Kripke,意义理论与地图炮
Kripke(1971/1980)的Naming and Necessity前两个Lectures致力于批评descriptivism。
何谓Descriptivism?这是一种意义理论,即认为name的meaning是其definite description或者a bund of descriptions。Kripke在批评了这个理论作为意义理论的问题后,主动温和化了鹄的,即把Descriptivism理解为一种指称理论而非意义理论,并将其总结为:
1. to every name "X",there corresponds a property(or a cluster of properties, similarly hereinafter)f , such that someone A believes "f(X)"
2. the property X is believed by A to pick out some individual uniquely
3. if the f are satisfied by one unique object y, then y is the referent of "X"
4. if the vote yields no unique object, "X" does not refer.
5. the statement, "If X exists, then X has f" is known a priori by the speaker
6. the statement, "If X exists, then X has f" expresses a necessary truth
然而即便如此,这个理论仍然有问题,因为
(1)X cannot pick out some individual uniquely, but still corresponds to this individual and functions as its definite description. 比如,Who's Feynmann? 对于很多人来说,Feynmann is just a physicist. 或者an American theoretical physicist. 但是无论“physicist”还是“an American theoretical physicist”,都不会仅仅对应a unique individual
(2)X cannot pick out certain indivicual at all, but is still used to describe this individual. 比如,对于有些人而言,爱因斯坦=“发明原子弹的人”。但是当这些人说“那个发明原子弹的人blabla”的时候,他们是在说爱因斯坦,而不是在说奥本海默。
(3)even if some y satisfies f, it may not be a referent of "X". 比如,有个人p独立证明出了不完全定理,并不是参考了哥德尔,那么p满足“独立证明了不完全定理”这个description,但她并不是这个description的referent。这个description的referent只是Goedel。
(4)哪怕,后来我们发现,这个定理并不是Goedel证出来的,是他抄袭了别的什么人r的。但是“哥德尔不完全定理”里的“哥德尔”仍然是这个剽窃者哥德尔,而不是真正首创这个定理证明的r。
无需多举,我们也大概知道了Kripke反驳Descriptivism的思路。在Kripke看来,无论是直指赋以专名,还是用(proper or improper)description来关联一个具体对象,都是(initial) baptism,是一个偶然性的(乃至带有任意性的,我理解)历史事件。因此,用于指称的description,未必关乎它自身的正确meaning。但是,一个description作为一个有意义的segment,又怎能不表达meaning呢?
这大概就是我们说“新疆人”或者“中国人”或者“大圈仔”的时候,面临的诡谲情况吧。
何谓Descriptivism?这是一种意义理论,即认为name的meaning是其definite description或者a bund of descriptions。Kripke在批评了这个理论作为意义理论的问题后,主动温和化了鹄的,即把Descriptivism理解为一种指称理论而非意义理论,并将其总结为:
1. to every name "X",there corresponds a property(or a cluster of properties, similarly hereinafter)f , such that someone A believes "f(X)"
2. the property X is believed by A to pick out some individual uniquely
3. if the f are satisfied by one unique object y, then y is the referent of "X"
4. if the vote yields no unique object, "X" does not refer.
5. the statement, "If X exists, then X has f" is known a priori by the speaker
6. the statement, "If X exists, then X has f" expresses a necessary truth
然而即便如此,这个理论仍然有问题,因为
(1)X cannot pick out some individual uniquely, but still corresponds to this individual and functions as its definite description. 比如,Who's Feynmann? 对于很多人来说,Feynmann is just a physicist. 或者an American theoretical physicist. 但是无论“physicist”还是“an American theoretical physicist”,都不会仅仅对应a unique individual
(2)X cannot pick out certain indivicual at all, but is still used to describe this individual. 比如,对于有些人而言,爱因斯坦=“发明原子弹的人”。但是当这些人说“那个发明原子弹的人blabla”的时候,他们是在说爱因斯坦,而不是在说奥本海默。
(3)even if some y satisfies f, it may not be a referent of "X". 比如,有个人p独立证明出了不完全定理,并不是参考了哥德尔,那么p满足“独立证明了不完全定理”这个description,但她并不是这个description的referent。这个description的referent只是Goedel。
(4)哪怕,后来我们发现,这个定理并不是Goedel证出来的,是他抄袭了别的什么人r的。但是“哥德尔不完全定理”里的“哥德尔”仍然是这个剽窃者哥德尔,而不是真正首创这个定理证明的r。
无需多举,我们也大概知道了Kripke反驳Descriptivism的思路。在Kripke看来,无论是直指赋以专名,还是用(proper or improper)description来关联一个具体对象,都是(initial) baptism,是一个偶然性的(乃至带有任意性的,我理解)历史事件。因此,用于指称的description,未必关乎它自身的正确meaning。但是,一个description作为一个有意义的segment,又怎能不表达meaning呢?
这大概就是我们说“新疆人”或者“中国人”或者“大圈仔”的时候,面临的诡谲情况吧。