Music Theory ZZ

An interval is the distance between two notes. Intervals are always counted from the lower note to the higher one, with the lower note being counted as one. Intervals come in different qualities and size. If the notes are sounded successively, it is a melodic interval. If sounded simultaneously, then it is a harmonic interval.
The smallest interval used in Western music is the half step. A visual representation of a half step would be the distance between a consecutive white and black note on the piano. There are two exceptions to this rule, as two natural half steps occur between the notes E and F, and B and C.
A whole step is the distance between two consecutive white or black keys. It is made up of two half steps.
An interval is the distance between two notes. Intervals are always counted from the lower note to the higher one, with the lower note being counted as one. Intervals come in different qualities and size. If the notes are sounded successively, it is a melodic interval. If sounded simultaneously, then it is a harmonic interval.
     The smallest interval used in Western music is the half step. A visual representation of a half step would be the distance between a consecutive white and black note on the piano. There are two exceptions to this rule, as two natural half steps occur between the notes E and F, and B and C.
                
                
Qualities and Size
Intervals can be described as Major (M), Minor (m), Perfect (P), Augmented (A), and Diminished (d).
Intervals come in various sizes: Unisons, Seconds, Thirds, Fourths, Fifths, Sixths, and Sevenths.
2nds, 3rds, 6ths, and 7ths can be found as Major and Minor.
Unisons, 4ths, 5ths, and Octaves are Perfect
                
                
When a major interval is raised by a half step, it becomes augmented.
When a major interval is lowered by a half step, it becomes minor.
When a major interval is lowered by two half steps, it becomes diminished.
When a minor interval is raised by a half step, it becomes major.
When a minor interval is raised by two half steps, it becomes augmented.
When a minor interval is lowered by a half step, it becomes diminished.
When a perfect interval is raised by a half step, it becomes augmented.
When a perfect interval is lowered by a half step, it becomes diminished.
INVERSIONS OF INTERVALS
 Intervals can be inverted, which basically means you turn them upside down. The lower note is raised up an octave so that the top note/bottom note relationship is reversed. The chart below shows the inversions of intervals.
Qualities
Major becomes Minor
Minor becomes Major
Perfect remains Perfect
Augmented becomes Diminished
Diminished becomes Augmented
 Size
2 becomes 7
3 becomes 6
4 becomes 5
5 becomes 4
6 becomes 3
7 becomes 2
 Interval Identification
     It is important to be able to hear and identify intervals. This is a very important thing for musicians to do. Here is a list of familiar songs that will help you to identify the intervals.
m2- Stormy Weather
 m2
M2- Happy Birthday
 M2
m3- The Impossible Dream
 m3
So Long, Farewell from The Sound of Music
  
M3- Halls of Montezuma
 M3
P4- Here comes the bride
 P4
A4- Maria from West Side Story
 A4
P5- Star Wars
 P5
Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star
  
M6- NBC theme music
 M6
m7- Somewhere from West Side Story
 m7
M7- Bali Hai from South Pacific
 M7
Octave- Over the rainbow
 Oct.
SCALES
There are many different types of scales. They are the backbone of music.
A major scale is a series of 8 consecutive notes that use the following pattern of half and whole steps.
                
                
MAJOR SCALES
C Major Scale (no sharps or flats)
C D E F G A B C
G Major Scale (1 sharp)
G A B C D E F# G
D Major Scale (2 sharps)
D E F# G A B C# D
A Major Scale (3 sharps)
A B C# D E F# G# A
E Major Scale (4 sharps)
E F# G# A B C# D# E
B Major Scale (5 sharps)
B C# D# E F# G# A# B
F# Major Scale (6 sharps)
F# G# A# B C# D# F(E#) F#
Gb Major Scale (6 flats)
Gb Ab Bb B(Cb) Db Eb F Gb
Db Major Scale (5 flats)
Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb C Db
C# Major Scale (7 sharps)
C# D# F(E#) F# G# A# C(B#) C#
Ab Major Scale (4 flats)
Ab Bb C Db Eb F G Ab
Eb Major Scale (3 flats)
Eb F G Ab Bb C D Eb
Bb Major Scale (2 flats)
Bb C D Eb F G A Bb
F Major Scale (1 flat)
F G A Bb C D E F
NATURAL MINOR SCALES
C Natural Minor Scale (3 flats)
D D Eb F G Ab Bb C
G Natural Minor Scale (2 flats)
G A Bb C D Eb F G
D Natural Minor Scale (1 flat)
D E F G A Bb C D
A Natural Minor Scale (no flats or sharps)
A B C D E F G A
E Natural Minor Scale (1 sharp)
E F# G A B C D E
B Natural Minor Scale (2 sharps)
B C# D E F# G A B
F# Natural Minor Scale (3 sharps)
F# G# A B C# D E F#
C# Natural Minor Scale (4 sharps)
C# D# E F# G# A B C#
G# Natural Minor Scale (5 sharps)
G# A# B C# D# E F# G#
Eb Natural Minor Scale (6 flats)
Eb F Gb Ab Bb Cb Db Eb
Bb Natural Minor Scale (5 flats)
Bb C Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb
F Natural Minor Scale (4 flats)
F G Ab Bb C Db Eb F
MAJOR PENTATONIC SCALES
C Major Pentatonic Scale
C D E G A C
G Major Pentatonic Scale
G A B D E G
D Major Pentatonic Scale
D E F# A B D
A Major Pentatonic
A B C# E F# A
E Major Pentatonic
E F# G# B C# E
B Major Pentatonic
B C# D# F# G# B
F# Major Pentatonic
F# G# A# C# D# F#
Gb Major Pentatonic
Gb Ab Bb Db Eb Gb
Db Major Pentatonic
Db Eb F Ab Bb Db
C# Major Pentatonic
C# D# F(E#) G# A# C#
Ab Major Pentatonic
Ab Bb C Eb F Ab
Eb Major Pentatonic
Eb F G Bb C Eb
Bb Major Pentatonic
Bb C D F G Bb
F Major Pentatonic
F G A C D F
MINOR PENTATONIC SCALES
C Minor Pentatonic
C Eb F G Bb C
G Minor Pentatonic
G Bb C D F G
D Minor Pentatonic
D F G A C D
A Minor Pentatonic
A C D E G A
E Minor Pentatonic
E G A B D E
B Blues Scale
B D E F F# A B
F# Minor Pentatonic
F# A B C# E F#
Gb Minor Pentatonic
Gb A B Db E Gb
Db Minor Pentatonic
Db E Gb Ab B Db
C# Minor Pentatonic
C# E F# G# B C#
Ab Minor Pentatonic
Ab B Db Eb Gb Ab
Eb Minor Pentatonic
Eb Gb Ab Bb Db Eb
Bb Minor Pentatonic
Bb Db Eb F Ab Bb
F Minor Pentatonic
F Ab Bb C Eb F
BLUES SCALES
C Blues Scale
C Eb F Gb G Bb C
G Blues Scale
G Bb C Db D F G
D Blues Scale
D F G Ab A C D
A Blues Scale
A C D Eb E G A
E Blues Scale
E G A Bb B D E
B Blues Scale
B D E F F# A B
F# Blues Scale
F# A B C C# E F#
Gb Blues Scale
Gb A B C Db E Gb
Db Blues Scale
Db E Gb G Ab B Db
Ab Blues Scale
Ab B Db D Eb Gb Ab
Eb Blues Scale
Eb Gb Ab A Bb Db Eb
Bb Blues Scale
Bb Db Eb E F Ab Bb
F Blues Scale
F Ab Bb B C Eb F
HARMONIC MINOR SCALES
C Harmonic Minor
C D Eb F G Ab B C
G Harmonic Minor
G A Bb C D Eb F# G
D Harmonic Minor
D E F G A Bb C# D
A Harmonic Minor
A B C D E F G# A
E Harmonic Minor
E F# G A B C D# E
B Harmonic Minor
B C# D E F# G A# B
F# Harmonic
F# G# A B C# D E# F#
C# Harmonic Minor
C# D# E F# G# A B# C#
G# Harmonic Minor
G# A# B C# D# E G G#
Eb Harmonic Minor
Eb F Gb Ab Bb Cb D Eb
Bb Harmonic Minor
Bb C Db Eb F Gb A Bb
F Harmonic
F G Ab Bb C Db E F
MELODIC MINOR SCALES
C Melodic Minor
C D Eb F G A B C
G Melodic Minor
G A Bb C D E F# G
D Melodic Minor
D E F G A B C# D
A Melodic Minor
A B C D E F# G# A
E Melodic Minor
E F# G A B C# D# E
B Melodic Minor
B C# D E F# G# A# B
F# Melodic Minor
F# G# A B C# D# F(E#) F#
C# Melodic Minor
C# D# E F# G# A# C(B#) C#
G# Melodic Minor
G# A# B C# D# F(E#) G(F##) G#
Eb Melodic Minor
Eb F Gb Ab Bb C D Eb
Bb Melodic Minor
Bb C Db Eb F G A Bb
F Melodic Minor
F G Ab Bb C D E F
OTHER/EXOTIC SCALES
Algerian
C D Eb F F# G Ab B C
Harmonic Major Scale
C D E F G Ab B C
Double Harmonic Major Scale (Arabic Scale)
C Db E F G Ab B C
Double Harmonic Minor Scale
D D Eb f# G Ab B C
Hungarian Gypsy Scale
C D Eb F# G Ab B C
Hungarian Minor
C D Eb F# G Ab B C
Hungarian Folk
C Db E F G Ab B C
Phrygian Dominant Scale (Jewish Scale)
C Db E F G Ab Bb C
Egyptian Scale
C D Eb F# G Ab B C
Eskimo Tetratonic
C D E G C
Eskimo Hexatonic
C D E F# G# A C
Scottish Hexatonic
C D E F G A C
Oriental
C D F A Bb
Oriental Pentacluster
C C# D F Gb C
Chinese
C E F# G B C
Balinese
C Db Eb G Ab C
Raga Vutari
C E F# G A Bb C
Raga Madhuri
C E F G A A# B C
Raga Viyogavarali
C Db Eb F G# B C
Shostakovich
C Db D# E F# G A B C
Blues Octatonic
C D Eb F F# G A Bb C
Pyramid Hexatonic
C D Eb F Gb A C
Romanian
C E F G# B C
Gnossiennes
C D Eb F G Ab B C
Prometheus
C D E Gb A Bb C
Adonai Malakh
C C# D Eb F G A Bb C
Houzam
C D# E F G A B C
Rock 'n Roll
C D# E F G A Bb C