耶鲁大学《心理学导论》笔记 5

Class 5 Cognitive Development
Jean piaget
　皮亚杰（1896—1980）是当代一位最著名的儿童心理学家和发生认识论专家，他是瑞士日内瓦学派的创始人。
　　认知结构理论的代表人物是瑞士心理学家J.皮亚杰、美国的心理学家J.S.布鲁纳。他们认为认知结构，就是学习者头脑里的知识结构，它是学习者全部观念或某一知识领域内观念的内容和组织。他们认为，学习使新材料或新经验和旧的材料或经验结为一体，这样形成一个内部的知识结构，即认知结构。
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
1、Piaget believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understanding of the world。”
皮亚杰指出，这个结构是以图式、同化、顺应和平衡的形式表现出来的。
 图式：schemas
 同化：assimilation
 顺应：accommodation
 平衡
Sensorimotor stage(birth -2)
 Information is gained through the senses and motor actions.
 in this stage child perceives and manipulates(熟练操作) but doer not reason
 object permanence is acquired
object permanence
 the understanding that objects exist independent of one’s action or perception of them
 before 6 months infants act as if objects removed from sight cease to exist.
 then ,failure at A-not-B task.
preoperational stage(2-7 years)
emergence of symbolic thought
egocentrism
lace the concept pf conservation
Rene Baillargeon
Andrew Meltzoff,