《How to Read Churches?》读书笔记
1. Many churches built by Christians of the Orthodox and Byzantine traditions are recognisable by their 'dome-on-cube" arrangement. (P9)
2. Tabernacle of Moses - The earliest prototype for church building. (P11)
3. The Jewish High Priest wore a breastplate bearing gems representing the 12 tribes of Israel. (P11)
4. Ark of the Covenant: 约柜又称“法柜”，是古代以色列民族的圣物，“约”是指上帝跟以色列人所订立的契约，而约柜就是放置了上帝与以色列人所立的契约的柜。这份契约，是指由先知摩西从上帝耶和华得来的两块十诫法版。（P11）
5. Temple: A temple was understood as being a place of priestly offering and sacrifice within a limited precinct containing the presence of God. (P12)
6. Synagogue: A synagogue served as a place for congregational gathering(公众聚会) and was a dedicated sacred building for hearing and discussing scriptures oriented towards the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.（P12）
7. Basilica: A basilica served as an audience hall for the Emperor orjudges in ancient Rome, and was later adapted by the large assemblies of Christians as a place to gather and worship Christ, the ruler and Judge. 巴西利卡是古罗马的一种公共建筑形式，是君主或者最高贵族执政官办公的建筑的称呼，而不是一个建筑结构的名称。最初基督徒在他们私人的家里做神事，但是基督教被定为罗马帝国的国教后，巴西利卡成为教堂的主要建筑形式。在天主教的用词中，“巴西利卡”是授予拥有特殊地位的大教堂的称号，中文称为“宗座圣殿”，在天主教会内通常简称为“圣殿”。这与这些教堂的实际建筑格式无关。（P16）
8. Both Judaism and ancient pagan religious believed that birds nesting at a temple were a sign of divine blessing.(P17)
9. Gothic buildings often appear covered in leafy, carved stone ornament, exemplifying the notion of a church as a restored garden. (P39)
10. The Renaissance sought to regain the cultural standdards established in acient Rome, then see them applied in a christian way. (Use of the round Arch) (P40)
11. Baroque interiors often display rich ornamental programmes representing the intersection of heaven and Earth. Sculpted angels and saints combine with historical and sacred paintings to make an architectural statement about the natural of worship. (P43)
12. Neoclassicism (新古典主义) represents a number of archeologically derived classical revivals, often based on acient Greek instead of Roman precedents. (P44)
13. [West-facing Plan]: Although churches were traditionally oriented towards the rising sun in the east, a symbol of Christ resurrected (复活), St Peter's Basilica was built into a westward-sloping hill. In order to provide ground-level access, the church's entrance faces east, with its altar (祭坛) at the west. (P83)
Orientation of churches is the architectural feature by which the point of main interest in the interior, where the altar is placed, often within an apse, is towards the east (Latin: oriens). The main entrance is accordingly placed at the west end. 祭坛朝东，教堂立面朝西 (来源）
14. [Dome on Cube]: (Byzantine churches) The cube-shape lower portion signifies the world restored to the stature of Christ, and the dome represents the never-ending movement of the heavenly worship. (P85)
15. [Square Cloister]: Square plans symbolised the Earth restored to the splendour of Christ, and Cloister gardens attached to monasteries or convents make this symbolism apparent to the viewer. (P85)
PS. :
Today the word “monastery” has tended to be used only of communities of men, while communities of women have tended to have their dwelling denoted as a “convent” or “cloister.” But technically, there are women’s communities whose domicile is most properly termed a monastery.
The main difference that the term “monastery” is meant to signify is that those who live there, live “alone” or apart from the everyday world.
“Convents” and religious houses, however, tend to house religious men and women who do not live and work in such isolation from the everyday world. Perhaps they work in education, hospitals or other external places during the day, but then return and live in community, sharing meals and prayer and other aspects of common life. (来源)
16. [Centralised Plans]: In the grammar of architectural language, centralised plans traditionally denoted a place of veneration.
17. The nave (中殿) is normally the largest part of a church, the area where people sit in pews or chairs between the porch and the sanctuary (圣所). Deriving from the Latin "navis" (ship), a nave's wooden roof beams are often compared to the timbers of ship. A nave provides protection from the sin of the world, while leading its member on a journey of pilgrimage to heaven. (P90)
中殿代表“诺亚方舟”的船舱
18. [Open Plan]: Unlike many modern churches, which have pews defining fixed seating areas, most older European churches are left largely empty of seats except for special occasions. Before the Reformation (宗教改革), worshippers largely stood during services (做礼拜). (P91)
19. Side Chapeals are for smaller ceremonies or to commemorate important saints or donors. They are added to a building later in its life, so they can look different in style from the church. (P95)
20. Confessionals located almost exclusively in Roman Catholic churches, (but similar structures are also used in Anglican churches of an Anglo-Catholic orientation, and also in the Lutheran Church), older churches often have multiple confessionals. (P101)
21. [Cathedral Church]: The word "cathedral" is properly an adjective, describing a building that houses the chair of the bishop. (P24)
22. [Shrines]: A shrine is a building or part of a building where pilgrims come to venerate the memory of a person or event. (P25)
23. [Monastic cloister]: A monastery is a building complex centred around a chapel for people committed to a disciplined life of prayer, study and work, often called monks or nuns. The covered walkway around a monastery's central courtyard is known as a "cloister". (P25)
24. [Abbey]: An abbey is a place inhabited by monks or nuns, and ruled by an abbot or abbess. Medieval abbeys often built up considerable land, wealth and political influence. (Life in an abbey may be monastic. An abbey may evolve from a monastery. Abbeys may accommodate an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. Many offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat.) (来源) (P25)
25. 补充[Basilica]: The Latin word “basilica” was originally used to describe an ancient Roman public building where courts were held, as well as serving other official and public functions. To a large extent these were the town halls of ancient Roman life. Later, the term came to refer specifically to a large and important Roman Catholic church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the Pope. (来源)
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2. Tabernacle of Moses - The earliest prototype for church building. (P11)
3. The Jewish High Priest wore a breastplate bearing gems representing the 12 tribes of Israel. (P11)
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4. Ark of the Covenant: 约柜又称“法柜”，是古代以色列民族的圣物，“约”是指上帝跟以色列人所订立的契约，而约柜就是放置了上帝与以色列人所立的契约的柜。这份契约，是指由先知摩西从上帝耶和华得来的两块十诫法版。（P11）
5. Temple: A temple was understood as being a place of priestly offering and sacrifice within a limited precinct containing the presence of God. (P12)
6. Synagogue: A synagogue served as a place for congregational gathering(公众聚会) and was a dedicated sacred building for hearing and discussing scriptures oriented towards the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.（P12）
7. Basilica: A basilica served as an audience hall for the Emperor orjudges in ancient Rome, and was later adapted by the large assemblies of Christians as a place to gather and worship Christ, the ruler and Judge. 巴西利卡是古罗马的一种公共建筑形式，是君主或者最高贵族执政官办公的建筑的称呼，而不是一个建筑结构的名称。最初基督徒在他们私人的家里做神事，但是基督教被定为罗马帝国的国教后，巴西利卡成为教堂的主要建筑形式。在天主教的用词中，“巴西利卡”是授予拥有特殊地位的大教堂的称号，中文称为“宗座圣殿”，在天主教会内通常简称为“圣殿”。这与这些教堂的实际建筑格式无关。（P16）
8. Both Judaism and ancient pagan religious believed that birds nesting at a temple were a sign of divine blessing.(P17)
9. Gothic buildings often appear covered in leafy, carved stone ornament, exemplifying the notion of a church as a restored garden. (P39)
10. The Renaissance sought to regain the cultural standdards established in acient Rome, then see them applied in a christian way. (Use of the round Arch) (P40)
11. Baroque interiors often display rich ornamental programmes representing the intersection of heaven and Earth. Sculpted angels and saints combine with historical and sacred paintings to make an architectural statement about the natural of worship. (P43)
12. Neoclassicism (新古典主义) represents a number of archeologically derived classical revivals, often based on acient Greek instead of Roman precedents. (P44)
13. [West-facing Plan]: Although churches were traditionally oriented towards the rising sun in the east, a symbol of Christ resurrected (复活), St Peter's Basilica was built into a westward-sloping hill. In order to provide ground-level access, the church's entrance faces east, with its altar (祭坛) at the west. (P83)
Orientation of churches is the architectural feature by which the point of main interest in the interior, where the altar is placed, often within an apse, is towards the east (Latin: oriens). The main entrance is accordingly placed at the west end. 祭坛朝东，教堂立面朝西 (来源）
14. [Dome on Cube]: (Byzantine churches) The cube-shape lower portion signifies the world restored to the stature of Christ, and the dome represents the never-ending movement of the heavenly worship. (P85)
15. [Square Cloister]: Square plans symbolised the Earth restored to the splendour of Christ, and Cloister gardens attached to monasteries or convents make this symbolism apparent to the viewer. (P85)
PS. :
Today the word “monastery” has tended to be used only of communities of men, while communities of women have tended to have their dwelling denoted as a “convent” or “cloister.” But technically, there are women’s communities whose domicile is most properly termed a monastery.
The main difference that the term “monastery” is meant to signify is that those who live there, live “alone” or apart from the everyday world.
“Convents” and religious houses, however, tend to house religious men and women who do not live and work in such isolation from the everyday world. Perhaps they work in education, hospitals or other external places during the day, but then return and live in community, sharing meals and prayer and other aspects of common life. (来源)
16. [Centralised Plans]: In the grammar of architectural language, centralised plans traditionally denoted a place of veneration.
17. The nave (中殿) is normally the largest part of a church, the area where people sit in pews or chairs between the porch and the sanctuary (圣所). Deriving from the Latin "navis" (ship), a nave's wooden roof beams are often compared to the timbers of ship. A nave provides protection from the sin of the world, while leading its member on a journey of pilgrimage to heaven. (P90)
中殿代表“诺亚方舟”的船舱
18. [Open Plan]: Unlike many modern churches, which have pews defining fixed seating areas, most older European churches are left largely empty of seats except for special occasions. Before the Reformation (宗教改革), worshippers largely stood during services (做礼拜). (P91)
19. Side Chapeals are for smaller ceremonies or to commemorate important saints or donors. They are added to a building later in its life, so they can look different in style from the church. (P95)
20. Confessionals located almost exclusively in Roman Catholic churches, (but similar structures are also used in Anglican churches of an Anglo-Catholic orientation, and also in the Lutheran Church), older churches often have multiple confessionals. (P101)
21. [Cathedral Church]: The word "cathedral" is properly an adjective, describing a building that houses the chair of the bishop. (P24)
22. [Shrines]: A shrine is a building or part of a building where pilgrims come to venerate the memory of a person or event. (P25)
23. [Monastic cloister]: A monastery is a building complex centred around a chapel for people committed to a disciplined life of prayer, study and work, often called monks or nuns. The covered walkway around a monastery's central courtyard is known as a "cloister". (P25)
24. [Abbey]: An abbey is a place inhabited by monks or nuns, and ruled by an abbot or abbess. Medieval abbeys often built up considerable land, wealth and political influence. (Life in an abbey may be monastic. An abbey may evolve from a monastery. Abbeys may accommodate an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. Many offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat.) (来源) (P25)
25. 补充[Basilica]: The Latin word “basilica” was originally used to describe an ancient Roman public building where courts were held, as well as serving other official and public functions. To a large extent these were the town halls of ancient Roman life. Later, the term came to refer specifically to a large and important Roman Catholic church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the Pope. (来源)
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