（自用分享）De Anima Γ 4 ChatGPT辅助阅读 1

写在前面

以下是我用自己调配出来的gpt做出来的结果。

我主要给了gpt三个指令。第一个是word-by-word translation。第二个是解释可能需要注意的grammatical structure。第三个是给出dictionary entries，以方便建档。

最好的阅读体验是将其复制到Obsidian中。在豆瓣中看着会很浮夸的长，但是在Obsidian中可以用其folding功能来fold或者unfold。就像下图这样

如同标题说的那样，这本来是自用笔记。所以有些地方我使用了Obsidian的工具，比如[[ ]] 来建档，== ==来高亮。

我还在有些，但不是全部地方，复制了Miller以及Reeve的译本来对照。有的时候还会有他们的，外加Ross的commentary

因为豆瓣每篇日记限制字数为5万，所以我分多次发完。

最需要注意的是，GPT很有可能犯错，所以请对照着至少一本英译本阅读。有些地方我发现了不妥但是没有修改。

以下为正文，可以直接复制

# 429a10

# Περὶ δὲ τοῦ μορίου τοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς ᾧ γινώσκει τε ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ φρονεῖ,

**Word-by-word translation and analysis:**

1. **Περὶ** – A preposition governing the genitive, meaning “concerning” or “about.”

2. **τοῦ μορίου** – “the part.” This is the genitive singular of **[[μόριον, μορίου, τό]]**, a noun meaning “part” or “portion.” The genitive case is governed by the preposition **περὶ** (“concerning the part”).

3. **τοῦ** – This is the genitive singular definite article **ὁ, ἡ, τό**. It modifies **ψυχῆς**, creating a possessive phrase.

4. **τῆς ψυχῆς** – “of the soul.” **[[ψυχή, ψυχῆς, ἡ]]** is a feminine noun meaning “soul” or “mind,” and here it is in the genitive singular. The phrase **τοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς** (“of the soul”) modifies **μορίου** (“part”), indicating the part _of the soul_.

5. **ᾧ** – This is a dative singular relative pronoun (from **ὅς, ἥ, ὅ**), meaning “by which” or “with which.” It refers back to **τοῦ μορίου** and introduces a relative clause that describes the function of that part of the soul.

6. **γινώσκει** – “knows.” This is the 3rd person singular present indicative active of the verb **[[γινώσκ-ω]]** (“to know” or “to recognize”). It refers to an action performed by **ἡ ψυχὴ** (the soul).

7. **τε** – This is an enclitic particle often meaning “and.” It functions to connect verbs or ideas and is typically paired with **καί** later in the sentence to reinforce the connection (as we see with **καὶ** before **φρονεῖ**).

8. **ἡ ψυχὴ** – “the soul.” This is the nominative singular of **ψυχή**, functioning as the subject of the verbs **γινώσκει** and **φρονεῖ**.

9. **καὶ** – “and.” This conjunction links the two verbs **γινώσκει** and **φρονεῖ**.

10. **φρονεῖ** – “thinks.” This is the 3rd person singular present indicative active of **[[φρονέ-ω]]**, meaning “to think” or “to be wise.” It describes another activity attributed to **ἡ ψυχὴ**.

**Full translation:**

“Concerning the part of the soul with which the soul both knows and thinks.”

Miller

Concerning the part of the soul with which the soul knows and understands

**Grammatical structure:**

• **Prepositional phrase**: **Περὶ τοῦ μορίου τοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς** – This phrase is introduced by the preposition **περὶ**, governing the genitive case (**τοῦ μορίου**), and describes “the part of the soul.”

• **Relative clause**: **ᾧ γινώσκει τε ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ φρονεῖ** – The relative pronoun **ᾧ** (“with which”) introduces a relative clause that explains the function of the **μόριον** (“part”) of the soul. The two actions **γινώσκει** (“knows”) and **φρονεῖ** (“thinks”) are attributed to the soul (**ἡ ψυχὴ**) and are connected by **τε…καί** (“both…and”).

**Dictionary entries:**

1. **Περὶ** – A preposition meaning “concerning” or “about.”

2. **μόριον, μορίου, τό** – A noun meaning “part” or “portion.”

3. **[[ψυχή, ψυχῆς, ἡ]]** – A noun meaning “soul.”

4. **ὅς, ἥ, ὅ** – A relative pronoun meaning “who,” “which,” or “by which.”

5. **[[γινώσκ-ω]], γνώσομαι, ἔγνων, ἔγνωκα** – A verb meaning “to know” or “to recognise.”

6. **[[φρονέ-ω]], φρονήσω, ἐφρόνησα** – A verb meaning “to think” or “to be wise.”

# εἴτε χωριστοῦ ὄντος εἴτε μὴ χωριστοῦ [[κατὰ μέγεθος]] ἀλλὰ [[κατὰ λόγον]],

**Word-by-word translation and analysis:**

1. **εἴτε** – A conjunction meaning “whether,” used to introduce alternatives, often in pairs, as it is here.

2. **χωριστοῦ** – The genitive singular of **χωριστός, χωριστή, χωριστόν**, meaning “separable” or “divisible.” The genitive case depends on the participle **ὄντος**, creating a **genitive absolute** construction: “whether of being separable.”

3. **ὄντος** – The genitive singular masculine participle of **εἰμί** (“to be”). This participle is part of a **genitive absolute** construction, functioning independently of the main clause to provide circumstantial information: “whether being separable.”

4. **εἴτε** – The second instance of **εἴτε**, introducing the alternative, meaning “or.”

5. **μὴ** – A negation used with non-indicative moods or participles, meaning “not.”

6. **χωριστοῦ** – The same as before: “separable,” now negated by **μὴ**: “or not separable.”

7. **κατὰ** – A preposition used with the accusative, meaning “according to,” “in respect of,” or “by.”

8. **μέγεθος** – The accusative singular of **μέγεθος, μεγέθους, τό**, meaning “size” or “magnitude.” It is governed by **κατὰ** to express the idea of separation “according to size.”

9. **ἀλλὰ** – A conjunction meaning “but,” introducing a contrast.

10. **κατὰ λόγον** – “according to reason.” **λόγος, λόγου, ὁ** is in the accusative singular here, meaning “reason,” “rational principle,” or “account.” With **κατὰ**, this phrase means “according to reason.”

**Full translation:**

“Whether being separable or not separable according to size, but according to reason.”

Miller

whether it is separable or whether it is separable not in magnitude but in account

**Grammatical structure:**

1. **Genitive absolute**: The phrase **χωριστοῦ ὄντος** (“being separable”) and its alternative **μὴ χωριστοῦ** (“not separable”) form **genitive absolute** constructions, which provide circumstantial information. These constructions often function independently of the main sentence, supplying information about the condition or circumstance of the main action.

2. **Contrast with κατὰ**: The preposition **κατὰ** is used twice, first in **κατὰ μέγεθος** (“according to size”) and then in **κατὰ λόγον** (“according to reason”). The sentence contrasts these two principles: one based on physical magnitude and the other on rational principle.

**Dictionary entries:**

1. **[[εἴτε]]** – A conjunction meaning “whether” or “or.”

2. **[[χωριστός, χωριστή, χωριστόν]]** – An adjective meaning “separable” or “divisible.”

3. **[[εἰμί]], ἔσομαι, ἦν, –, –, –** – A verb meaning “to be.”

4. **[[μή]]** – A negation used with non-indicative moods and participles, meaning “not.”

5. **κατά** – A preposition meaning “according to” or “in respect of,” used with the accusative case.

6. **[[μέγεθος, μεγέθους, τό]]** – A neuter noun meaning “size” or “magnitude.”

7. **ἀλλά** – A conjunction meaning “but.”

8. **[[λόγος, λόγου, ὁ]]** – A masculine noun meaning “reason,” “word,” or “principle.”

# σκεπτέον τίν’ ἔχει διαφοράν, καὶ πῶς ποτὲ γίνεται τὸ νοεῖν.

**Word-by-word translation and analysis:**

1. **σκεπτέον** – This is the neuter singular form of ==[[the verbal adjective]]== from **[[σκέπτ-ομαι]]** (“to examine” or “to consider”). ==The verbal adjective expresses necessity or obligation and can be translated as “it must be considered” or “one must consider.==”

[[σκοπέ-ω]]

3. **τίν’** – This is an ==accusative== singular interrogative pronoun from **τίς, τί** meaning “what” or “which.” In this case, it’s shortened due to elision (the full form would be **τίνα**), and it introduces a question, asking “what” or “which.”

4. **ἔχει** – “it has.” This is the 3rd person singular present indicative active of **ἔχω** (“to have” or “to hold”). Here, it connects the subject **τίν’** with **διαφοράν**, meaning “it has [what] difference.”

5. **διαφοράν** – “difference.” This is the accusative singular of the noun **[[διαφορά, διαφορᾶς, ἡ]]**, meaning “difference” or “distinction.” It is the direct object of **ἔχει**.

6. **καὶ** – “and.” A simple conjunction linking the first clause with the second.

7. **πῶς** – “how.” This is an interrogative adverb, introducing the question about the manner in which something happens.

8. **[[ποτε]]** – “ever” or “at any time.” This enclitic particle adds a sense of time to the question but can sometimes be left untranslated in English. In this context, it emphasises curiosity about when or how something occurs.

[[ποτέ]]

10. **γίνεται** – “it happens” or “it comes to be.” This is the 3rd person singular present indicative middle/passive of the verb **γίγνομαι** (“to become” or “to happen”). Here it refers to the process or occurrence of **τὸ νοεῖν** (“thinking”).

11. **τὸ νοεῖν** – “thinking.” This is the articular infinitive of **νοέω** (“to think” or “to perceive mentally”), functioning as a noun. The **τὸ** makes the infinitive substantive, meaning “the act of thinking.”

**Full translation:**

“It must be considered what difference it has, and how thinking ever comes to be.”

Miller

it is necessary to investigate what distinctive character it possesses and how thinking ever takes place.

**Grammatical structure:**

• **σκεπτέον** is a verbal adjective, indicating necessity or obligation, and governs the rest of the sentence, meaning “one must consider” or “it must be considered.”

• The first clause, **τίν’ ἔχει διαφοράν**, is an indirect question: “what difference it has.”

• The second clause, **πῶς ποτὲ γίνεται τὸ νοεῖν**, asks “how thinking happens” or “how thinking comes to be,” with **τὸ νοεῖν** as a substantive infinitive referring to “the act of thinking.”

**Dictionary entries:**

1. **σκεπτέον** – From **σκέπτομαι, σκέψομαι, ἐσκεψάμην, –, ἔσκεμμαι, –**, meaning “to examine,” “to consider,” or “to reflect.” This is the verbal adjective expressing necessity.

2. **τίν’** – From **τίς, τί** (interrogative pronoun), meaning “who,” “what,” or “which.” The full accusative singular form is **τίνα**.

3. **ἔχει** – From **ἔχω, ἕξω/σχήσω, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, –, –**, meaning “to have” or “to hold.”

4. **[[διαφορά, διαφορᾶς, ἡ]]** – A feminine noun meaning “difference” or “distinction.”

5. **καί** – Conjunction, meaning “and.”

6. **πῶς** – An interrogative adverb meaning “how.”

7. **ποτέ** – An enclitic particle meaning “ever” or “at any time.”

8. **γίγνομαι, γενήσομαι, ἐγενόμην, γέγονα, γεγένημαι, –** – A verb meaning “to become,” “to happen,” or “to come to be.”

9. **νοέω, νοήσω, ἐνόησα, νενόηκα, νενόημαι, ἐνοήθην** – A verb meaning “to think” or “to perceive mentally.”

# ***

# εἰ δή ἐστι τὸ νοεῖν ὥσπερ τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι, ἢ πάσχειν τι ἂν εἴη ὑπὸ τοῦ νοητοῦ ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον.

**Word-by-word translation and analysis:**

1. **εἰ** – A subordinating conjunction meaning “if.”

2. **δή** – A particle that adds emphasis or confirmation, often translated as “indeed” or “then.”

3. **ἐστι** – The 3rd person singular present indicative of **εἰμί**, meaning “is.”

4. **τὸ νοεῖν** – “the act of thinking.” This is the articular infinitive of **νοέω**, functioning as a noun. The article **τὸ** makes the verb substantive, referring to “thinking” as an activity.

5. **ὥσπερ** – A subordinating conjunction meaning “just as” or “as if.” It introduces a comparison between two actions or states.

6. **τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι** – “the act of perceiving” or “sensing.” Like **τὸ νοεῖν**, this is the articular infinitive of **αἰσθάνομαι** (“to perceive, to sense”), making the verb function as a noun.

7. **ἢ** – A conjunction meaning “or.”

8. **πάσχειν** – This is the present active infinitive of **πάσχω** (“to suffer” or “to experience”). In this context, it can mean “to undergo” or “to be affected.”

9. **τι** – An indefinite pronoun in the accusative singular neuter, meaning “something” or “anything.”

10. **ἂν** – A particle that, in conjunction with the optative or indicative, expresses potentiality or contingency. It suggests that the action is hypothetical.

11. **εἴη** – The 3rd person singular present ==optative== of **[[εἰμί]]** (“to be”). The optative mood with **ἂν** indicates potentiality or a possible situation: “might be” or “would be.”

12. **ὑπὸ** – A preposition governing the genitive, meaning “by” when referring to agency. Here, it introduces the agent of the action: **τοῦ νοητοῦ** (“the intelligible”).

13. **τοῦ νοητοῦ** – This is the genitive singular of **νοητός, νοητή, νοητόν**, an adjective meaning “intelligible” or “what can be thought.” Here it refers to “the intelligible” or “the object of thought.”

14. **ἤ** – Another conjunction meaning “or,” introducing an alternative.

15. **τι** – Another indefinite pronoun meaning “something” or “anything.”

16. **τοιοῦτον** – The accusative singular neuter of the adjective **τοιοῦτος, τοιαύτη, τοιοῦτο**, meaning “such” or “of such a kind.” It refers to something similar or analogous.

17. **ἕτερον** – The accusative singular neuter of **ἕτερος, ἑτέρα, ἕτερον**, meaning “other” or “different.” It is describing **τι**, suggest

18. ing “something else of such a kind.”

**Full translation:**

“If indeed thinking is like perceiving, then it might be either that one is affected by the intelligible, or something else of such a kind.”

Miller

Now, if thinking is like perceiving, it would either be ==a process of== being affected in some way by the object of thought or be something else of this sort.

Reeve

Now, if understanding is like perceiving, it would be either a sort of being affected by the intelligible object or something else of that sort.

**Grammatical structure:**

1. **εἰ δή ἐστι τὸ νοεῖν ὥσπερ τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι** – This is a conditional clause introduced by **εἰ** (“if”), with **δή** adding emphasis. It proposes a comparison between **τὸ νοεῖν** (“thinking”) and **τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι** (“perceiving”), suggesting that these two actions are similar.

2. **ἢ πάσχειν τι ἂν εἴη ὑπὸ τοῦ νοητοῦ** – This clause introduces a potential result or explanation, expressed with the optative **εἴη** and **ἂν**. It suggests that if thinking is like perceiving, one might “be affected by the intelligible.”

3. **ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον** – This phrase presents an alternative explanation: “or something else of such a kind,” referring to another similar but unspecified process.

**Dictionary entries:**

1. **[[εἰ]]** – A conjunction meaning “if.”

2. **[[δή]]** – A particle meaning “indeed” or “then.”

3. **ἐστί(ν)** – From **[[εἰμί]], ἔσομαι, ἦν, –, –, –**, meaning “to be.”

4. **[[νοέ-ω]], νοήσω, ἐνόησα, νενόηκα, νενόημαι, ἐνοήθην** – A verb meaning “to think” or “to perceive mentally.”

5. **[[ὥσπερ]]** – A conjunction meaning “just as” or “as if.”

6. **[[αἰσθάν-ομαι]], αἰσθήσομαι, ᾐσθόμην, –, ᾔσθημαι, –** – A deponent verb meaning “to perceive” or “to sense.”

7. **[[ἢ]]** – A conjunction meaning “or.”

8. **[[πάσχ-ω]], πείσομαι, ἔπαθον, πέπονθα, –, –** – A verb meaning “to suffer” or “to experience.”

[[χάσχ-ω]]

10. **τι** – From **τίς, τί** (indefinite pronoun), meaning “something” or “anything.”

11. **[[ἂν]]** – A particle indicating potentiality or contingency.

12. **εἴη** – The optative of **εἰμί** (“to be”).

13. **[[ὑπό]]** – A preposition governing the genitive, meaning “by” in terms of agency.

14. **[[νοητός, νοητή, νοητόν]]** – An adjective meaning “intelligible” or “what can be thought.”

15. **[[τοιοῦτος, τοιαύτη, τοιοῦτο]]** – An adjective meaning “such” or “of such a kind.”

16. **[[ἕτερος, ἑτέρα, ἕτερον]]** – An adjective meaning “other” or “different.”

# ***

# 429a15

# ἀπαθὲς ἄρα δεῖ εἶναι, δεκτικὸν δὲ τοῦ εἴδους καὶ δυνάμει τοιοῦτον ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦτο,

**Word-by-word translation and analysis:**

1. **ἀπαθὲς** – This is the nominative singular neuter of the adjective **ἀπαθής, ἀπαθές**, meaning “unaffected” or “without suffering.” It describes something that does not undergo change or emotional disturbance, typically in a philosophical or metaphysical sense. Here it modifies the subject of the sentence.

2. **ἄρα** – A particle often used to indicate inference or conclusion, meaning “therefore” or “then.”

3. **δεῖ** – The 3rd person singular present indicative active of **δεῖ**, an impersonal verb meaning “it is necessary” or “one must.” It introduces a statement of necessity.

4. **εἶναι** – The present infinitive of **εἰμί**, meaning “to be.” It is dependent on **δεῖ** and expresses what must “be” or “happen.”

5. **δεκτικὸν** – The nominative singular neuter of the adjective **δεκτικός, δεκτική, δεκτικόν**, meaning “receptive” or “capable of receiving.” Like **ἀπαθές**, it refers to the subject and specifies that it must be receptive.

6. **δὲ** – A conjunction meaning “but” or “and.” It introduces a contrast or additional information.

7. **τοῦ εἴδους** – This is the genitive singular of **εἶδος, εἴδους, τό**, meaning “form” or “idea” (in a Platonic sense, it refers to the abstract form or essence of something). The genitive case here indicates possession or relationship, so **δεκτικόν** is “receptive of the form.”

8. **καὶ** – A conjunction meaning “and.”

9. **δυνάμει** – This is the dative singular of the noun **δύναμις, δυνάμεως, ἡ**, meaning “potential” or “capacity.” In philosophical terms, **δυνάμει** refers to something that exists in potential, as opposed to **ἐνέργεια** (“actuality”).

10. **τοιοῦτον** – The nominative singular neuter of the adjective **τοιοῦτος, τοιαύτη, τοιοῦτο**, meaning “such” or “of such a kind.” It refers back to **δεκτικόν**, specifying that the subject is potentially such as the form it receives.

11. **ἀλλὰ** – A conjunction meaning “but,” introducing a strong contrast.

12. **μὴ** – A negation used with non-indicative moods (here, with the infinitive), meaning “not.”

13. **τοῦτο** – The nominative or accusative singular neuter of the demonstrative pronoun **οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο**, meaning “this.” Here it refers to the actual **form** that is received, indicating that while the subject is **potentially such** as the form, it is **not** the form itself.

**Full translation:**

“Therefore, it must be unaffected, but receptive of the form and potentially such as it, but not actually that.”

Miller

This part of the soul must be unaffected, then, but capable of receiving the form, that is, it must be potentially such as its object without being its object;

Miller

15. however, one aspect of thought is said to be ‘capable of being affected’ at 5, 430a24.

**Grammatical structure:**

1. **ἀπαθὲς ἄρα δεῖ εἶναι** – This clause states a necessity: “it must be unaffected.” The adjective **ἀπαθὲς** is in the nominative neuter singular, agreeing with an implied subject, and **δεῖ** governs the infinitive **εἶναι** (“to be”), expressing what is required.

2. **δεκτικὸν δὲ τοῦ εἴδους καὶ δυνάμει τοιοῦτον** – This clause further qualifies the subject, saying that it must be “receptive of the form and potentially such.” The genitive **τοῦ εἴδους** (“of the form”) shows what the subject is receptive to, while **δυνάμει τοιοῦτον** (“potentially such”) adds that it shares a potential likeness to the form.

3. **ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦτο** – This phrase introduces a key distinction: while it is **potentially such as the form**, it is **not the form itself**. The demonstrative **τοῦτο** (“this”) refers back to **εἶδος**, indicating that the subject does not become identical to the form.

**Dictionary entries:**

1. **[[ἀπαθής, ἀπαθές]]** – An adjective meaning “unaffected” or “impassive,” often used in a philosophical context to describe something that does not experience change or disturbance.

2. **[[ἄρα]]** – A particle meaning “therefore” or “then,” used to draw a conclusion.

3. **[[δεῖ]]** – An impersonal verb meaning “it is necessary.”

4. **[[εἰμί]], ἔσομαι, ἦν, –, –, –** – A verb meaning “to be.”

5. **[[δεκτικός, δεκτική, δεκτικόν]]** – An adjective meaning “receptive” or “capable of receiving.”

6. **[[εἶδος, εἴδους, τό]]** – A noun meaning “form” or “idea” (in a philosophical sense, especially in Platonic thought).

7. **καί** – A conjunction meaning “and.”

8. **[[δύναμις, δυνάμεως, ἡ]]** – A noun meaning “power,” “capacity,” or “potential.”

9. **[[τοιοῦτος, τοιαύτη, τοιοῦτο]]** – An adjective meaning “such” or “of such a kind.”

10. **ἀλλά** – A conjunction meaning “but.”

11. **μή** – A negation used with non-indicative moods (such as infinitives, subjunctives, or participles), meaning “not.”

12. **οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο** – A demonstrative pronoun meaning “this” or “that.”

# καὶ ὁμοίως ἔχειν, ὥσπερ τὸ αἰσθητικὸν πρὸς τὰ αἰσθητά, οὕτω τὸν νοῦν πρὸς τὰ νοητά.

**Word-by-word translation and analysis:**

1. **καὶ** – A conjunction meaning “and,” indicating continuation or addition.

2. **ὁμοίως** – An adverb meaning “in a similar way” or “likewise.” It expresses a comparison or analogy.

3. **ἔχειν** – The present active infinitive of **ἔχω** (“to have”). Here, it means “to relate” or “to hold” in the sense of a relationship or state of being. In this context, it expresses the relation of one thing to another.

4. **ὥσπερ** – A conjunction meaning “just as” or “as if,” introducing a comparison.

5. **τὸ αἰσθητικὸν** – This is the nominative singular neuter of the adjective **αἰσθητικός, αἰσθητική, αἰσθητικόν**, meaning “capable of perception” or “sensitive.” Here, it is used substantively to mean “the faculty of perception” or “the perceptive faculty.”

6. **πρὸς** – A preposition meaning “towards,” “in relation to,” or “with regard to.” It governs the accusative case and indicates the object to which something is related.

7. **τὰ αἰσθητά** – This is the accusative plural neuter of the adjective **αἰσθητός, αἰσθητή, αἰσθητόν**, meaning “perceptible” or “sensible.” Used substantively, it means “things that can be perceived” or “perceptible things.”

8. **οὕτω** – An adverb meaning “in this way” or “thus.” It signals the conclusion of the comparison introduced by **ὥσπερ**.

9. **τὸν νοῦν** – This is the accusative singular masculine of **νοῦς, νοῦ, ὁ**, meaning “mind” or “intellect.” It refers to the rational or intellectual faculty.

10. **πρὸς** – Again, the preposition “towards” or “in relation to,” here governing **τὰ νοητά**.

11. **τὰ νοητά** – This is the accusative plural neuter of the adjective **νοητός, νοητή, νοητόν**, meaning “intelligible” or “perceptible to the mind.” Used substantively, it means “intelligible things” or “things that can be understood.”

**Full translation:**

“And in a similar way, just as the faculty of perception [relates] to perceptible things, so too does the mind [relate] to intelligible things.”

M

and just as the perceptive faculty is related to the objects of perception, so must thought be related in a similar way to the objects of thought.

Reeve

**Grammatical structure:**

1. **καὶ ὁμοίως ἔχειν** – This phrase begins the comparison, indicating that something “holds” or “relates” in a similar way. The infinitive **ἔχειν** is likely dependent on a main verb implied by context (such as “is said” or “is understood”), meaning “it holds” or “it is the case.” The adverb **ὁμοίως** stresses the similarity in relationships.

2. **ὥσπερ τὸ αἰσθητικὸν πρὸς τὰ αἰσθητά** – This clause introduces the comparison, explaining that **τὸ αἰσθητικόν** (the perceptive faculty) is related **πρὸς τὰ αἰσθητά** (to perceptible things).

3. **οὕτω τὸν νοῦν πρὸς τὰ νοητά** – This clause completes the analogy: “in this way, the mind is related to intelligible things.” **οὕτω** signals that what applies to the perceptive faculty also applies to the intellectual faculty.

**Dictionary entries:**

1. **καί** – A conjunction meaning “and.”

2. **ὁμοίως** – An adverb meaning “in a similar way” or “likewise.”

3. **ἔχω, ἕξω/σχήσω, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, –, –** – A verb meaning “to have” or “to hold.” Here, in the infinitive form, it refers to the state of having or relating.

4. **ὥσπερ** – A conjunction meaning “just as” or “as if.”

5. **αἰσθητικός, αἰσθητική, αἰσθητικόν** – An adjective meaning “perceptive” or “sensitive,” referring to the faculty capable of perception.

6. **πρός** – A preposition meaning “towards” or “in relation to.”

7. **[[αἰσθητός, αἰσθητή, αἰσθητόν]]** – An adjective meaning “perceptible” or “sensible,” referring to things that can be perceived by the senses.

8. **οὕτω** – An adverb meaning “in this way” or “thus.”

9. **νοῦς, νοῦ, ὁ** – A noun meaning “mind” or “intellect,” often used to refer to the rational or intellectual faculty.

10. **νοητός, νοητή, νοητόν** – An adjective meaning “intelligible” or “what can be understood,” often referring to abstract or intellectual objects.

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# ἀνάγκη ἄρα, ἐπεὶ πάντα νοεῖ, ἀμιγῆ εἶναι, ὥσπερ φησὶν Ἀναξαγόρας, ἵνα κρατῇ, τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶν ἵνα γνωρίζῃ

**Word-by-word translation and analysis:**

1. **ἀνάγκη** – A feminine nominative singular noun meaning “necessity” or “compulsion.” It expresses that something is necessary or inevitable.

2. **ἄρα** – A particle often used to indicate inference or conclusion, meaning “therefore” or “then.”

3. **ἐπεὶ** – A conjunction meaning “since” or “because.” It introduces a causal clause explaining why something is the case.

4. **πάντα** – The accusative plural neuter of **πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν**, meaning “all” or “everything.” It is the direct object of the verb **νοεῖ**.

5. **νοεῖ** – The 3rd person singular present indicative active of **νοέω**, meaning “to think” or “to perceive mentally.” The subject here is understood as “it” or “he/she,” referring to the mind or intellect that thinks or perceives all things.

6. **ἀμιγῆ** – The accusative singular of **ἀμιγής, ἀμιγές**, meaning “unmixed” or “pure.” Here it modifies **εἶναι** (“to be”) and describes the necessary state of being.

7. **εἶναι** – The present active infinitive of **εἰμί**, meaning “to be.” It is dependent on **ἀνάγκη**, expressing what is necessary: “it is necessary to be unmixed.”

8. **ὥσπερ** – A conjunction meaning “just as” or “as if,” introducing a comparison or quotation.

9. **φησὶν** – The 3rd person singular present indicative active of **φημί**, meaning “he/she/it says” or “declares.” Here it introduces a quote attributed to Anaxagoras.

10. **Ἀναξαγόρας** – A proper noun in the nominative singular, referring to the pre-Socratic philosopher Anaxagoras. He is the subject of **φησὶν**.

11. **ἵνα** – A conjunction meaning “in order that” or “so that.” It introduces a purpose clause, indicating the reason for the necessity of being unmixed.

12. **κρατῇ** – The 3rd person singular present subjunctive active of **κρατέω**, meaning “to rule” or “to have control.” In this case, it is used in a purpose clause introduced by **ἵνα**, meaning “so that it may rule” or “have control.”

13. **τοῦτο** – The ==nominative== or accusative singular neuter of the demonstrative pronoun **οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο**, meaning “this.” Here it refers to the preceding idea about ruling and knowledge.

14. **δ’** – A contraction of **δέ**, a particle meaning “and” or “but,” introducing a further explanation or clarification.

15. **ἐστίν** – The 3rd person singular present indicative active of **εἰμί**, meaning “is.”

16. **ἵνα** – Again, a conjunction meaning “in order that” or “so that,” introducing another purpose clause.

17. **γνωρίζῃ** – The 3rd person singular present subjunctive active of **γνωρίζω**, meaning “to know” or “to recognize.” It appears in a purpose clause governed by **ἵνα** and refers to the process of recognizing or understanding.

**Full translation:**

“It is necessary, therefore, since it thinks all things, for it to be unmixed, just as Anaxagoras says, so that it may rule, and this is so that it may know.”

It is necessary, then, that thought, since it thinks all things, is unmixed, as Anaxagoras says, in order that it may ‘control’—that is, in order that it may be aware.

**Grammatical structure:**

1. **ἀνάγκη ἄρα, ἐπεὶ πάντα νοεῖ, ἀμιγῆ εἶναι** – This clause expresses a necessity: “it is necessary” (**ἀνάγκη**) for “it” (understood as “the mind” or “intellect”) to be **ἀμιγῆ** (“unmixed”). The reason for this is provided by the causal clause **ἐπεὶ πάντα νοεῖ** (“since it perceives/thinks all things”).

2. **ὥσπερ φησὶν Ἀναξαγόρας** – This phrase introduces the comparison or justification, quoting the philosopher Anaxagoras, who asserts the same idea.

3. **ἵνα κρατῇ** – This purpose clause, introduced by **ἵνα**, explains why it is necessary to be unmixed: “so that it may rule” or “have control.”

4. **τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶν ἵνα γνωρίζῃ** – This further explains the purpose: the ultimate reason for ruling is “so that it may know” or “recognize.”

**Dictionary entries:**

1. **[[ἀνάγκη, ἀνάγκης, ἡ]]** – A noun meaning “necessity” or “compulsion.”

2. **ἄρα** – A particle meaning “therefore” or “then.”

3. **[[ἐπεὶ]]** – A conjunction meaning “since” or “because.”

4. **[[πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν]]** – An adjective meaning “all” or “every.”

5. **[[νοέ-ω]], νοήσω, ἐνόησα, νενόηκα, νενόημαι, ἐνοήθην** – A verb meaning “to think” or “to perceive mentally.”

6. **[[ἀμιγής, ἀμιγές]]** – An adjective meaning “unmixed” or “pure.”

7. **[[εἰμί]], ἔσομαι, ἦν, –, –, –** – A verb meaning “to be.”

8. **ὥσπερ** – A conjunction meaning “just as” or “as if.”

9. **[[φημί]], φήσω, ἔφησα, –, –, –** – A verb meaning “to say” or “to declare.”

10. **[[Ἀναξαγόρας, Ἀναξαγόρου, ὁ]]** – The name of the philosopher Anaxagoras.

11. **ἵνα** – A conjunction meaning “in order that” or “so that.”

12. **[[κρατέ-ω]], κρατήσω, ἐκράτησα, κεκράτηκα, κεκράτημαι, ἐκρατήθην** – A verb meaning “to rule” or “to have control.”

13. **τοῦτο** – A demonstrative pronoun meaning “this.”

14. **δέ** – A particle meaning “and” or “but.”

15. **[[γνωρίζ-ω]], γνωριῶ, ἐγνώρισα, ἐγνωρίσθην** – A verb meaning “to know” or “to recognise.”

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