按反切上字所反映出的有标性分类的切韵系统声类 The types of initial in Qieyun system, grouped by markednesses reflected by upper fanqie characters
通过对《切韵》及同类韵书所记载的反切注音进行仔细统计,可以发现通过反切上字的选择所能反映出的106种切韵系统声类——其中66种声类主要由其作为反切上字时的适用范围所揭示,而另外40种声类主要由其几乎不用于反切上字的特性所揭示,尽管少数异常泛用的反切上字如“匹”“丁”“千”“先”“下”(其共同之处是书写简单)影响了部分声类的效度。由于韵图的等不直接反映咽化,韵图所分析出的声母-等种类大致可以看作是比切韵系统声类略小的真子集;不过韵图还是通过不同的转(即不同的主元音归类)区别出了相似的咽化音节和非咽化音节,使其在实际上完整描述出了魏晋时期的一支汉语音系。 Through careful statistics on the fanqie transcriptions recorded in Qièyùn and similar rime dictionaries, it can be discovered that there were 106 types of initial in Qieyun system which could be revealed by the selection of upper fanqie characters, where 66 types of initial were revealable primarily by their applicability when serving as upper fanqie characters, and the other 40 types of initial were revealable primarily by their near absence as upper fanqie characters, although the validities of certain types of initial were reduced by a few anomalously universal upper fanqie characters like “匹”, “丁”, “千”, “先”, or “下” (whose common trait was the ease to write). Since the divisions in the rime table didn’t directly reflect pharyngealization, the types of initial-division in the rime table could be approximately regarded as a slightly smaller proper subset of the types of initial in Qieyun system; though the rime table still distinguished similar pharyngealized and non-pharyngealized syllables by different turns (i.e. different groupings of nuclear vowels), therefore practically making itself a complete phonological description of a Chinese language by the Wèi-Jìn era.
有标性 markedness
切韵声类(韵图声母 等)带协同发音的早期中古汉语拟音:主要的反切上字的切韵声类(韵图声母 等)带协同发音的早期中古汉语拟音 Qieyun type of initial(rime table initial, division)reconstruction of Early Middle Chinese with coarticulation:major Qieyun types of initial of upper fanqie characters(rime table initial, division)reconstruction of Early Middle Chinese with coarticulation
唇塞音 labial stop
- 方(幫III) p :方(幫III) p
- 敷(滂III) pʰ :敷(滂III) pʰ / 匹(滂IV) pʰʲ
- 符(並III) b :符(並III) b
- 武(明III) m :武(明III) m / 莫(明I) mˤ
唇塞音、钝 labial stop, backness
- 彼(幫III) pˠ :方(幫III) p / 彼(幫III) pˠ
- 披(滂III) pʰˠ :披(滂III) pʰˠ / 敷(滂III) pʰ / 匹(滂IV) pʰʲ
- 皮(並III) bˠ :皮(並III) bˠ / 符(並III) b
- 眉(明III) mˠ :武(明III) m / 眉(明III) mˠ
唇塞音、锐 labial stop, acuteness
- 卑(幫IV) pʲ :卑(幫IV) pʲ / 方(幫III) p
- 匹(滂IV) pʰʲ :匹(滂IV) pʰʲ / 敷(滂III) pʰ
- 毗(並IV) bʲ :毗(並IV) bʲ / 符(並III) b
- 彌(明IV) mʲ :彌(明IV) mʲ / 武(明III) m
唇塞音、咽 labial stop, pharyngealization
- 博(幫I) pˤ :博(幫I) pˤ / 方(幫III) p
- 普(滂I) pʰˤ :普(滂I) pʰˤ / 敷(滂III) pʰ / 匹(滂IV) pʰʲ
- 蒲(並I) bˤ :蒲(並I) bˤ / 符(並III) b
- 莫(明I) mˤ :莫(明I) mˤ / 武(明III) m
唇塞音、咽、卷舌 labial stop, pharyngealization, retroflexity
- 伯(幫II) pˤʵ :博(幫I) pˤ / 方(幫III) p / 伯(幫II) pˤʵ
- 葩(滂II) pʰˤʵ :普(滂I) pʰˤ / 敷(滂III) pʰ / 匹(滂IV) pʰʲ
- 白(並II) bˤʵ :蒲(並I) bˤ / 符(並III) b / 白(並II) bˤʵ
- 盲(明II) mˤʵ :莫(明I) mˤ / 武(明III) m
唇塞音、咽、锐 labial stop, pharyngealization, acuteness
- 邊(幫IV) pˤʲ :博(幫I) pˤ / 方(幫III) p
- 批(滂IV) pʰˤʲ :普(滂I) pʰˤ / 匹(滂IV) pʰʲ
- 瓶(並IV) bˤʲ :蒲(並I) bˤ / 符(並III) b
- 迷(明IV) mˤʲ :莫(明I) mˤ / 武(明III) m
舌冠塞音/近音 coronal stop/approximant
- 陟(端知III) t̠ :陟(端知III) t̠ / 丁(端知IV) tˤʲ
- 丑(透徹III) t̠ʰ :丑(透徹III) t̠ʰ
- 直(定澄III) d̠ :直(定澄III) d̠
- 女(泥娘III) n̠ :女(泥娘III) n̠
- 力(來III) l :力(來III) l
舌冠塞音/近音、咽 coronal stop/approximant, pharyngealization
- 都(端知I) tˤ :都(端知I) tˤ / 丁(端知IV) tˤʲ
- 他(透徹I) tʰˤ :他(透徹I) tʰˤ
- 徒(定澄I) dˤ :徒(定澄I) dˤ
- 奴(泥娘I) nˤ :奴(泥娘I) nˤ
- 盧(來I) lˤ :盧(來I) lˤ / 力(來III) l
舌冠塞音/近音、咽、卷舌 coronal stop/approximant, pharyngealization, retroflexity
- 卓(端知II) ʈˤ :陟(端知III) t̠ / 都(端知I) tˤ / 丁(端知IV) tˤʲ / 卓(端知II) ʈˤ
- 瞠(透徹II) ʈʰˤ :丑(透徹III) t̠ʰ / 他(透徹I) tʰˤ
- 宅(定澄II) ɖˤ :直(定澄III) d̠ / 宅(定澄II) ɖˤ / 徒(定澄I) dˤ
- 嬭(泥娘II) ɳˤ :女(泥娘III) n̠ / 奴(泥娘I) nˤ / 嬭(泥娘II) ɳˤ
- 瀧(來II) ɭˤ :力(來III) l / 盧(來I) lˤ
舌冠塞音/近音、咽、锐 coronal stop/approximant, pharyngealization, acuteness
- 丁(端知IV) tˤʲ :都(端知I) tˤ / 丁(端知IV) tˤʲ
- 梯(透徹IV) tʰˤʲ :他(透徹I) tʰˤ
- 題(定澄IV) dˤʲ :徒(定澄I) dˤ
- 寧(泥娘IV) nˤʲ :奴(泥娘I) nˤ
- 練(來IV) lˤʲ :盧(來I) lˤ / 力(來III) l / 練(來IV) lˤʲ
齿龈擦音/塞擦音 alveolar fricative/affricate
- 子(精照IV) t͡s :子(精照IV) t͡s
- 七(清穿IV) t͡sʰ :七(清穿IV) t͡sʰ / 千(清穿IV) t͡sʰˤʲ
- 疾(從牀IV) d͡z :疾(從牀IV) d͡z / 昨(從牀I) d͡zˤ
- 息(心審IV) s :息(心審IV) s / 先(心審IV) sˤʲ
- 徐(邪禪IV) z :徐(邪禪IV) z
齿龈擦音/塞擦音、咽 alveolar fricative/affricate, pharyngealization
- 作(精照I) t͡sˤ :作(精照I) t͡sˤ / 子(精照IV) t͡s
- 倉(清穿I) t͡sʰˤ :倉(清穿I) t͡sʰˤ / 七(清穿IV) t͡sʰ / 千(清穿IV) t͡sʰˤʲ
- 昨(從牀I) d͡zˤ :昨(從牀I) d͡zˤ
- 蘇(心審I) sˤ :蘇(心審I) sˤ / 息(心審IV) s / 先(心審IV) sˤʲ
齿龈擦音/塞擦音、咽、锐 alveolar fricative/affricate, pharyngealization, acuteness
- 齎(精照IV) t͡sˤʲ :作(精照I) t͡sˤ / 子(精照IV) t͡s
- 千(清穿IV) t͡sʰˤʲ :倉(清穿I) t͡sʰˤ / 千(清穿IV) t͡sʰˤʲ / 七(清穿IV) t͡sʰ
- 前(從牀IV) d͡zˤʲ :昨(從牀I) d͡zˤ / 疾(從牀IV) d͡z
- 先(心審IV) sˤʲ :蘇(心審I) sˤ / 先(心審IV) sˤʲ
齿龈后擦音/塞擦音/近音 postalveolar fricative/affricate/approximant
- 而(日III) ɹ̠̃ :而(日III) ɹ̠̃
- 之(精照III) t̠͡ʃ :之(精照III) t̠͡ʃ
- 昌(清穿III) t̠͡ʃʰ :昌(清穿III) t̠͡ʃʰ
- 食(從牀III) d̠͡ʒ :食(從牀III) d̠͡ʒ
- 式(心審III) ʃ :式(心審III) ʃ
- 時(邪禪III) ʒ :時(邪禪III) ʒ
卷舌擦音/塞擦音 retroflex fricative/affricate
- 側(精照II) ʈ͡ʂ :側(精照II) ʈ͡ʂ
- 初(清穿II) ʈ͡ʂʰ :初(清穿II) ʈ͡ʂʰ
- 士(從牀II) ɖ͡ʐ :士(從牀II) ɖ͡ʐ
- 所(心審II) ʂ :所(心審II) ʂ
- 俟(邪禪II) ʐ :俟(邪禪II) ʐ
舌背-喉塞音/擦音/近音 dorsal-laryngeal stop/fricative/approximant
- 居(見III) k :居(見III) k
- 去(溪III) kʰ :去(溪III) kʰ
- 渠(群III) ɡ :渠(群III) ɡ
- 魚(疑III) ŋ :魚(疑III) ŋ
- 於(影III) ʔ :於(影III) ʔ
- 許(曉III) x :許(曉III) x
- 于(喻III) ∅ :于(喻III) ∅
舌背-喉塞音/擦音/近音、钝 dorsal-laryngeal stop/fricative/approximant, backness
- 几(見III) kˠ :居(見III) k / 几(見III) kˠ
- 綺(溪III) kʰˠ :去(溪III) kʰ / 綺(溪III) kʰˠ
- 奇(群III) ɡˠ :渠(群III) ɡ / 奇(群III) ɡˠ
- 宜(疑III) ŋˠ :魚(疑III) ŋ / 宜(疑III) ŋˠ
- 乙(影III) ʔˠ :於(影III) ʔ / 乙(影III) ʔˠ
- 羲(曉III) xˠ :許(曉III) x / 羲(曉III) xˠ
舌背-喉塞音/擦音/近音、锐 dorsal-laryngeal stop/fricative/approximant, acuteness
- 吉(見IV) kʲ :居(見III) k / 吉(見IV) kʲ
- 詰(溪IV) kʰʲ :去(溪III) kʰ / 詰(溪IV) kʰʲ
- 祇(群IV) ɡʲ :渠(群III) ɡ
- 藝(疑IV) ŋʲ :魚(疑III) ŋ
- 伊(影IV) ʔʲ :於(影III) ʔ / 伊(影IV) ʔʲ
- 欯(曉IV) xʲ :許(曉III) x
- 以(喻IV) ∅ʲ :以(喻IV) ∅ʲ
舌背-喉塞音/擦音/近音、咽 dorsal-laryngeal stop/fricative/approximant, pharyngealization
- 古(見I) qˤ :古(見I) qˤ
- 苦(溪I) qʰˤ :苦(溪I) qʰˤ
- 五(疑I) ɴˤ :五(疑I) ɴˤ
- 烏(影I) ʔˤ :烏(影I) ʔˤ
- 呼(曉I) χˤ :呼(曉I) χˤ
- 胡(匣I) ʁˤ :胡(匣I) ʁˤ / 下(匣II) ʁˤʵ
舌背-喉塞音/擦音/近音、咽、卷舌 dorsal-laryngeal stop/fricative/approximant, pharyngealization, retroflexity
- 佳(見II) qˤʵ :古(見I) qˤ / 佳(見II) qˤʵ
- 客(溪II) qʰˤʵ :苦(溪I) qʰˤ / 客(溪II) qʰˤʵ
- 牙(疑II) ɴˤʵ :五(疑I) ɴˤ
- 握(影II) ʔˤʵ :烏(影I) ʔˤ / 於(影III) ʔ / 乙(影III) ʔˠ
- 花(曉II) χˤʵ :呼(曉I) χˤ / 許(曉III) x
- 下(匣II) ʁˤʵ :胡(匣I) ʁˤ / 下(匣II) ʁˤʵ
舌背-喉塞音/擦音/近音、咽、锐 dorsal-laryngeal stop/fricative/approximant, pharyngealization, acuteness
- 堅(見IV) qˤʲ :古(見I) qˤ / 居(見III) k
- 牽(溪IV) qʰˤʲ :苦(溪I) qʰˤ / 去(溪III) kʰ
- 研(疑IV) ɴˤʲ :五(疑I) ɴˤ
- 煙(影IV) ʔˤʲ :烏(影I) ʔˤ / 於(影III) ʔ
- 馨(曉IV) χˤʲ :呼(曉I) χˤ / 許(曉III) x
- 奚(匣IV) ʁˤʲ :胡(匣I) ʁˤ
基于传统梵语语音学的推定韵母排列 The presumed arrangement of finals based on traditional Sanskrit phonology
基于传统梵语语音学的韵母排列出自将汉语韵母大致对应至梵语韵母的尝试。该排列在《切韵》的诸多韵母排列中均有体现。 The arrangement of finals based on traditional Sanskrit phonology originated from the practice of mapping Chinese finals with Sanskrit rhymes. This arrangement was reflected by many arrangements of finals in Qièyùn.
梵语韵母 Sanskrit rhyme
《切韵》韵母 final in Qièyùn
a ā
- 33歌 / 31哿 / 36箇 / —
- 34麻 / 32馬 / 37禡 / —
i ī
- 5支 / 4紙 / 5寘 / —
- 6脂 / 5旨 / 6至 / —
- 7之 / 6止 / 7志 / —
- 8微 / 7尾 / 8未 / —
u ū
- 9魚 / 8語 / 9御 / —
- 10虞 / 9麌 / 10遇 / —
- 11模 / 10姥 / 11暮 / —
e ai
- — / — / 12泰 / —
- 12齊 / 11薺 / 13霽 / —
- — / — / 14祭 / —
- 13佳 / 12蟹 / 15卦 / —
- 14皆 / 13駭 / 16怪 / —
- — / — / 17夬 / —
- 15灰 / 14賄 / 18隊 / —
- 16咍 / 15海 / 19代 / —
- — / — / 20廢 / —
o au
- 43尤 / 41有 / 46宥 / —
- 44侯 / 42厚 / 47候 / —
- 45幽 / 43黝 / 48幼 / —
- 29蕭 / 27篠 / 32嘯 / —
- 30宵 / 28小 / 33笑 / —
- 31肴 / 29巧 / 34效 / —
- 32豪 / 30晧 / 35号 / —
aṃ aḥ
- 35覃 / 33感 / 38勘 / 20合
- 36談 / 34敢 / 39闞 / 21盍
- 51咸 / 49豏 / 54陷 / 22洽
- 52銜 / 50檻 / 55鑑 / 23狎
- 47鹽 / 45琰 / 50豔 / 24葉
- 48添 / 46忝 / 51㮇 / 25怗
- 37陽 / 35養 / 40漾 / 27藥
- 38唐 / 36蕩 / 41宕 / 28鐸
- 39庚 / 37梗 / 42映 / 19陌
- 40耕 / 38耿 / 43諍 / 18麥
- 41清 / 39靜 / 44勁 / 17昔
- 42青 / 40迥 / 45徑 / 16錫
iṃ iḥ
- 46侵 / 44寑 / 49沁 / 26緝
- 49蒸 / 47拯 / 52證 / 29職
- 50登 / 48等 / 53嶝 / 30德
uṃ uḥ
- 53嚴 / 51儼 / 56釅 / 31業
- 54凡 / 52范 / 57梵 / 32乏
- 1東 / 1董 / 1送 / 1屋
- 2冬 / — / 2宋 / 2沃
- 3鍾 / 2腫 / 3用 / 3燭
- 4江 / 3講 / 4絳 / 4覺
eṃ eḥ
- 17眞 / 16軫 / 21震 / 5質
- 19文 / 17吻 / 22問 / 6物
- 18臻 / — / — / 7櫛
- 20欣 / 18隱 / 23焮 / 8迄
- 21元 / 19阮 / 24願 / 9月
- 22魂 / 20混 / 25慁 / 10沒
- 23痕 / 21很 / 26恨 / —
- 24寒 / 22旱 / 27翰 / 11末
- 25刪 / 23潸 / 28諫 / 12黠
- 26山 / 24産 / 29襉 / 13鎋
- 27先 / 25銑 / 30霰 / 14屑
- 28仙 / 26獮 / 31線 / 15薛
“五声韵书”的推定韵母排列 The presumed arrangement of finals in “pentatonic rime dictionaries”
“五声韵书”指已失传的以李登《声类》(《聲類》)、吕静(呂靜)《韵集》(《韻集》)为代表的最早期韵书。据推测这些韵书的特点是将平、上、去、入四声同中国五声音阶宫、商、徵、羽、角对应起来,使得平声诸韵母被分成了以東韵起始的“宫声”(即“上平声”)和以陽韵起始的“商声”(即“下平声”)。这种切分主要是为了令辖字众多的平声部分不至于显得过长,而非基于实际语音。“五声韵书”的韵母排列在《切韵》中也有体现,最显著的特征是東韵、冬韵、鍾韵和江韵被排在了最前。 The “pentatonic rime dictionaries” refers to the lost earliest rime dictionaries represented by Lǐ Dēng’s (李登) Shēnglèi (《聲類》) and Lǚjìng’s (呂靜) Yùnjí (《韻集》). It was speculated that these rime dictionaries were characterized by matching the quadruple coda classes level, rising, departing, and entering with Chinese pentatonic scale gōng (宮), shāng (商), zhǐ (徵), yǔ (羽), and jué (角). This practice resulted in the division of the level class into the “gōng tone” (also known as the “upper level class” (上平聲)) that started with 東 final and the “shāng tone” (also known as the “lower level class” (下平聲)) that started with 陽 final. This practice was mainly for preventing the level class, which contained a large number of characters, from being outstandingly voluminous, rather than based on actual phonology. This arrangement was also reflected in Qièyùn, with the most notable feature being 東 final, 冬 final, 鍾 final, and 江 final placed at the foremost.
“声” “tone”
《切韵》韵母 final in Qièyùn
宫(上平)/ 徵(上)/ 羽(去)/ 角(入)
- 1東 / 1董 / 1送 / 1屋
- 2冬 / — / 2宋 / 2沃
- 3鍾 / 2腫 / 3用 / 3燭
- 4江 / 3講 / 4絳 / 4覺
- 9魚 / 8語 / 9御 / —
- 10虞 / 9麌 / 10遇 / —
- 11模 / 10姥 / 11暮 / —
- 5支 / 4紙 / 5寘 / —
- 6脂 / 5旨 / 6至 / —
- 7之 / 6止 / 7志 / —
- 8微 / 7尾 / 8未 / —
- — / — / 12泰 / —
- 12齊 / 11薺 / 13霽 / —
- — / — / 14祭 / —
- 13佳 / 12蟹 / 15卦 / —
- 14皆 / 13駭 / 16怪 / —
- — / — / 17夬 / —
- 15灰 / 14賄 / 18隊 / —
- 16咍 / 15海 / 19代 / —
- — / — / 20廢 / —
- 17眞 / 16軫 / 21震 / 5質
- 19文 / 17吻 / 22問 / 6物
- 18臻 / — / — / 7櫛
- 20欣 / 18隱 / 23焮 / 8迄
- 21元 / 19阮 / 24願 / 9月
- 22魂 / 20混 / 25慁 / 10沒
- 23痕 / 21很 / 26恨 / —
- 24寒 / 22旱 / 27翰 / 11末
- 25刪 / 23潸 / 28諫 / 12黠
- 26山 / 24産 / 29襉 / 13鎋
- 27先 / 25銑 / 30霰 / 14屑
- 28仙 / 26獮 / 31線 / 15薛
商(下平)/ 徵(上)/ 羽(去)/ 角(入)
- 37陽 / 35養 / 40漾 / 27藥
- 38唐 / 36蕩 / 41宕 / 28鐸
- 39庚 / 37梗 / 42映 / 19陌
- 40耕 / 38耿 / 43諍 / 18麥
- 41清 / 39靜 / 44勁 / 17昔
- 42青 / 40迥 / 45徑 / 16錫
- 49蒸 / 47拯 / 52證 / 29職
- 50登 / 48等 / 53嶝 / 30德
- 33歌 / 31哿 / 36箇 / —
- 34麻 / 32馬 / 37禡 / —
- 29蕭 / 27篠 / 32嘯 / —
- 30宵 / 28小 / 33笑 / —
- 31肴 / 29巧 / 34效 / —
- 32豪 / 30晧 / 35号 / —
- 43尤 / 41有 / 46宥 / —
- 44侯 / 42厚 / 47候 / —
- 45幽 / 43黝 / 48幼 / —
- 35覃 / 33感 / 38勘 / 20合
- 36談 / 34敢 / 39闞 / 21盍
- 51咸 / 49豏 / 54陷 / 22洽
- 52銜 / 50檻 / 55鑑 / 23狎
- 47鹽 / 45琰 / 50豔 / 24葉
- 48添 / 46忝 / 51㮇 / 25怗
- 46侵 / 44寑 / 49沁 / 26緝
- 53嚴 / 51儼 / 56釅 / 31業
- 54凡 / 52范 / 57梵 / 32乏
《切韵》韵母排列 The arrangement of finals in Qièyùn
《切韵》韵母 final in Qièyùn
- 1東 / 1董 / 1送 / 1屋
- 2冬 / — / 2宋 / 2沃
- 3鍾 / 2腫 / 3用 / 3燭
- 4江 / 3講 / 4絳 / 4覺
- 5支 / 4紙 / 5寘 / —
- 6脂 / 5旨 / 6至 / —
- 7之 / 6止 / 7志 / —
- 8微 / 7尾 / 8未 / —
- 9魚 / 8語 / 9御 / —
- 10虞 / 9麌 / 10遇 / —
- 11模 / 10姥 / 11暮 / —
- — / — / 12泰 / —
- 12齊 / 11薺 / 13霽 / —
- — / — / 14祭 / —
- 13佳 / 12蟹 / 15卦 / —
- 14皆 / 13駭 / 16怪 / —
- — / — / 17夬 / —
- 15灰 / 14賄 / 18隊 / —
- 16咍 / 15海 / 19代 / —
- — / — / 20廢 / —
- 17眞 / 16軫 / 21震 / 5質
- 18臻 / — / — / —
- 19文 / 17吻 / 22問 / 6物
- — / — / — / 7櫛
- 20欣 / 18隱 / 23焮 / 8迄
- 21元 / 19阮 / 24願 / 9月
- 22魂 / 20混 / 25慁 / 10沒
- 23痕 / 21很 / 26恨 / —
- 24寒 / 22旱 / 27翰 / 11末
- 25刪 / 23潸 / 28諫 / 12黠
- 26山 / 24産 / 29襉 / 13鎋
- 27先 / 25銑 / 30霰 / 14屑
- 28仙 / 26獮 / 31線 / 15薛
- 29蕭 / 27篠 / 32嘯 / 16錫
- 30宵 / 28小 / 33笑 / 17昔
- 31肴 / 29巧 / 34效 / 18麥
- 32豪 / 30晧 / 35号 / —
- 33歌 / 31哿 / 36箇 / —
- 34麻 / 32馬 / 37禡 / 19陌
- 35覃 / 33感 / 38勘 / 20合
- 36談 / 34敢 / 39闞 / 21盍
- — / — / — / 22洽
- — / — / — / 23狎
- — / — / — / 24葉
- — / — / — / 25怗
- — / — / — / 26緝
- 37陽 / 35養 / 40漾 / 27藥
- 38唐 / 36蕩 / 41宕 / 28鐸
- 39庚 / 37梗 / 42映 / —
- 40耕 / 38耿 / 43諍 / —
- 41清 / 39靜 / 44勁 / —
- 42青 / 40迥 / 45徑 / —
- 43尤 / 41有 / 46宥 / —
- 44侯 / 42厚 / 47候 / —
- 45幽 / 43黝 / 48幼 / —
- 46侵 / 44寑 / 49沁 / —
- 47鹽 / 45琰 / 50豔 / —
- 48添 / 46忝 / 51㮇 / —
- 49蒸 / 47拯 / 52證 / 29職
- 50登 / 48等 / 53嶝 / 30德
- 51咸 / 49豏 / 54陷 / —
- 52銜 / 50檻 / 55鑑 / —
- 53嚴 / 51儼 / 56釅 / 31業
- 54凡 / 52范 / 57梵 / 32乏
《切韵》原稿推定韵母排列 The presumed arrangement of finals in the prototypical Qièyùn
推定《切韵》原稿的韵母排列同《切韵》的不同之处在于除錫韵、昔韵、麥韵和陌韵之外的诸入声韵母均同相应的鼻音韵母一一对应,反映了陆法言以前时代的汉语大致完好的四声系统。 The difference between the presumed arrangement of finals in the prototypical Qièyùn and the actual Qièyùn was that, except for 錫 final, 昔 final, 麥 final, and 陌 final, all the finals in the entering class strictly corresponded to their nasal coda counterparts. This reflected the roughly intact quadruple coda classes in the Chinese languages before Lù Fǎyán’s era.
《切韵》韵母 final in Qièyùn
- 1東 / 1董 / 1送 / 1屋
- 2冬 / — / 2宋 / 2沃
- 3鍾 / 2腫 / 3用 / 3燭
- 4江 / 3講 / 4絳 / 4覺
- 5支 / 4紙 / 5寘 / —
- 6脂 / 5旨 / 6至 / —
- 7之 / 6止 / 7志 / —
- 8微 / 7尾 / 8未 / —
- 9魚 / 8語 / 9御 / —
- 10虞 / 9麌 / 10遇 / —
- 11模 / 10姥 / 11暮 / —
- — / — / 12泰 / —
- 12齊 / 11薺 / 13霽 / —
- — / — / 14祭 / —
- 13佳 / 12蟹 / 15卦 / —
- 14皆 / 13駭 / 16怪 / —
- — / — / 17夬 / —
- 15灰 / 14賄 / 18隊 / —
- 16咍 / 15海 / 19代 / —
- — / — / 20廢 / —
- 17眞 / 16軫 / 21震 / 5質
- 19文 / 17吻 / 22問 / 6物
- 18臻 / — / — / 7櫛
- 20欣 / 18隱 / 23焮 / 8迄
- 21元 / 19阮 / 24願 / 9月
- 22魂 / 20混 / 25慁 / 10沒
- 23痕 / 21很 / 26恨 / —
- 24寒 / 22旱 / 27翰 / 11末
- 25刪 / 23潸 / 28諫 / 12黠
- 26山 / 24産 / 29襉 / 13鎋
- 27先 / 25銑 / 30霰 / 14屑
- 28仙 / 26獮 / 31線 / 15薛
- 29蕭 / 27篠 / 32嘯 / 16錫
- 30宵 / 28小 / 33笑 / 17昔
- 31肴 / 29巧 / 34效 / 18麥
- 32豪 / 30晧 / 35号 / —
- 33歌 / 31哿 / 36箇 / —
- 34麻 / 32馬 / 37禡 / 19陌
- 35覃 / 33感 / 38勘 / 20合
- 36談 / 34敢 / 39闞 / 21盍
- 51咸 / 49豏 / 54陷 / 22洽
- 52銜 / 50檻 / 55鑑 / 23狎
- 47鹽 / 45琰 / 50豔 / 24葉
- 48添 / 46忝 / 51㮇 / 25怗
- 46侵 / 44寑 / 49沁 / 26緝
- 37陽 / 35養 / 40漾 / 27藥
- 38唐 / 36蕩 / 41宕 / 28鐸
- 39庚 / 37梗 / 42映 / —
- 40耕 / 38耿 / 43諍 / —
- 41清 / 39靜 / 44勁 / —
- 42青 / 40迥 / 45徑 / —
- 43尤 / 41有 / 46宥 / —
- 44侯 / 42厚 / 47候 / —
- 45幽 / 43黝 / 48幼 / —
- 49蒸 / 47拯 / 52證 / 29職
- 50登 / 48等 / 53嶝 / 30德
- 53嚴 / 51儼 / 56釅 / 31業
- 54凡 / 52范 / 57梵 / 32乏
《韵镜》韵母排列 The arrangement of finals in Yùnjìng
《切韵》韵母 final in Qièyùn
- 1東 / 1董 / 1送 / 1屋
- 2冬 / — / 2宋 / 2沃
- 3鍾 / 2腫 / 3用 / 3燭
- 4江 / 3講 / 4絳 / 4覺
- 5支 / 4紙 / 5寘 / —
- 6脂 / 5旨 / 6至 / —
- 7之 / 6止 / 7志 / —
- 8微 / 7尾 / 8未 / 20廢
- 11模 / 10姥 / 11暮 / —
- 9魚 / 8語 / 9御 / — 10虞 / 9麌 / 10遇 / —
- 16咍 / 15海 / 19代 / — 15灰 / 14賄 / 18隊 / —
- 14皆 / 13駭 / 16怪 / 17夬
- 12齊 / 11薺 / 13霽 / —
- — / — / 12泰 / —
- 13佳 / 12蟹 / 15卦 / —
- — / — / 14祭 / —
- 23痕 / 21很 / 26恨 / 10沒 22魂 / 20混 / 25慁 / 10沒
- 18臻 / — / — / 7櫛
- 17眞 / 16軫 / 21震 / 5質
- 20欣 / 18隱 / 23焮 / 8迄 19文 / 17吻 / 22問 / 6物
- 26山 / 24産 / 29襉 / 13鎋
- 21元 / 19阮 / 24願 / 9月
- 28仙 / 26獮 / 31線 / 15薛
- 24寒 / 22旱 / 27翰 / 11末
- 25刪 / 23潸 / 28諫 / 12黠
- 28仙 / 26獮 / 31線 / 15薛
- 27先 / 25銑 / 30霰 / 14屑
- 32豪 / 30晧 / 35号 / —
- 31肴 / 29巧 / 34效 / —
- 30宵 / 28小 / 33笑 / —
- 29蕭 / 27篠 / 32嘯 / —
- 30宵 / 28小 / 33笑 / —
- 33歌 / 31哿 / 36箇 / —
- 34麻 / 32馬 / 37禡 / —
- 38唐 / 36蕩 / 41宕 / 28鐸
- 37陽 / 35養 / 40漾 / 27藥
- 39庚 / 37梗 / 42映 / 19陌
- 41清 / 39靜 / 44勁 / 17昔
- 40耕 / 38耿 / 43諍 / 18麥
- 41清 / 39靜 / 44勁 / 17昔
- 42青 / 40迥 / 45徑 / 16錫
- 44侯 / 42厚 / 47候 / —
- 43尤 / 41有 / 46宥 / —
- 45幽 / 43黝 / 48幼 / —
- 46侵 / 44寑 / 49沁 / 26緝
- 35覃 / 33感 / 38勘 / 20合
- 51咸 / 49豏 / 54陷 / 22洽
- 47鹽 / 45琰 / 50豔 / 24葉
- 48添 / 46忝 / 51㮇 / 25怗
- 36談 / 34敢 / 39闞 / 21盍
- 52銜 / 50檻 / 55鑑 / 23狎
- 53嚴 / 51儼 / 56釅 / 31業
- 47鹽 / 45琰 / 50豔 / 24葉
- 54凡 / 52范 / 57梵 / 32乏
- 50登 / 48等 / 53嶝 / 30德
- 49蒸 / 47拯 / 52證 / 29職
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