笔记（三）
Figures of Speech 修辞格 课本P44
Words used in their original meanings are used literally（字面意思）, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader's or listener's mind are used figuratively(引申的，比喻的，修辞的意思）
There are various ways of using words figuratively.They are called figures of speech.
a colorful gardens（colorful used in it's literal meaning)
a colorful life(colorful used in it's figurative meaning用到了修辞意)
Simile：comparing two different things, these two different things share sth in common
Life is like a box of chocolates(assorted chocolate), you never know what you are going to get.
Metaphor：The comparison in metaphor is usually implicit(含蓄的) whereas in simile it is explicit
Metaphors are used not only after verb to be(没有as和like,所以暗喻不需要一定跟在be动词之后）,and not only nouns can be used metaphorically（暗喻可以出现在形容词中，出现在动词中，出现在名词中，各种各样的结构都可以）
Personification 拟人
A figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person
Metonymy 借代，换喻
在明喻和暗喻中，比较的事物有共同点，在借代中两个事物毫无共同点，我们比较他们，是因为他们彼此之间有联系
It is substitute the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated（用一个事物来指代另一个事物）.Thus the crown can stand for a king, and the White House for the American government.
John Bull ——英国
Examples:Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon (attack)the Americas.
sword:weapons, army, violence武力
cross:religion 宗教
When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.
he will work as a writer after retiring from the army。他不再从军，开始从事创作。
Euphemism婉言
it is the substitution(代替者；代替物；代用品) of a mild or vague expression for a harsh(残酷的；严酷的；严厉的) or unpleasant one
e.g：when we came back we found him in an armchair, peacefully gone to sleep.(安静得，但是 永远得睡着了
fat -->plump 丰满的，指女子 stout 壮实的，指男子 chubby 胖乎乎的，指小孩
thin-->lean 精干 ，指男子 slim，slender 苗条，指女子
ect（见修辞格婉言 ppt）
Irony 反语
一种具有幽默感或精妙的挖苦人的表达方法，其所用的词语意欲表达的意义正与这些词语的通常意义相反
Overstatement and understatement
overstatement：言过其实
understatement：轻描淡写
Oxymoron矛盾修饰
e.g 第一句：victorious 和defeat 虽败犹荣
第二句：comspicuously 既然是显眼的，那必定是在现场的，而不是absent
