Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
马斯洛的“需求层次理论”
Abraham Maslow's work was profound and monumental; his book Motivation and Psychologystarted a philosophical revolution out of which grew humanistic psychology. This changed the view of human nature from a negative point of view - man is a conditioned or tension reducing organism- to a more positive view in which man is motivated to realize his full potential. This is reflected in his hierarchy of needs and in his theory of Self-actualization.[citation needed]
亚伯拉罕-马斯洛的著作具有深远和不朽的意义，其中的《动机与心理学》引发了一场哲学革命并由此萌生了人文（本）主义心理学。这些改变了（学术界长久以来）对人性的负面观点——人是一种受制约的或（自动）缓解压力的有机体，而使观点趋向正面——人们被实现自己全部潜能的动机所驱动。这个观点在他的“需求层次”和“自我实现”理论中都得到体现。
The term was later used by Abraham Maslow in his article, A Theory of Human Motivation, Maslow explicitly defines self-actualization to be "the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."[5] Maslow used the term self-actualization to describe a desire, not a driving force, that could lead to realizing one's capabilities. Maslow did not feel that self-actualization determined one's life; rather, he felt that it gave the individual a desire, or motivation to achieve budding ambitions.[6] Maslow's usage of the term is now popular in modern psychology when discussing personality from the humanistic approach.
该术语在后期被马斯洛引用在《人类动机理论》中，他直言不讳地定义“自我实现”为“达成自我愿望，也就是说他（作为个体）的实现自我潜能的倾向。该倾向可被释为一种使自己愈发成为自己的欲望、成为任何自己有可能成为的（事物）”。马斯洛用该术语描述一种欲望而不是驱动力，这种欲望引导个体实现自己的各种能力。他不认为“自我实现”可作为判定人生的标杆，反而是它给了个体一种欲望或者说动机去成就萌发的梦想。马斯洛对该术语的用法在当今心理学领域被普遍使用，尤其是从人性的角度讨论人格（特质）时。
A basic definition from a typical college textbook defines self-actualization according to Maslow simply as "the full realization of one's potential".[6]
大学教科书中对马斯洛的“自我实现”的典型基础定义为：“个体潜能的完全实现”。
A more explicit definition of self-actualization according to Maslow is "intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately of what is the organism itself...self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated."[7] This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving force, Maslow uses the term to describe personal growth that takes place once lower order needs have been met, one corollary being that, in his opinion, "self-actualisation...rarely happens...certainly in less than 1% of the adult population."[8] The fact that "most of us function most of the time on a level lower than that of self-actualization" he called the psychopathology of normality.[9]
一种对“自我实现”更加明确的定义为：“有机体内部的内在成长，或者更准确地说，有机体自身的内在成长...‘自我实现’是由成长驱动而不是被缺乏驱动的”。这种解释强调在一般情况下，只有在各项低级需求（根据马斯洛的需求理论）被满足之后“自我实现”才可能达成。当Goldstein定义“自我实现”为一种驱动力时，马斯洛将其描述为一种阶段性地个体成长。一种推论为，以他的观点，“自我实现的事例...极少出现...在所有成年人口中这一比例少于1%”。事实上，“绝大多数的人在大多数时候都在低于‘自我实现’的层级活动”——他称此为“心理病理学（概念上的）常态”。
Maslow considered self-actualizing people to possess "an unusual ability to detect the spurious, the fake, and the dishonest in personality, and in general to judge the people correctly and efficiently."[10]
马斯洛认为“自我实现”的人具备“非同寻常的鉴别人格中的谬误、虚假与不诚实成分，以及正确、有效地评判他人的能力”。
Maslow based his theory partially on his own assumptions about human potential and partially on his case studies of historical figures whom he believed to be self-actualized, including Albert Einstein and Henry David Thoreau. Maslow examined the lives of each of these people in order to assess the common qualities that led each to be to become self-actualized. In general he found that these individuals were very accepting of themselves and of their life circumstances; were focused on finding solutions to cultural problems rather than to personal problems; were open to others' opinions and ideas; had strong senses of privacy, autonomy, human values and appreciation of life; and a few intimate friendships rather than many superficial ones.[11]
马斯洛的理论部分基于他本人对人类潜能的设想，部分基于对一些历史人物（他认为已达成“自我实现”）的研究，包括爱因斯坦和亨利·大卫·梭罗。马斯洛省视了这些人物对象的生活细节，以期找到他们达成“自我实现”的共同点。大体上讲，他发现这些个体能够高度接纳自身和生活的际遇，集中精力于寻找文化问题的解决方案而非纠结于个人问题，对他人的观点和想法持开放态度，具有强烈的个人隐私、自主、价值观意识和对人生的深刻理解，只有少数密友而非大量的“酒肉朋友”。
Maslow's Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
马斯洛眼中“自我实现”者的人格特质
A self-actualizer is a person who is living creatively and fully using his or her potentials. In his studies, Maslow found that self-actualizers share similarities. Whether famous or unknown, educated or not, rich or poor, self-actualizers tend to fit the following profile.[12]
自我实现者被定义为创造性地生活，同时充分运用其个体潜能的人。在他的研究中，马斯洛发现自我实现者具有一些共同点。不论是名人或普通百姓、是否受过教育、贫或富，他们都符合以下特征：
Efficient perceptions of reality. Self-actualizers are able to judge situations correctly and honestly. They are very sensitive to the fake and dishonest.
对现实的高效感知。 “自我实现者”有能力对现实情况作出正确和诚实的判断。他们对虚假和不诚实异常敏感。
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, nature. Self-actualizers accept their own human nature with all its flaws. The shortcomings of others and the contradictions of the human condition are accepted with humor and tolerance.
Spontaneity. Maslow's subjects extended their creativity into everyday activities. Actualizers tend to be unusually alive, engaged, and spontaneous.
坦然地接纳自我、他人和自然（天性）。“自我实现者”接受自己的人性和当中存在的所有缺陷。以幽默和宽容对待他人的缺点和人们生活中的矛盾冲突。自发性。马斯洛的研究对象把他们的创造性运用在各种日常生活中。“自我实现者”保持一贯地活跃、充实以及自发自然。
Task centering. Most of Maslow's subjects had a mission to fulfill in life or some task or problem outside of themselves to pursue. Humanitarians such as Albert Schweitzer and Mother Teresa are considered to have possessed this quality.
人生目标明确。马斯洛的绝大多数研究对象都有一生中想要完成或解决的自身以外的使命或问题。人道（博爱）主义者Albert Schweitzer 和 Mother Teresa 被认为具备这种品质。
Autonomy. Self-actualizers are free from reliance on external authorities or other people. They tend to be resourceful and independent.
自主。“自我实现者”完全不依赖于外界权威或他人。他们趋向于足智多谋和独立。
Continued freshness of appreciation. The self-actualizer seems to constantly renew appreciation of life's basic goods. A sunset or a flower will be experienced as intensely time after time as it was at first. There is an "innocence of vision", like that of an artist or child.
持续更新的认知。“自我实现者”仿佛在不断地更新对生命中善的认知。对每一次的日落花开的体验都如同人生首次般强烈。他们身上存在一种“幼稚的想象力”，与艺术家或孩童无异。
Fellowship with humanity. Maslow's subjects felt a deep identification with others and the human situation in general.
人性的普适。马斯洛的研究对象一般都深度隐迹于普通人及常态生活之中。
Profound interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal relationships of self-actualizers are marked by deep loving bonds.
深刻的人际关系。 “自我实现者”的人际关系表现为充满深刻爱意的纽带。
Comfort with solitude. Despite their satisfying relationships with others, self-actualizing persons value solitude and are comfortable being alone.[13]
安于独处。尽管拥有与他人的深刻人际关系，“自我实现者”仍然重视并安于独处。
Non-hostile sense of humor. This refers to the wonderful capacity to laugh at oneself. It also describes the kind of humor a man like Abraham Lincoln had. Lincoln probably never made a joke that hurt anybody. His wry comments were gentle proddings of human shortcomings.[citation needed]
非敌意的幽默感。这里指的是他们拥有自嘲的超凡才能。类似于亚伯拉罕-林肯所具有的幽默方式。林肯很可能从未因为讲笑话而伤害到任何人。他的嘲讽多是对人们缺点的温和提示。
Peak experiences. All of Maslow's subjects reported the frequent occurrence of peak experiences (temporary moments of self-actualization). These occasions were marked by feelings of ecstasy, harmony, and deep meaning. Self-actualizers reported feeling at one with the universe, stronger and calmer than ever before, filled with light, beautiful and good, and so forth.
巅峰体验。马斯洛的所有研究对象一致表示他们经历频繁的巅峰体验（短暂性的自我实现）。这些情形被形容为感受到极乐、内在平静和谐以及领会到深邃意义。
In summary, self-actualizers feel safe, not anxious, accepted, loved, loving, and alive.
简而言之，“自我实现者”感到安全，不焦虑，被接纳，被爱，充满爱意和活力。
马斯洛的“需求层次理论”
Abraham Maslow's work was profound and monumental; his book Motivation and Psychologystarted a philosophical revolution out of which grew humanistic psychology. This changed the view of human nature from a negative point of view - man is a conditioned or tension reducing organism- to a more positive view in which man is motivated to realize his full potential. This is reflected in his hierarchy of needs and in his theory of Self-actualization.[citation needed]
亚伯拉罕-马斯洛的著作具有深远和不朽的意义，其中的《动机与心理学》引发了一场哲学革命并由此萌生了人文（本）主义心理学。这些改变了（学术界长久以来）对人性的负面观点——人是一种受制约的或（自动）缓解压力的有机体，而使观点趋向正面——人们被实现自己全部潜能的动机所驱动。这个观点在他的“需求层次”和“自我实现”理论中都得到体现。
The term was later used by Abraham Maslow in his article, A Theory of Human Motivation, Maslow explicitly defines self-actualization to be "the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."[5] Maslow used the term self-actualization to describe a desire, not a driving force, that could lead to realizing one's capabilities. Maslow did not feel that self-actualization determined one's life; rather, he felt that it gave the individual a desire, or motivation to achieve budding ambitions.[6] Maslow's usage of the term is now popular in modern psychology when discussing personality from the humanistic approach.
该术语在后期被马斯洛引用在《人类动机理论》中，他直言不讳地定义“自我实现”为“达成自我愿望，也就是说他（作为个体）的实现自我潜能的倾向。该倾向可被释为一种使自己愈发成为自己的欲望、成为任何自己有可能成为的（事物）”。马斯洛用该术语描述一种欲望而不是驱动力，这种欲望引导个体实现自己的各种能力。他不认为“自我实现”可作为判定人生的标杆，反而是它给了个体一种欲望或者说动机去成就萌发的梦想。马斯洛对该术语的用法在当今心理学领域被普遍使用，尤其是从人性的角度讨论人格（特质）时。
A basic definition from a typical college textbook defines self-actualization according to Maslow simply as "the full realization of one's potential".[6]
大学教科书中对马斯洛的“自我实现”的典型基础定义为：“个体潜能的完全实现”。
A more explicit definition of self-actualization according to Maslow is "intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately of what is the organism itself...self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated."[7] This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving force, Maslow uses the term to describe personal growth that takes place once lower order needs have been met, one corollary being that, in his opinion, "self-actualisation...rarely happens...certainly in less than 1% of the adult population."[8] The fact that "most of us function most of the time on a level lower than that of self-actualization" he called the psychopathology of normality.[9]
一种对“自我实现”更加明确的定义为：“有机体内部的内在成长，或者更准确地说，有机体自身的内在成长...‘自我实现’是由成长驱动而不是被缺乏驱动的”。这种解释强调在一般情况下，只有在各项低级需求（根据马斯洛的需求理论）被满足之后“自我实现”才可能达成。当Goldstein定义“自我实现”为一种驱动力时，马斯洛将其描述为一种阶段性地个体成长。一种推论为，以他的观点，“自我实现的事例...极少出现...在所有成年人口中这一比例少于1%”。事实上，“绝大多数的人在大多数时候都在低于‘自我实现’的层级活动”——他称此为“心理病理学（概念上的）常态”。
Maslow considered self-actualizing people to possess "an unusual ability to detect the spurious, the fake, and the dishonest in personality, and in general to judge the people correctly and efficiently."[10]
马斯洛认为“自我实现”的人具备“非同寻常的鉴别人格中的谬误、虚假与不诚实成分，以及正确、有效地评判他人的能力”。
Maslow based his theory partially on his own assumptions about human potential and partially on his case studies of historical figures whom he believed to be self-actualized, including Albert Einstein and Henry David Thoreau. Maslow examined the lives of each of these people in order to assess the common qualities that led each to be to become self-actualized. In general he found that these individuals were very accepting of themselves and of their life circumstances; were focused on finding solutions to cultural problems rather than to personal problems; were open to others' opinions and ideas; had strong senses of privacy, autonomy, human values and appreciation of life; and a few intimate friendships rather than many superficial ones.[11]
马斯洛的理论部分基于他本人对人类潜能的设想，部分基于对一些历史人物（他认为已达成“自我实现”）的研究，包括爱因斯坦和亨利·大卫·梭罗。马斯洛省视了这些人物对象的生活细节，以期找到他们达成“自我实现”的共同点。大体上讲，他发现这些个体能够高度接纳自身和生活的际遇，集中精力于寻找文化问题的解决方案而非纠结于个人问题，对他人的观点和想法持开放态度，具有强烈的个人隐私、自主、价值观意识和对人生的深刻理解，只有少数密友而非大量的“酒肉朋友”。
Maslow's Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
马斯洛眼中“自我实现”者的人格特质
A self-actualizer is a person who is living creatively and fully using his or her potentials. In his studies, Maslow found that self-actualizers share similarities. Whether famous or unknown, educated or not, rich or poor, self-actualizers tend to fit the following profile.[12]
自我实现者被定义为创造性地生活，同时充分运用其个体潜能的人。在他的研究中，马斯洛发现自我实现者具有一些共同点。不论是名人或普通百姓、是否受过教育、贫或富，他们都符合以下特征：
Efficient perceptions of reality. Self-actualizers are able to judge situations correctly and honestly. They are very sensitive to the fake and dishonest.
对现实的高效感知。 “自我实现者”有能力对现实情况作出正确和诚实的判断。他们对虚假和不诚实异常敏感。
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, nature. Self-actualizers accept their own human nature with all its flaws. The shortcomings of others and the contradictions of the human condition are accepted with humor and tolerance.
Spontaneity. Maslow's subjects extended their creativity into everyday activities. Actualizers tend to be unusually alive, engaged, and spontaneous.
坦然地接纳自我、他人和自然（天性）。“自我实现者”接受自己的人性和当中存在的所有缺陷。以幽默和宽容对待他人的缺点和人们生活中的矛盾冲突。自发性。马斯洛的研究对象把他们的创造性运用在各种日常生活中。“自我实现者”保持一贯地活跃、充实以及自发自然。
Task centering. Most of Maslow's subjects had a mission to fulfill in life or some task or problem outside of themselves to pursue. Humanitarians such as Albert Schweitzer and Mother Teresa are considered to have possessed this quality.
人生目标明确。马斯洛的绝大多数研究对象都有一生中想要完成或解决的自身以外的使命或问题。人道（博爱）主义者Albert Schweitzer 和 Mother Teresa 被认为具备这种品质。
Autonomy. Self-actualizers are free from reliance on external authorities or other people. They tend to be resourceful and independent.
自主。“自我实现者”完全不依赖于外界权威或他人。他们趋向于足智多谋和独立。
Continued freshness of appreciation. The self-actualizer seems to constantly renew appreciation of life's basic goods. A sunset or a flower will be experienced as intensely time after time as it was at first. There is an "innocence of vision", like that of an artist or child.
持续更新的认知。“自我实现者”仿佛在不断地更新对生命中善的认知。对每一次的日落花开的体验都如同人生首次般强烈。他们身上存在一种“幼稚的想象力”，与艺术家或孩童无异。
Fellowship with humanity. Maslow's subjects felt a deep identification with others and the human situation in general.
人性的普适。马斯洛的研究对象一般都深度隐迹于普通人及常态生活之中。
Profound interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal relationships of self-actualizers are marked by deep loving bonds.
深刻的人际关系。 “自我实现者”的人际关系表现为充满深刻爱意的纽带。
Comfort with solitude. Despite their satisfying relationships with others, self-actualizing persons value solitude and are comfortable being alone.[13]
安于独处。尽管拥有与他人的深刻人际关系，“自我实现者”仍然重视并安于独处。
Non-hostile sense of humor. This refers to the wonderful capacity to laugh at oneself. It also describes the kind of humor a man like Abraham Lincoln had. Lincoln probably never made a joke that hurt anybody. His wry comments were gentle proddings of human shortcomings.[citation needed]
非敌意的幽默感。这里指的是他们拥有自嘲的超凡才能。类似于亚伯拉罕-林肯所具有的幽默方式。林肯很可能从未因为讲笑话而伤害到任何人。他的嘲讽多是对人们缺点的温和提示。
Peak experiences. All of Maslow's subjects reported the frequent occurrence of peak experiences (temporary moments of self-actualization). These occasions were marked by feelings of ecstasy, harmony, and deep meaning. Self-actualizers reported feeling at one with the universe, stronger and calmer than ever before, filled with light, beautiful and good, and so forth.
巅峰体验。马斯洛的所有研究对象一致表示他们经历频繁的巅峰体验（短暂性的自我实现）。这些情形被形容为感受到极乐、内在平静和谐以及领会到深邃意义。
In summary, self-actualizers feel safe, not anxious, accepted, loved, loving, and alive.
简而言之，“自我实现者”感到安全，不焦虑，被接纳，被爱，充满爱意和活力。
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