READING NOTES － The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

Major contemporary civilisations: Sinic (Confucian) Japanese (A.D. 100 - 400, offspring of Chinese civilisation but distinct) Hindu (1500 B.C.) Islamic (7th Century A.D. , including Arab, Turkic, Persian, Malay) Orthodox (Russia centered, separate from Christendom) Western (A.D. 700 or 800 Europe, Euroamerican/North Atlantic, Christendom) Latin American (a separate civilisation or a subcivilization within Western, Catholic only) 1910s: "Civilisation meant Western civilisation. International law was Western international law coming out of the tradition of Grotius." (Hugo Grotius: 1583 - 1645, Dutch, founder of natural law) 19/09/16 Joshua Fishman: "a language is more likely to be accepted as a lingua franca or LWC if it is not identified with a particular ethnic group, religion, or ideology." (In the past with Akkadian, Aramaic, Greek, Latin) "Throughout history the distribution of languages in the world has reflected the distribution of power in the world. behemoth: sth of monstrous size, power of appearance bear out： confirm, verify "As power diffuses Babelization spreads." 20/09/16 distinguishing characteristics of Western society before modernised: 1. The Classical legacy: Greek philosophy, rationalism, Roman law, Latin, Christianity 2. Catholicism & Protestantism (Western Christendom was divided into a Protestant north, Catholic south) 3. European languages ( two broad categories: Romance, Germanic) 4. Dualism of spiritual and temporal authority ( division of authority contributed to the development of freedom in the West) 5. Rule of law 6. Social pluralism ( aristocracy served as a strength to limit absolutism) 7. Representative bodies (a result of social pluralism) 8. Individualism (developed in the 14th and 15th centuries " In Islam, Goad is Caesar; in China and Japan, Caesar is God; in Orthodoxy, God is Caesar's junior partner. feudal: old-fashioned 24/09/16