尼采Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)，德国人
尼采Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)，德国人
个人读书笔记，来自Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy和《现代西方哲学十五讲》
尼采哲学中的三个重要理念：权力意志，视角主义，永恒轮回。超人（higher man）的概念其实不难，与中国的圣人类似
1. 权力意志The Will to Power
The will to power doctrine seems to claim that everything that exists rests fundamentally on an underlying basis of “power-centers”, whose activity and interactions are explained by a principle that they pursue the expansion of their power.
所有存在的事物都依赖权力中心，事物因为追求权力的扩张而发展。权力意志就是解释宇宙万物的总原则，事物运作的基本法则。也是一种想要征服、掌控、克服、支配的原始冲动和欲望。在The Antichrist中尼采清晰表达了权力意志的重要性：
What is good? Everything that heightens the feeling of power in man, the will to power, power itself.
What is bad? Everything that is born of weakness.
What is happiness? The feeling that power is growing, that resistance is overcome.
Not contentedness but more power; not peace but war; not virtue but fitness (Renaissance virtue, virtù, virtue that is moraline-free). (The Antichrist 2)
2. 视角主义Perspectivism
…rejects the idea, dominant in philosophy at least since Plato, that knowledge essentially involves a form of objectivity that penetrates behind all subjective appearances to reveal the way things really are, independently of any point of view whatsoever.
尼采拒绝从柏拉图时期就延续下来对知识的观点，他认为没有绝对真理，因为主观视角的不同，只能通过拼凑不同的视角、克服彼此的局限性来无限趋近客观真理。
3. 永恒轮回The Eternal Recurrence of the Same
…all events in the world repeat themselves in the same sequence through an eternal series of cycles.
过去和现在发生的一切会在未来无限重复。其实古代中国、印度、希腊人都把时间理解为一个循环，而基督教的教义和近代科学的绝对时间观让人们接受了线性时间。
4. 重估一切价值
对西方文化的根基进行彻底的反思，主要集中在道德、宗教和科学三方面。尼采反对犹太－基督教道德，认为这种要求怜悯、同情、禁欲、谦卑的道德是弱者发明出来制约强者的；指责现代人盲目崇拜科学，事实上科学并不可靠也无法回答自身意义的问题。尼采想要通过重估一切价值来恢复苏格拉底时代的价值。
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个人读书笔记，来自Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy和《现代西方哲学十五讲》
尼采哲学中的三个重要理念：权力意志，视角主义，永恒轮回。超人（higher man）的概念其实不难，与中国的圣人类似
1. 权力意志The Will to Power
The will to power doctrine seems to claim that everything that exists rests fundamentally on an underlying basis of “power-centers”, whose activity and interactions are explained by a principle that they pursue the expansion of their power.
所有存在的事物都依赖权力中心，事物因为追求权力的扩张而发展。权力意志就是解释宇宙万物的总原则，事物运作的基本法则。也是一种想要征服、掌控、克服、支配的原始冲动和欲望。在The Antichrist中尼采清晰表达了权力意志的重要性：
What is good? Everything that heightens the feeling of power in man, the will to power, power itself.
What is bad? Everything that is born of weakness.
What is happiness? The feeling that power is growing, that resistance is overcome.
Not contentedness but more power; not peace but war; not virtue but fitness (Renaissance virtue, virtù, virtue that is moraline-free). (The Antichrist 2)
2. 视角主义Perspectivism
…rejects the idea, dominant in philosophy at least since Plato, that knowledge essentially involves a form of objectivity that penetrates behind all subjective appearances to reveal the way things really are, independently of any point of view whatsoever.
尼采拒绝从柏拉图时期就延续下来对知识的观点，他认为没有绝对真理，因为主观视角的不同，只能通过拼凑不同的视角、克服彼此的局限性来无限趋近客观真理。
3. 永恒轮回The Eternal Recurrence of the Same
…all events in the world repeat themselves in the same sequence through an eternal series of cycles.
过去和现在发生的一切会在未来无限重复。其实古代中国、印度、希腊人都把时间理解为一个循环，而基督教的教义和近代科学的绝对时间观让人们接受了线性时间。
4. 重估一切价值
对西方文化的根基进行彻底的反思，主要集中在道德、宗教和科学三方面。尼采反对犹太－基督教道德，认为这种要求怜悯、同情、禁欲、谦卑的道德是弱者发明出来制约强者的；指责现代人盲目崇拜科学，事实上科学并不可靠也无法回答自身意义的问题。尼采想要通过重估一切价值来恢复苏格拉底时代的价值。
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