亚克罗提利（遗址）（Akrotiri）的古代定居点和希拉岛居民（Therans）的大规模迁移
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文章发布时间：1 MAY, 2014 - 04:21 PKOUTOUPIS
亚克罗提利（遗址）（Akrotiri）的古代定居点和希拉岛居民（Therans）的大规模迁移
The ancient settlement of Akrotiri and the mass exodus of Therans
亚克罗提利（遗址）（Akrotiri）是一座处于米诺斯人青铜器时期的安居地，位于爱琴海南部希腊的圣托里尼岛（习惯叫法但并不久，“圣托里尼”是威尼斯人为纪念圣徒于连（SaintIrene）于1207年所命名的。古名Thera希拉/锡拉（岛）（Θήρα））。该遗址埋在火山灰和浮石下面，由希腊考古学家斯皮利东•马里那托斯Spyridon Marinatos于1967年发现（在1967年到1974年的火山灰下这座保存完好的史前古城，这位雅典大学教授不幸在1974年挖掘时牺牲于此。目前仍持续进行考古挖掘工作。挖掘中发现的亚克罗提利Akrotiri墙壁画成就杰出。）。圣托里尼岛是该圆环状群岛最大的岛屿，即基克拉泽斯群岛（Κυκλάδες，义为"圆环状"）。岛屿的大部分区域围绕着一座活火山。
Akrotiri is a Minoan Bronze Age settlement situated on the Greek island of Santorini (classically and more recently referred to as Thera), in the southern Aegean Sea. Buried underneath ash and pumice, the site was discovered by Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos in 1967 CE. Santorini is the largest island of the circular archipelago, the Cyclades. The greater parts of the island circle an active volcano.
亚克罗提利（遗址）（Akrotiri）由一群繁荣兴旺的米诺斯族人于此定居，在公元前17世纪后期的锡拉岛（Theran）火山喷发中终结。 我们不知道该岛及其人民的名字在古代是什么。青铜时代最早始于公元前4000年代末的爱琴海，但人们的来源尚不确定。（古希腊）历史学家修昔底德Thucydides（约前460年-395年）和希罗多德Herodotus（约前484年-425年）声称基克拉泽斯（文明）最早的居民是从安那托利亚（半岛）西南部（即小亚细亚半岛艾菲索斯(Ephesus)一带，今土耳其）移民的卡里亚人。 希罗多德斯说，这些居民完全独立于附近克里特岛的米诺斯人，并为传说中的米诺斯国王的船员提供了水手，从而补充了这一观点主张。
17th century BC during the Theran volcanic eruption. We do not know what the name of the island and its people were in antiquity. The Bronze Age started in the Aegean as early as the late 4th millennium BC, but the origins of its people are not known with certainty. The historians Thucydides (c. 460 - 395 BC) and Herodotus (c. 484 - 425 BC) claim that the earliest inhabitants of the Cyclades were Carians who immigrated from the south-western parts of Anatolia (i.e. Asia Minor). Herodotus added to this claim by stating that these inhabitants were completely independent from the Minoans of the nearby island of Crete and supplied sailors for ships of the legendary King Minos.
米诺斯文明是在青铜时代在克里特岛上兴起的，并向整个地中海地区蓬勃发展，扩展到爱琴海其他地区（包括圣托里尼岛），希腊大陆，并定居于安纳托利亚，黎凡特和埃及的沿海港口。他们在航海方面表现出色，并且以不经摔的制成品（陶器）而闻名（文末Castleden作品，第116页和Fitton作品第95-100页）。他们的现代称呼米诺斯人Minoan是由英国考古学家Arthur Evans阿瑟·埃文斯爵士提出的，他在公元20世纪初在克里特岛上发现了此文明。他们的名字取自前面提到的同一神话中的米诺斯国王（文末Castleden作品，第1页）。 我们不知道克里特岛的米诺斯人称呼他们自己什么，但是现代考古学和古代文献的翻译显示，埃及人称这些人为“克夫秋”（Keftiu）的地方（即克里特岛），近东的闪族人则称同一岛屿为“Caphtor”和“Kaptara”（文末Castleden作品，第21页）。
The Minoan civilization arose during the Bronze Age on the island of Crete and flourished throughout the entire Mediterranean, expanding into the rest of the Aegean (including Santorini), the Greek mainland, and settling in coastal ports found in Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt. They excelled in seafaring and were well renowned for their manufactured and perishable goods (Castleden, 116 and Fitton 95-100). Their modern name, Minoan, was coined by Sir Arthur Evans, an English archaeologist, who discovered the civilization on Crete in the beginning of the 20th century AD. They were named after the very same mythical King Minos mentioned earlier (Castleden, 1). We do not know what the Minoans of Crete called themselves but modern archaeology and translations of ancient texts have revealed that the Egyptians referred to these peoples as coming from the place of "Keftiu" and the Semites of the Near East referred to the same island as "Caphtor" and "Kaptara" (Castleden, 21).
总的来说，米诺斯人是一个技艺精湛和先进的民族。 他们有他们自己仍未被破译的语言和书写系统，就是今天所称为线体字A的克里特文字（文末Castleden作品，第21页）。试图破译其语言的大多尝试已使许多人猜测它是来自印欧语系的。但这仍就大体上只是猜测。据我们了解，他们有着复杂的宗教信仰，对自然和艺术的热爱，以及对建筑的深刻理解，建造了防震多层房屋（火山岛温泉水），内有管道以使淡水和废水改道。 是的，他们有室内厕所（文末Fitton作品，第125页）！
Altogether the Minoans were a highly skilled and advanced peoples. They had their own still undeciphered language and system of writing referred to today as Linear A (Castleden, 102). The many attempts to decipher their language have led many to surmise it is from an Indo-European subset; but this is still mainly just speculation. From what we can understand, they had a complex religion, a great love for nature and art, and also an advanced understanding of architecture, building earthquake-proof multi-storied homes with plumbing to redirect fresh water and waste. Yes, they had indoor toilets (Fitton, 125)!
这一年大约是在公元前1628年。希拉岛火山喷发并用火山灰掩埋了附近的亚克罗提利/阿克罗蒂里城，从而保留了其诸多美丽的壁画，物件和建筑物的残骸（文末Fitton作品，第33页）。与后来（柏拉图《对话录》理想国）和更现代（培根在《新大西洋城》与《失落的帝国》）的所误解的关于亚特兰蒂斯人的传说不同，历史学家最近清晰地发现，喷发并不像许多人原先认为的那样突如其来，而是一个缓慢而渐进的过程。在达到一场最后结局的高峰值之前，本应该会留出足够的时间让岛上的居民们去集结他们自己并在其他地方寻求庇护。
The year was approximately 1628 BCE. The Theran volcano erupted and buried the nearby city of Akrotiri in volcanic ash, thus preserving the remains of its beautiful frescoes, objects, and buildings (Fitton, 33). Unlike the Atlantean legends of later and more modern misconceptions, it is recently clear to historians that the eruption was not as instantaneous as many originally believed but rather a slow and gradual process; a sort of to an eventual climax, possibly leaving enough time for the island's inhabitants to organize themselves and seek refuge elsewhere.
与降临在庞贝城（公元1世纪晚期被火山突发掩埋的古罗马城市）的天灾不同，这可以解释为什么迄今为止在亚克罗提利/阿克罗蒂里的发掘中都没有发现尸体。考古证据确实表明，岛上的居民放弃了他们的全套生计器具而飞溜逃窜，但去了哪里？ 应当指出的是，该遗址的发掘工作基本上是不完整的，并一直持续到今天未完结，这使我们有一天有可能发现这些尸体，至少是那些被遗忘的尸体。
Unlike the devastation that befell Pompeii (late 1st century CE), this could explain why to date no bodies have been found in the excavations of Akrotiri. The archaeological evidence does indicate that the island's inhabitants dropped their entire lives and fled, but to where? It should be noted that excavations at the site are largely incomplete and continue to this day, leaving us with the possibility of one day discovering these bodies, at least of those who were left behind.
一副亚克罗提利/阿克罗蒂里（Akrotiri）青铜器时代发掘的大型舰船壁画片段。 图片来源：维基百科
这确实使人感到奇怪，他们中的幸存者是不是还活着？虽然不是不可能，但很难相信古代锡拉岛人的一场大规模外逃会逃出考古相关记录。如果他们在其他地方重新定居，它将在克里特岛或爱琴海北部的任何其他岛屿上吗？ 确定这一再次定居的困难在于，这些移民在当时的米诺斯文化区（如克里特岛）中会很好地吸收。
It does make one wonder, were their survivors? While not impossible, it is difficult to believe that a mass exodus of ancient Therans escaped the archaeological record. If they resettled elsewhere, would it have been on Crete or any other island to the north of the Aegean? The difficulty in identifying such a resettlement is that these migrants would have assimilated fairly well in an existing Minoan culture.
我想起了《奥德赛》。在该史诗故事的某一时刻，奥德修斯在菲埃克斯/费阿基亚/淮阿卡亚人Phaeacians的土地舒利安岛/斯刻里亚岛（Scheria）上岸。 就在被发现并带到阿尔辛努斯国王的宫殿之前，荷马向我们介绍了阿尔辛努斯/ 阿尔喀诺俄斯(Alcinous)的父亲瑙西托俄斯(Nausithous)，以及他如何带领费阿基亚人从海波亚岛（Hyperia，据记载是克里特岛附近的小岛）迁移到斯刻里亚岛（Scheria），以逃避独眼巨人族。这两个位置的确切坐标仍然使现代学者望而却步，并导致许多人得出结论，他们不过是诗人的神话创造。据《奥德赛》描述，海波亚岛位于独眼巨人岛附近。海波亚岛Hypereia转义为“高地”。此描述可能与圣托里尼岛的山区地形同义，该岛的部分地区的海拔高度很高。
I am reminded of the Odyssey. At one point of the epic tale, Odysseus washed ashore on Scheria, the land of the Phaeacians. Just prior to being discovered and led to the palace of King Alcinous, Homer informs us of Nausithous, the father of Alcinous, and how he led a migration of Phaeacians from Hypereia to Scheria in order to escape the Cyclopes. The exact coordinates of these two location still elude modern scholars and have led many to conclude that they are nothing more than a mythical creation by the poet. According to the Odyssey, Hypereia was located near the Cyclopes. Hypereia translates to "high-land." This description could be synonymous with the mountainous terrain of the island of Santorini, parts of which rise to very high altitudes right out of the sea.
（附录1：后来位于海平面上396米的希腊城市锡拉是在公元前9世纪由多立安殖民者建立的，根据传说，他们的首领为锡拉斯（Θ?ραν）。他们在此一直居住到拜占庭时期。根据希罗多德记载，锡拉人在七年干旱之后派出不少殖民者在北非建立了许多城市，包括昔兰尼。就像其他希腊领土一样，圣托里尼后来为罗马人、拜占庭人以及法兰克人占据。1579年岛屿的控制权落入奥斯曼人之手。
附录2：国王阿尔喀诺俄斯(Alcinous)的女儿瑙西卡(Nausicca)公主救起了海难后的奥德赛，她还有另一个大大有名的译名：娜乌西卡，见宫崎骏动漫《风之谷》）
什么是独眼巨人的深意？ 从卡利马科斯Callimachus（亚历山大城图书馆馆长）的赞美诗到欧里庇得斯Euripides（希腊的悲剧诗人）的戏剧，早在公元前4世纪晚期的历史记录就将独眼巨人与火山联系在一起。 独眼巨人的名字（单数形式）翻译作“圆眼”或“环眼”。 难道这是火山口张开的一种表达，而费阿基亚人和他们离开的海波亚岛的故事是否可以寓言化解释后来希腊人的传统中对锡拉岛（Theran）火山爆发的寓意？ 随着几乎每天不断的考古发现，这些答案最终将被揭晓。
What of the Cyclopes? From the hymns of Callimachus to the plays of Euripides, historical records as early as the late 4th century BCE have linked the Cyclopes with volcanoes. The name Cyclops (singular form) translates to "round-eyed" or "circle-eyed." Could this be a representation of the opening of a volcano and could the story of the Phaeacians and their leaving Hypereia be an allegorical interpretation of the Theran eruption somehow preserved in the traditions of later Greeks? With continued archaeological discoveries being made almost daily, these answers will eventually be revealed.
作者Petros Koutoupis
By Petros Koutoupis
资料来源
罗德尼 卡斯尔登。《米诺斯人：青铜时代克里特岛的生活》。 伦敦：Routledge，2002年。[打印]
J Lesley Fitton： 《米诺斯人》。 伦敦：大英博物馆出版社，2002年。[印刷]
修昔底德。《伯罗奔尼撒战争的历史》，第一册，第四册。
希罗多德。《历史》，第一卷，171页。
荷马《奥德赛》，第四章，4-8页。
珀尔修斯数字图书馆，2014年[在线]
可在以下网址获得：www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper
[2014年4月27日访问]。
维基百科，2014年。Spyridon Marinatos。 [线上]
Sources
Castleden, Rodney. Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete. London: Routledge, 2002. [Print]
Fitton, J. Lesley: Minoans. London: The British Museum Press, 2002. [Print]
Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, I, 4.
Herodotus. The Histories, I, 171.
Homer. The Odyssey, VI, 4–8.
Perseus Digital Library, 2014. [Online]
Available at: www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper
[Accessed 27 April 2014].
Wikipedia, 2014. Spyridon Marinatos . [Online]
Available at: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Marinatos
[Accessed 27 April 2014].
可在以下网址获得：www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Marinatos
[2014年4月27日访问]。
亚特兰蒂斯和Therans
有关亚特兰蒂斯的传说，始于古希腊的哲学家--柏拉图。在柏拉图最晚年的著作《克里特阿斯》(Critias)和《提迈奥斯》(Timaeus)两本对话录中都有提及。
在柏拉图的提示中，有这样的话:"在梭伦九千年前左右，海格力斯之柱对面，有一个很大的岛，从那里你们可以去其它的岛屿，那些岛屿的对面，就是海洋包围着的一整块陆地，这就是'亚特兰蒂斯'王国"。当时亚特兰蒂斯正要与雅典展开一场大战，没想到亚特兰蒂斯却突然遭遇到地震和水灾，不到一天一夜就完全没入海底，成为希腊人海路远行的阻碍。在柏拉图的亚特兰蒂斯故事中，还暗示柏拉图时代以前的希腊，所使用的文字与柏拉图时代的希腊文字不同。
亚特兰蒂斯(Atlantis)克里特说
另一个说法，认为亚特兰蒂斯在克里特岛。
因为英国考古学家埃文斯于二次世界大战前发现了位于克里特岛上的大规模遗迹，而且再加上北方的一个圆环状小岛"锡拉岛"(又名圣多里尼/桑多里尼)上发现了描绘现在已成为内海的火山口，以前曾经是一个小岛的证据，因此有人怀疑锡拉岛正是亚特兰蒂斯传说的由来，因为据研究，约公元前15世纪(也就是柏拉图年代的900年前)，锡拉岛上的圣多里尼火山发生了一次大爆发，爆发导致火山口上建立的文明城市被毁灭，也引发了海啸，这次火山喷发使得原本仰赖贸易的迈诺安文明受到了重大打击，就此一蹶不振。
支持此说的人认为，柏拉图(亦或是他表弟柯里提亚斯或最初听到这故事的希腊人索隆)把数字弄错了，因此整个数字夸大了十倍以上，900年变成了9000年，4万平方里变成了40万平方里，所以才变成了这样的传说。