第七六回：斯洛文尼亚英雄邦，卢布尔雅那大学城 (上)
Jumbo Heritage List
《皇氏古建筑大全》
《仙劍波斯臥龍崗》
jumbo_huang@126.com，Skype: jumboheritage, postmaster@jumbohuang.com
第七六回：斯洛文尼亚英雄邦，卢布尔雅那大学城 (上)
斯洛文尼亚处于欧洲四大地理地区的交界处：阿尔卑斯山脉、迪纳拉山脉、多瑙河中游平原以及地中海沿岸。国土面积20273公里。在最初的时候，斯洛文尼亚人的民族领土被人称为斯卡拉维尼亚，在这块斯卡拉维尼亚上的居民被称为斯卡拉维人，斯洛文尼亚人的民族领土在六世纪确定，并在九世纪扩展到它的极盛，这个区域从的里雅斯特海湾一直到多瑙河以南和巴拉顿湖以西。斯洛文尼亚人的民族领土随后在西部因为日耳曼化和在北部因为匈牙利人的到达潘诺尼亚平原而缩小，斯洛文尼亚的领土边界在15世纪固定下来，直到19世纪中叶才发生改变。
在伦巴底人于568年攻进了意大利以后，斯拉夫部落和阿瓦尔人开始在西潘诺尼亚平原和东阿尔卑斯山殖民。他们的进展在弗里乌里安低地的东部边缘的“伦巴地石灰岩”所阻。而在沿德拉瓦河的上游方向和巴伐利亚人作战。直到7世纪末叶，在这个区域的斯拉夫人都处在阿瓦尔人的统治下。在623年到658年之间的这段时期，易北河下游和卡拉凡克山脉之间的斯拉夫部落在萨莫大公的领导下建立了他们的第一个国家。这个大公国在萨莫死后崩溃了，但一个卡兰塔尼亚公国仍保存在今天的卡林提亚地区。7世纪中叶，它发展为第一个斯洛文尼亚人国家，由瓦鲁克亲王统治，它的中心在玛利亚萨尔旁边的卡尔恩城堡。在和巴伐利亚人结成联盟和阿瓦尔人作战后，斯洛文尼亚人在8世纪中叶不得不接受了法兰克人的统治和信奉基督教。
在843年划分法兰克王国的凡尔登条约后，所有的斯洛文尼亚人都在法兰克人的统治下被联合起来。在840年左右，普里比那亲王从法兰克人手中获得了这块封建领地，领地的中心是建立在巴拉顿湖边上的扎拉河口的巴拉顿城堡。在9世纪末期，所谓的“卡兰塔尼亚王国”以公国的特殊形式出现在由德拉瓦河的源头到多瑙河和科普拉河所围绕的领土上。在这个时期来自亚洲的匈牙利人开始进入潘诺尼亚平原，于896年在这个区域永久居住下来了，并和在西斯拉夫人和南斯拉夫人之间起联系作用。匈牙利人在955年战败于莱奇菲尔德后，巴伐利亚人和卡兰塔尼亚斯洛文尼亚人往东定居于拉巴河、索特拉河、科尔卡河和科普拉河之间的中心地带并永久确定了斯洛文尼亚人和克罗地亚人和匈牙利人之间的民族边界。
在10世纪末期，卡兰塔尼亚从巴伐利亚分离出来，但很快大卡兰塔尼亚王国在已经建立了一个全面封建体制的压力下在斯洛文尼亚领土上崩溃了。在奥地利区域里的斯洛文尼亚人居住领地在13世纪时是处于衰弱状态的。在16世纪后期宗教改革运动促使第一批斯洛文尼亚语书籍、公众图书馆、印刷工厂及寄宿学校出现。反宗教改革运动在世纪末开始，新教传道者和学者或是重归天主教信仰或是离开这个地区。所有的新教组织均遭破坏。在卢布尔雅那超过750个富裕的资产阶级和贵族家庭被迫离开斯洛文尼亚地区。仍留在这个区域的新教徒则居住在穆拉河和拉巴河之间的区域。
由于反宗教改革运动的胜利，日耳曼文化在这个区域的影响减弱，而意大利和巴洛克文化的影响则增强。哈布斯堡家族领地在17世纪末土耳其人从中多瑙河地带全面撤出而繁荣起来。纵贯斯洛文尼亚地区的商业道路连接起维也纳和里耶卡和的里雅斯特。亚德里亚海上的自由航行在1717年得到了允许，的里雅斯特在1769年成为一个自由港。在1797年，法国军队在拿破仑的指挥下迫使奥地利军队投降。奥地利获得了崩溃后的威尼斯共和国和得到统一的伊斯特里亚斯洛文尼亚和威尼斯斯洛文尼亚两块地区。法国于1809年第三次占领斯洛文尼亚后，将斯洛文尼亚合并在内。这个行省的首府和行政中心在卢布尔雅那，但是法国对斯洛文尼亚的统治时期对斯洛文尼亚的商业是一个沉重的打击，特别是的里雅斯特因为拿破仑的针对英国的“大陆封锁”政策。但法国似的统治在另一方面却使得政府的行政管理现代化，并初级和高级学校里推广斯洛文尼亚语，这项措施随后也影响到了奥地利的教育制度。
1848年的欧洲革命见证了民族主义者的“统一斯洛文尼亚”运动的形成。1892年保守派建立了天主教民族党，自由派则在1894年建立了民族党。南斯拉夫社会民主党将统一所有南部斯拉夫族作为它于1909年开展的提沃利革命运动中的最终政治目标。这个目标得到了“复兴运动”的自由思想的年轻一代的支持。1917年奥匈帝国中的奥地利地区内的南斯拉夫代表在五月宣言中要求将在哈布斯堡家族下的斯洛文尼亚人、塞尔维亚人、克罗地亚人统一为一个独立的、民主的国家。
1918年8月所有斯洛文尼亚政党的代表同意在卢布尔贾纳建立一个在安东克洛舍茨国民会议，以实现自决并建立一个南斯拉夫国家。10月31日，克罗塞奇任命卢布尔雅那的斯洛文尼亚、克罗地亚、塞尔维亚国民政府为斯洛文尼亚人、克罗地亚人、塞尔维亚人国家的最高权力机构，该政府随后在1918年12月1日和塞尔维亚王国合并。随着卢布尔雅那大学于1919年成立，斯洛文尼亚人获得了一个中央教育和科研制度，而卢布尔雅那电台和斯洛文尼亚民族剧院，国家美术院和大学图书馆的更是成为关键的文化。1941年德国入侵南斯拉夫后，这个国家很快便被分成了几块。
1941年4月12日，希特勒决心将一个斯洛文尼亚国家划分入德国、意大利和匈牙利的版块。卢布尔雅那地区和合作纳粹，民族内部一场残酷的斗争开始了。在1945到1990年期间，斯洛文尼亚是另一个南斯拉夫联盟中的一个独立的社会主义加盟国，并享有独立的权利。在巴黎和平会议后，斯洛文尼亚于1947年加入了斯洛文尼亚海岸地区组织，在1954年的伦敦备忘录，成为除的里雅斯特外的里雅斯特自由贸易区的成员。斯洛文尼亚以及南斯拉夫的西部边界标志着欧洲的集团划分，而它和匈牙利的边界标志着真正的“铁幕”。尽管南斯拉夫最初的权力最大限度地集中在某党人手中，斯洛文尼亚加强了它自身的民族文化和教育制度和其后的经济独立。
要求斯洛文尼亚独立的声音从临近斯洛文尼亚的国家中的斯洛文尼亚裔的少数民族以及迁移到外国的斯洛文尼亚人发出来。为了维持和世界上各处的斯洛文尼亚人的联系，斯洛文尼亚对它的邻国的斯洛文尼亚裔人和本国的海外移民实行着独立的政策。1991年经历了和南斯拉夫军队的10天战斗后和南斯拉夫联盟的崩溃后，斯洛文尼亚成为一个主权独立的国家，它进行了一次民主选举，多党制度的议会由一部新宪法予以确定。为了弥补它在南斯拉夫市场上的份额丧失，
超过三分之二的斯洛文尼亚产品转而出口到欧洲联盟。该国的大型国有公司几乎全部分解了，工业产量下降，以前高水平的就业率已经变成了高失业率，经济陷于萧条状态，罢工普遍发生。但是随着私有化进程的完成，国家的转型期结束，经济环境得到改善。斯洛文尼亚在加入北约和欧盟后，成为一个富裕的发达国家。这个国家还分布着大量的溶洞，其中最有特色的就是波斯托伊那溶洞，位于距首都西南54公里的波斯托伊那市，是欧洲第二大溶洞，在斯洛文尼亚的众多溶洞中最具特色。壮观的石柱、石笋和石钟乳是历经几百万年而形成的。洞中还生活着一种类似娃娃鱼的珍奇动物蝾螈，体形纤巧，无鳞，有四肢，长寿百年，被斯洛文尼亚人成为“人鱼”。
目前的斯洛文尼亚已经是欧洲的一个发达国家了，也是欧盟成员国、北约成员国、经合组织成员国、欧洲申根国，联合国人权理事会成员，2008年上半年任欧盟轮值主席国。斯洛文尼亚在东南欧经济转型国家当中人均收入名列第一，同时该国也是世界贸易组织的创始会员国之一。该国位于阿尔卑斯山脉南麓，西邻意大利，西南濒临亚得里亚海，东部和南部被克罗地亚包围，东北邻匈牙利，北邻奥地利。
Jumbo Huang Notes: Today we Shopped at Spar Magyarszag Kereskedelmi Kft. Supermarket. After had lunch at Chinese restaurant, we came back to the hotel, took our luggage and walked to the train station, we went on the MAV EC246, we sat with another three teenage in a luxury cabin, the Hungarian State Railways is the Hungarian national railway company, The head office is in Budapest. Hungary is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC country code for Hungary is 55. We arrived in Szekesfehervar very quickly, The city of Szekesfehervar which located in central Hungary, is one of the largest cities in the country. Szekesfehervar was the capital of Hungary in the Middle Ages. Now the city is regional capital of Central Transdanubia, the centre of Fejer county and Szekesfehervar District. It was one of the most important cities of Hungary. In the Szekesfehervar Basilica, where the Diets were held and the crown jewels kept, thirty-seven kings and thirty-nine queens consort were crowned and fifteen rulers buried. I felt asleep during the rest journey,
so I could not make sure the exact routines, but there were only two possibilities: the first routine was from Budapest to Siofok, Nagykanizsa, Gyekenyes, Koprivnica, Zagreb through Dobova to Ljubljana, another rail line routine is from Budapest to Szekesfehervar, Veszprem to Hodos. We actually travelled in the previous Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it was the Yugoslav state that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. In addition, it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia: Kosovo and Vojvodina. After initially siding with the Eastern bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War, Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality after the Tito&Stalin split of 1948, and it became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. After the death of Tito in 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics, followed by collapse of inter-republic talks on transformation of the country and recognition of their independence by some European states in 1991. This led to the country collapsing along the federal units, followed by the final downfall and breakup of the country in 1992, and the start of the Yugoslav Wars. Yugoslav Wars were ethnic conflicts fought from 1991 to 2001 inside the territory of the former Yugoslavia. These wars accompanied and facilitated the breakup of the country, when its constituent republics declared independence, but the issues of ethnic minorities in the new countries (chiefly Serbs in central parts and Albanians in the southeast) were still unresolved at the time the republics were recognized internationally. The wars are generally considered to be a series of separate but related military conflicts which occurred in, and affected, most of the former Yugoslav republics, the wars mostly resulted in peace accords, involving full international recognition of new states, but with massive economic damage to the region. Initially the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sought to preserve the unity of the whole of Yugoslavia by crushing the secessionist governments; however the JNA increasingly came under the influence of the Serbian government of Slobodan Milosevic that evoked Serbian nationalist rhetoric and was willing to support the Yugoslav state insofar as using it to preserve the unity of Serbs in one state; as a result the JNA began to lose Slovenes, Croats, Kosovar Albanians, Bosniaks, and ethnic Macedonians, and effectively became a Serb army. According to the 1994 United Nations report, the Serb side did not aim to restore Yugoslavia, but to create a "Greater Serbia" from parts of Croatia and Bosnia. The first battle was the Ten-Day War or the Slovenian Independence War, also the Weekend War, it was a civil war in Yugoslavia that followed the Slovenian declaration of independence on 25 June 1991. It was fought between the Slovenian Territorial defence and the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) in 1991, It lasted from 27 June 1991 until 7 July 1991, when the Brijuni Accords were signed. It marked the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. Before we talked about the civil war, we should retrospect the history of the great man: Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980, During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia. But after the death of Tito, everything changed. For Slovenia, the war marked the decisive defence of its independence in regard to Yugoslavia. It was officially recognised by all European Community member states on 15 January 1992 and joined the United Nations on 22 May. With Croatia as a buffer between Slovenia and Serbia, Slovenia was able to maintain its independence and position as the most stable and prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics and joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. The war led to a series of major shifts on the Yugoslav side. The YPA eventually lost nearly all of its Slovenian and Croat personnel, becoming an almost entirely Serbian and Montenegrin force. Its poor performance in Slovenia and later in Croatia discredited its leadership , Kadijevic resigned as defence minister in January 1992, and Adzic was forced into medical retirement shortly afterwards. After the Slovenia war passed, there was the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence, it was fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the government of Croatia, which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat operations in Croatia by 1992. In Croatia, the war is primarily referred to as the Homeland War and also as the Greater-Serbian aggression, In Serbian sources, War in Croatia is the most commonly used public term. The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was inhabited by Muslim Bosniaks, Orthodox Serbs and Catholic Croats, passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992. The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that lasted from 28 February 1998 until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army. The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was the NATO military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. According to NATO, the operation sought to stop human rights abuses in Kosovo, and it was the first time that the organisation used military force without the approval of the UN Security Council. The air strikes lasted from March 24, 1999 to June 10, 1999. The official NATO operation code name was Operation Allied Force; the United States called it Operation Noble Anvil, while in Yugoslavia the operation was incorrectly called "Merciful Angel" ,as a result of a misunderstanding or mistranslation. The Insurgency in the Presevo Valley was an armed conflict between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the ethnic Albanian insurgents of the Liberation Army of Presevo, Medveđa and Bujanovac , There were instances during the conflict in which the Yugoslav government requested KFOR support in suppressing UCPMB attacks since they could only use lightly armed military forces as part of the Kumanovo Treaty that ended the Kosovo War, which created a buffer zone so that the bulk of Yugoslav armed forces could not enter. The 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia was an armed conflict which began when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) militant group began attacking the security forces of the Republic of Macedonia at the beginning of February 2001, and ended with the Ohrid Agreement. The goal of the NLA was to separate Republic of Macedonia and make Greater Albania. Already in 1999, there were 234,500 Albanian refugees from Kosovo in Macedonia according to the UNHCR estimates who accounted for 11.7 percent of the total population of Macedonia at the time. There were also claims that the group ultimately wished to see Albanian-majority areas secede from the country, though high-ranking NLA members have denied this. The conflict lasted throughout most of the year, although overall casualties remained limited to several dozen individuals on either side, according to sources from both sides of the conflict. With it, the Yugoslav Wars had reached previously peaceful Macedonia. After reviewed the cruel war history,
I began to review the current status of the country which I stayed: Slovenia is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. It covers 20273 square kilometers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union, and NATO. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana. The territory is mostly mountainous with a mainly continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral that has a sub-Mediterranean climate and the north-western area that has an Alpine climate. Additionally, the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia. The country, marked by a significant biological diversity, is one of the most water-rich in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karst underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest. The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven. The Slavic, Germanic, Romance, and Hungarian languages meet here, Although the population is not homogeneous, the majority is Slovene. Slovene is the official language throughout the country, whereas Italian and Hungarian are co-official regional minority languages in those municipalities where the Italian and the Hungarian minority are present. Slovenia is a largely secularized country, but its culture and identity have been significantly influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism. The economy of Slovenia is small, open, and export-oriented and has been strongly influenced by international conditions. It has been severely hurt by the Eurozone crisis, started in the late 2000s. The main economic field is services, followed by industry and construction. Historically, the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations, including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, followed by the Habsburg Monarchy. In October 1918, the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the internationally unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs,
which merged that December with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, During World War II, Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany, Italy, and Hungary, with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi puppet state. Afterward, it was a founding member of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, a communist state which was the only country in the Eastern Bloc not part of the Warsaw Pact. In June 1991, after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy, Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country. Ljubljana is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. During antiquity, it was the site of a Roman city called Emona. It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, during which it was called Laibach. Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, it was the historical capital of Carniola, a Slovene-inhabited part of the Habsburg Monarchy, and it has been the cultural, educational, economic, political, and administrative center of independent Slovenia since 1991. Its central geographic location within Slovenia, transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position. We slept at simple accommodation hotel located at Sketova Ulica 4,Ljubljana.
第七六回：斯洛文尼亚英雄邦，卢布尔雅那大学城 (下)
《皇氏古建筑大全》
《仙劍波斯臥龍崗》
jumbo_huang@126.com，Skype: jumboheritage, postmaster@jumbohuang.com
第七六回：斯洛文尼亚英雄邦，卢布尔雅那大学城 (上)
斯洛文尼亚处于欧洲四大地理地区的交界处：阿尔卑斯山脉、迪纳拉山脉、多瑙河中游平原以及地中海沿岸。国土面积20273公里。在最初的时候，斯洛文尼亚人的民族领土被人称为斯卡拉维尼亚，在这块斯卡拉维尼亚上的居民被称为斯卡拉维人，斯洛文尼亚人的民族领土在六世纪确定，并在九世纪扩展到它的极盛，这个区域从的里雅斯特海湾一直到多瑙河以南和巴拉顿湖以西。斯洛文尼亚人的民族领土随后在西部因为日耳曼化和在北部因为匈牙利人的到达潘诺尼亚平原而缩小，斯洛文尼亚的领土边界在15世纪固定下来，直到19世纪中叶才发生改变。
在伦巴底人于568年攻进了意大利以后，斯拉夫部落和阿瓦尔人开始在西潘诺尼亚平原和东阿尔卑斯山殖民。他们的进展在弗里乌里安低地的东部边缘的“伦巴地石灰岩”所阻。而在沿德拉瓦河的上游方向和巴伐利亚人作战。直到7世纪末叶，在这个区域的斯拉夫人都处在阿瓦尔人的统治下。在623年到658年之间的这段时期，易北河下游和卡拉凡克山脉之间的斯拉夫部落在萨莫大公的领导下建立了他们的第一个国家。这个大公国在萨莫死后崩溃了，但一个卡兰塔尼亚公国仍保存在今天的卡林提亚地区。7世纪中叶，它发展为第一个斯洛文尼亚人国家，由瓦鲁克亲王统治，它的中心在玛利亚萨尔旁边的卡尔恩城堡。在和巴伐利亚人结成联盟和阿瓦尔人作战后，斯洛文尼亚人在8世纪中叶不得不接受了法兰克人的统治和信奉基督教。
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在843年划分法兰克王国的凡尔登条约后，所有的斯洛文尼亚人都在法兰克人的统治下被联合起来。在840年左右，普里比那亲王从法兰克人手中获得了这块封建领地，领地的中心是建立在巴拉顿湖边上的扎拉河口的巴拉顿城堡。在9世纪末期，所谓的“卡兰塔尼亚王国”以公国的特殊形式出现在由德拉瓦河的源头到多瑙河和科普拉河所围绕的领土上。在这个时期来自亚洲的匈牙利人开始进入潘诺尼亚平原，于896年在这个区域永久居住下来了，并和在西斯拉夫人和南斯拉夫人之间起联系作用。匈牙利人在955年战败于莱奇菲尔德后，巴伐利亚人和卡兰塔尼亚斯洛文尼亚人往东定居于拉巴河、索特拉河、科尔卡河和科普拉河之间的中心地带并永久确定了斯洛文尼亚人和克罗地亚人和匈牙利人之间的民族边界。
在10世纪末期，卡兰塔尼亚从巴伐利亚分离出来，但很快大卡兰塔尼亚王国在已经建立了一个全面封建体制的压力下在斯洛文尼亚领土上崩溃了。在奥地利区域里的斯洛文尼亚人居住领地在13世纪时是处于衰弱状态的。在16世纪后期宗教改革运动促使第一批斯洛文尼亚语书籍、公众图书馆、印刷工厂及寄宿学校出现。反宗教改革运动在世纪末开始，新教传道者和学者或是重归天主教信仰或是离开这个地区。所有的新教组织均遭破坏。在卢布尔雅那超过750个富裕的资产阶级和贵族家庭被迫离开斯洛文尼亚地区。仍留在这个区域的新教徒则居住在穆拉河和拉巴河之间的区域。
由于反宗教改革运动的胜利，日耳曼文化在这个区域的影响减弱，而意大利和巴洛克文化的影响则增强。哈布斯堡家族领地在17世纪末土耳其人从中多瑙河地带全面撤出而繁荣起来。纵贯斯洛文尼亚地区的商业道路连接起维也纳和里耶卡和的里雅斯特。亚德里亚海上的自由航行在1717年得到了允许，的里雅斯特在1769年成为一个自由港。在1797年，法国军队在拿破仑的指挥下迫使奥地利军队投降。奥地利获得了崩溃后的威尼斯共和国和得到统一的伊斯特里亚斯洛文尼亚和威尼斯斯洛文尼亚两块地区。法国于1809年第三次占领斯洛文尼亚后，将斯洛文尼亚合并在内。这个行省的首府和行政中心在卢布尔雅那，但是法国对斯洛文尼亚的统治时期对斯洛文尼亚的商业是一个沉重的打击，特别是的里雅斯特因为拿破仑的针对英国的“大陆封锁”政策。但法国似的统治在另一方面却使得政府的行政管理现代化，并初级和高级学校里推广斯洛文尼亚语，这项措施随后也影响到了奥地利的教育制度。
1848年的欧洲革命见证了民族主义者的“统一斯洛文尼亚”运动的形成。1892年保守派建立了天主教民族党，自由派则在1894年建立了民族党。南斯拉夫社会民主党将统一所有南部斯拉夫族作为它于1909年开展的提沃利革命运动中的最终政治目标。这个目标得到了“复兴运动”的自由思想的年轻一代的支持。1917年奥匈帝国中的奥地利地区内的南斯拉夫代表在五月宣言中要求将在哈布斯堡家族下的斯洛文尼亚人、塞尔维亚人、克罗地亚人统一为一个独立的、民主的国家。
1918年8月所有斯洛文尼亚政党的代表同意在卢布尔贾纳建立一个在安东克洛舍茨国民会议，以实现自决并建立一个南斯拉夫国家。10月31日，克罗塞奇任命卢布尔雅那的斯洛文尼亚、克罗地亚、塞尔维亚国民政府为斯洛文尼亚人、克罗地亚人、塞尔维亚人国家的最高权力机构，该政府随后在1918年12月1日和塞尔维亚王国合并。随着卢布尔雅那大学于1919年成立，斯洛文尼亚人获得了一个中央教育和科研制度，而卢布尔雅那电台和斯洛文尼亚民族剧院，国家美术院和大学图书馆的更是成为关键的文化。1941年德国入侵南斯拉夫后，这个国家很快便被分成了几块。
1941年4月12日，希特勒决心将一个斯洛文尼亚国家划分入德国、意大利和匈牙利的版块。卢布尔雅那地区和合作纳粹，民族内部一场残酷的斗争开始了。在1945到1990年期间，斯洛文尼亚是另一个南斯拉夫联盟中的一个独立的社会主义加盟国，并享有独立的权利。在巴黎和平会议后，斯洛文尼亚于1947年加入了斯洛文尼亚海岸地区组织，在1954年的伦敦备忘录，成为除的里雅斯特外的里雅斯特自由贸易区的成员。斯洛文尼亚以及南斯拉夫的西部边界标志着欧洲的集团划分，而它和匈牙利的边界标志着真正的“铁幕”。尽管南斯拉夫最初的权力最大限度地集中在某党人手中，斯洛文尼亚加强了它自身的民族文化和教育制度和其后的经济独立。
要求斯洛文尼亚独立的声音从临近斯洛文尼亚的国家中的斯洛文尼亚裔的少数民族以及迁移到外国的斯洛文尼亚人发出来。为了维持和世界上各处的斯洛文尼亚人的联系，斯洛文尼亚对它的邻国的斯洛文尼亚裔人和本国的海外移民实行着独立的政策。1991年经历了和南斯拉夫军队的10天战斗后和南斯拉夫联盟的崩溃后，斯洛文尼亚成为一个主权独立的国家，它进行了一次民主选举，多党制度的议会由一部新宪法予以确定。为了弥补它在南斯拉夫市场上的份额丧失，
超过三分之二的斯洛文尼亚产品转而出口到欧洲联盟。该国的大型国有公司几乎全部分解了，工业产量下降，以前高水平的就业率已经变成了高失业率，经济陷于萧条状态，罢工普遍发生。但是随着私有化进程的完成，国家的转型期结束，经济环境得到改善。斯洛文尼亚在加入北约和欧盟后，成为一个富裕的发达国家。这个国家还分布着大量的溶洞，其中最有特色的就是波斯托伊那溶洞，位于距首都西南54公里的波斯托伊那市，是欧洲第二大溶洞，在斯洛文尼亚的众多溶洞中最具特色。壮观的石柱、石笋和石钟乳是历经几百万年而形成的。洞中还生活着一种类似娃娃鱼的珍奇动物蝾螈，体形纤巧，无鳞，有四肢，长寿百年，被斯洛文尼亚人成为“人鱼”。
目前的斯洛文尼亚已经是欧洲的一个发达国家了，也是欧盟成员国、北约成员国、经合组织成员国、欧洲申根国，联合国人权理事会成员，2008年上半年任欧盟轮值主席国。斯洛文尼亚在东南欧经济转型国家当中人均收入名列第一，同时该国也是世界贸易组织的创始会员国之一。该国位于阿尔卑斯山脉南麓，西邻意大利，西南濒临亚得里亚海，东部和南部被克罗地亚包围，东北邻匈牙利，北邻奥地利。
Jumbo Huang Notes: Today we Shopped at Spar Magyarszag Kereskedelmi Kft. Supermarket. After had lunch at Chinese restaurant, we came back to the hotel, took our luggage and walked to the train station, we went on the MAV EC246, we sat with another three teenage in a luxury cabin, the Hungarian State Railways is the Hungarian national railway company, The head office is in Budapest. Hungary is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC country code for Hungary is 55. We arrived in Szekesfehervar very quickly, The city of Szekesfehervar which located in central Hungary, is one of the largest cities in the country. Szekesfehervar was the capital of Hungary in the Middle Ages. Now the city is regional capital of Central Transdanubia, the centre of Fejer county and Szekesfehervar District. It was one of the most important cities of Hungary. In the Szekesfehervar Basilica, where the Diets were held and the crown jewels kept, thirty-seven kings and thirty-nine queens consort were crowned and fifteen rulers buried. I felt asleep during the rest journey,
so I could not make sure the exact routines, but there were only two possibilities: the first routine was from Budapest to Siofok, Nagykanizsa, Gyekenyes, Koprivnica, Zagreb through Dobova to Ljubljana, another rail line routine is from Budapest to Szekesfehervar, Veszprem to Hodos. We actually travelled in the previous Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it was the Yugoslav state that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. In addition, it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia: Kosovo and Vojvodina. After initially siding with the Eastern bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War, Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality after the Tito&Stalin split of 1948, and it became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. After the death of Tito in 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics, followed by collapse of inter-republic talks on transformation of the country and recognition of their independence by some European states in 1991. This led to the country collapsing along the federal units, followed by the final downfall and breakup of the country in 1992, and the start of the Yugoslav Wars. Yugoslav Wars were ethnic conflicts fought from 1991 to 2001 inside the territory of the former Yugoslavia. These wars accompanied and facilitated the breakup of the country, when its constituent republics declared independence, but the issues of ethnic minorities in the new countries (chiefly Serbs in central parts and Albanians in the southeast) were still unresolved at the time the republics were recognized internationally. The wars are generally considered to be a series of separate but related military conflicts which occurred in, and affected, most of the former Yugoslav republics, the wars mostly resulted in peace accords, involving full international recognition of new states, but with massive economic damage to the region. Initially the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sought to preserve the unity of the whole of Yugoslavia by crushing the secessionist governments; however the JNA increasingly came under the influence of the Serbian government of Slobodan Milosevic that evoked Serbian nationalist rhetoric and was willing to support the Yugoslav state insofar as using it to preserve the unity of Serbs in one state; as a result the JNA began to lose Slovenes, Croats, Kosovar Albanians, Bosniaks, and ethnic Macedonians, and effectively became a Serb army. According to the 1994 United Nations report, the Serb side did not aim to restore Yugoslavia, but to create a "Greater Serbia" from parts of Croatia and Bosnia. The first battle was the Ten-Day War or the Slovenian Independence War, also the Weekend War, it was a civil war in Yugoslavia that followed the Slovenian declaration of independence on 25 June 1991. It was fought between the Slovenian Territorial defence and the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) in 1991, It lasted from 27 June 1991 until 7 July 1991, when the Brijuni Accords were signed. It marked the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. Before we talked about the civil war, we should retrospect the history of the great man: Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980, During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia. But after the death of Tito, everything changed. For Slovenia, the war marked the decisive defence of its independence in regard to Yugoslavia. It was officially recognised by all European Community member states on 15 January 1992 and joined the United Nations on 22 May. With Croatia as a buffer between Slovenia and Serbia, Slovenia was able to maintain its independence and position as the most stable and prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics and joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. The war led to a series of major shifts on the Yugoslav side. The YPA eventually lost nearly all of its Slovenian and Croat personnel, becoming an almost entirely Serbian and Montenegrin force. Its poor performance in Slovenia and later in Croatia discredited its leadership , Kadijevic resigned as defence minister in January 1992, and Adzic was forced into medical retirement shortly afterwards. After the Slovenia war passed, there was the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence, it was fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the government of Croatia, which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat operations in Croatia by 1992. In Croatia, the war is primarily referred to as the Homeland War and also as the Greater-Serbian aggression, In Serbian sources, War in Croatia is the most commonly used public term. The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was inhabited by Muslim Bosniaks, Orthodox Serbs and Catholic Croats, passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992. The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that lasted from 28 February 1998 until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army. The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was the NATO military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. According to NATO, the operation sought to stop human rights abuses in Kosovo, and it was the first time that the organisation used military force without the approval of the UN Security Council. The air strikes lasted from March 24, 1999 to June 10, 1999. The official NATO operation code name was Operation Allied Force; the United States called it Operation Noble Anvil, while in Yugoslavia the operation was incorrectly called "Merciful Angel" ,as a result of a misunderstanding or mistranslation. The Insurgency in the Presevo Valley was an armed conflict between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the ethnic Albanian insurgents of the Liberation Army of Presevo, Medveđa and Bujanovac , There were instances during the conflict in which the Yugoslav government requested KFOR support in suppressing UCPMB attacks since they could only use lightly armed military forces as part of the Kumanovo Treaty that ended the Kosovo War, which created a buffer zone so that the bulk of Yugoslav armed forces could not enter. The 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia was an armed conflict which began when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) militant group began attacking the security forces of the Republic of Macedonia at the beginning of February 2001, and ended with the Ohrid Agreement. The goal of the NLA was to separate Republic of Macedonia and make Greater Albania. Already in 1999, there were 234,500 Albanian refugees from Kosovo in Macedonia according to the UNHCR estimates who accounted for 11.7 percent of the total population of Macedonia at the time. There were also claims that the group ultimately wished to see Albanian-majority areas secede from the country, though high-ranking NLA members have denied this. The conflict lasted throughout most of the year, although overall casualties remained limited to several dozen individuals on either side, according to sources from both sides of the conflict. With it, the Yugoslav Wars had reached previously peaceful Macedonia. After reviewed the cruel war history,
I began to review the current status of the country which I stayed: Slovenia is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. It covers 20273 square kilometers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union, and NATO. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana. The territory is mostly mountainous with a mainly continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral that has a sub-Mediterranean climate and the north-western area that has an Alpine climate. Additionally, the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia. The country, marked by a significant biological diversity, is one of the most water-rich in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karst underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest. The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven. The Slavic, Germanic, Romance, and Hungarian languages meet here, Although the population is not homogeneous, the majority is Slovene. Slovene is the official language throughout the country, whereas Italian and Hungarian are co-official regional minority languages in those municipalities where the Italian and the Hungarian minority are present. Slovenia is a largely secularized country, but its culture and identity have been significantly influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism. The economy of Slovenia is small, open, and export-oriented and has been strongly influenced by international conditions. It has been severely hurt by the Eurozone crisis, started in the late 2000s. The main economic field is services, followed by industry and construction. Historically, the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations, including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, followed by the Habsburg Monarchy. In October 1918, the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the internationally unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs,
which merged that December with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, During World War II, Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany, Italy, and Hungary, with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi puppet state. Afterward, it was a founding member of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, a communist state which was the only country in the Eastern Bloc not part of the Warsaw Pact. In June 1991, after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy, Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country. Ljubljana is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. During antiquity, it was the site of a Roman city called Emona. It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, during which it was called Laibach. Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, it was the historical capital of Carniola, a Slovene-inhabited part of the Habsburg Monarchy, and it has been the cultural, educational, economic, political, and administrative center of independent Slovenia since 1991. Its central geographic location within Slovenia, transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position. We slept at simple accommodation hotel located at Sketova Ulica 4,Ljubljana.
第七六回：斯洛文尼亚英雄邦，卢布尔雅那大学城 (下)
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