精读英文外刊 | 女性受到歧视的隐性方式
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Bartleby
巴特比
The subtle ways that discrimination works
女性受到歧视的隐性方式
In the workplace, it’s still a man’s world
职场上仍是男性的世界
PREGNANT WOMEN have limited mobility. That is obvious to anyone who has had a baby, but didn’t occur to the founders of Google when they designed their car park. When Sheryl Sandberg, then head of online sales, became pregnant in 2004, she made a simple request: parking spaces for expectant women as close to the building entrance as possible.
孕妇行动不便。这对任何有过孩子的人来说都是显而易见的事情，但谷歌创始人在设计停车场时却没有想到这一点。2004 年，时任网络销售主管的谢丽尔•桑德伯格(Sheryl Sandberg)怀孕时，她提出了一个简单请求：孕妇停车位应尽量靠近大厦入口。
1. pregnant women/expectant women：孕妇；英语中同一段落里同一含义词语的不同表达，而汉语多重复，术语一致。
2. sth occur to sb： 某人想到某件事；（小伙伴们还记得无灵主语句的翻译技巧吗？）
3. car park：停车场；
4. parking space：停车位
That is just one example of how many aspects of the workplace lack the female perspective. In her brilliant book “Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias In A World Designed For Men”, Caroline Criado Perez shows how widespread these subtle biases can be.
这只是职场上多方面缺乏女性视角的其中一个例子。卡洛琳•克里亚多•佩雷斯(Caroline Criado Perez)在其杰出著作《隐形女性：揭露男性主导世界中的数据偏见》(Invisible Women: Data Bias In A World Designed For Men)中表明，这些隐性偏见是有多么普遍。
5. female perspective：女性视角，女性立场
6. brilliant book：杰出著作
7. subtle：不易察觉的；不明显的；隐性的，暗含的 搭配：subtle colours/flavours/smells, etc. 淡淡的色彩、味道、气味等 a subtle form of racism 隐性的种族歧视
8. bias：偏见，成见；偏心 搭配：political/gender/racial etc bias 政治/性别/种族偏见
It starts at the recruitment stage. Women are put off from applying for jobs that use words in their adverts such as “aggressive” or “ambitious”. When one company changed its ad to focus on qualities such as enthusiasm and innovation, and used a photo of a woman rather than a man, the proportion of female applicants rose from 5% to 40%.
首先是招聘阶段。女性应聘工作时，在求职简历中使用“有进取心”或“野心勃勃”等字眼，往往会被拒之门外。如果一家公司将招聘广告重点放在热情和创新等品质上，并且使用女性而不是男性照片，女性求职者的比例就从 5% 上升到了 40%。
9. 写作句型：It starts at：首先，开始于；（比 first，firstly 高大上吧？）
10. put off：推迟；搪塞，拒绝 e.g.：Last month fund manager Nichola Pease said this meant many firms were put off from hiring women.
上个月基金经理尼古拉·皮斯（Nichola Pease）说，产假时间过长意味着许多公司将不再雇用妇女。
10. When：既然；在…情况下；如果 e.g.：When you consider that the airline handled 80 million passengers last year, the accident figures are really very small.
如果你考虑到这家航空公司去年运送了8,000万名乘客，那么这个事故率其实是非常低的。
11. quality：此处并非指“质量”而是人的个性、气质、品质等。
Once you have a job, you must get to the office. Because they often care for children or elderly relatives, women are likelier to make multiple journeys. Those who use public transport often need radial routes whereas most systems favour commuters heading from the suburb to the centre of town. This means female journeys can be much longer than male ones, making it difficult for them to get to work on time.
一旦有了工作，就必须去办公室。因为女性经常照顾孩子或老龄亲属，所以更有可能出现路程加倍。使用公共交通工具的人通常需要走放射状路线，而大多数交通系统更青睐从郊区到市中心的通勤者。这意味着女性的路程可能比男性的要长得多，这造成她们很难按时上班。
12. care for：关心，照顾；喜欢
13. be likelier to：更有可能
14. whereas：然而，但是，尽管 e.g.：The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.
旧系统相当复杂，而新系统却很简单。
15. favour：更喜欢，更青睐 搭配：favour sb/sth over sb/sth
e.g.：Both countries seem to favour the agreement.
两个国家似乎都更倾向于这份协议。
16. commuter：每天长途上班的人，通勤者 搭配：the commuter belt 上班族居住地带
17. make it difficult for sb to do sth：使某人做某事很困难
Women experience more work-related stress than men, according to research by Britain’s Health and Safety Executive, and face a particular problem with long working hours. But a study found that unencumbered people of both sexes (those with few or no caring responsibilities) could cope equally well with a 48-hour week. The stress occurred because women struggled to combine their caring responsibilities with work, a problem faced by a smaller number of men.
英国健康与安全执行局的一项研究表明，女性比男性承受更多的工作压力，而且工作时间过长还会面临特殊问题。但一项研究发现，没有负担的男性和女性（那些很少或没有照顾责任的人）都能处理好每周 48 小时的工作。压力产生的原因是女性要努力平衡照顾责任和工作，而很少有男性面临这样的问题。
18. work-related stress：工作压力
19. unencumbered：无负担的；没有阻碍的；不受妨碍的
20. both sexes：两性
21. struggle to do sth：努力/艰难做某事 e.g.：She’s struggling to bring up a family alone.
她独自一人艰难地养活一家人。
22. combine…with：与...结合；此处可引申为“平衡某事与某事”
Those responsibilities may also mean that women find it more difficult to take part in after-work bonding activities like dinners, Ms Criado Perez argues. Many companies allow workers to put the cost of food and drink at such events on expenses, but not the cost of a babysitter. That is a problem for single parents, and women comprise 80% of that category in America and 90% in Britain.
克里亚多•佩雷斯认为，那些照顾责任可能还意味着，女性会发现参加下班后聚餐等团建活动更加困难。许多公司允许员工将食品和饮料成本计入此类活动费用，但不包括请临时保姆的费用。这对单亲父母来说是个问题，在美国和英国，单亲妈妈占单亲父母的比例分别为 80% 和 90%。
23. after-work bonding activities：下班后增进感情的活动（也就是我们常说的“团建活动”）
24. put the cost of sth at：成本计入
25. babysitter：临时保姆
26. that category：这里应该是指上文所说的“单亲父母”
When their performance is reviewed, Ms Criado Perez argues that women are criticised for being bossy, abrasive or strident, whereas men are encouraged to be more aggressive. But if women are warm and friendly, they get criticised for being insufficiently professional.
对女性的表现进行评估时，克里亚多•佩雷斯表示，女性因专横、粗暴或强硬而饱受批评，而男性则被鼓励要表现得更具进取心。但如果女性热情友好，她们就会因不够专业而受到批评。
27. sb is criticised for/gets criticised for sth/doing sth 某人因某事/做某事而受到批评
28. abrasive：生硬粗暴的；粗鲁的； e.g.：She was a tough girl with rather an abrasive manner.
她是个举止相当粗鲁的泼辣女孩。
29. strident：强硬的；咄咄逼人的 e.g.：She was increasingly seen as a strident feminist.
她越来越被人视为一个强硬的女权主义者。
Women’s physical health, too, may be affected by male-dominated design. Their bodies absorb chemicals more quickly than men’s do. The long-term effects of inhaled particles on (mostly male) miners have been studied extensively; those of cleaning products on (mostly female) cleaners have not. In construction and engineering, tools and safety jackets are designed for male hands and bodies, not female ones. Bulletproof and stabproof jackets are also designed for men and thus do not fit women comfortably; a British police officer removed her jacket so she could use a hydraulic ram to enter a flat, only to be stabbed and killed.
女性的身体健康也可能受到男权思想的影响。女性身体比男性身体吸收化学物质更快。吸入颗粒物对矿工（主要是男性）的长期影响已得到广泛研究；清洁产品对清洁工的影响（大部分是女性）则未得到研究。在建筑工程作业中，工具和安全衣专为男性的双手和身体设计，而非女性的双手和身体。防弹衣和防刺衣也专为男性设计，而女性感到不舒适；一名英国警察脱掉了外套，这样她就可以用液压顶进入公寓，结果却被刺伤身亡。
30. male-dominated：男权的；男子主宰的；男子控制的 e.g.：a male-dominated profession
一个男性占主导地位的职业
31. inhale：吸入；吸气 近义词：breathe in e.g.：She closed her eyes and inhaled deeply.
她合上双眼，深深吸了一口气。
32. cleaning product：清洁产品
33. safety jacket：安全衣
34. only to do sth：却；不料竟会……；本句讲述的新闻没有搜索到，里面有一个液压顶的东西，不太明白是什么。 e.g.：She turned up the driveway, only to find her way blocked.
她开上自家车道，不料发现路已被堵。
Many men do not realise there is a problem. Those who believe they are objective when recruiting are nevertheless more likely to hire another man than a woman with identical qualifications, as a paper from 2007 showed.
许多男性都未意识到有问题。然而，正如 2007 年的一篇论文表明的那样，认为自己在招聘时客观的人，在男女同等资历的情况下，更有可能聘用男性，而不是女性。
35. recruit：招聘；吸收，招收〔新成员〕（不一定有酬劳） e.g.：We’re having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.
我们难以招聘到足够的合格职员。
36. hire：聘用；录用；雇用（短期且有酬劳） 搭配：hire sb to do sth e.g.：Employers hire skilled people on fixed-term contracts.
雇主以签订固定期限的合同来雇用有技能的人。
37. identical qualifications：同等资历
A similar issue is apparent with race, as Jennifer Eberhardt, a professor at Stanford University, describes in her book “Biased: The New Science of Race and Inequality”. An American study showed that candidates with black-sounding names get fewer callbacks than those with traditional European names. Even highly qualified African-Americans received fewer calls for interview than whites with lesser qualifications. White people with a criminal record received as many callbacks from employers as black people who had never committed an offence. And this was true whether or not the company described itself as an “equal opportunity employer”.
正如斯坦福大学(Stanford University)教授詹妮弗•埃伯哈特(Jennifer Eberhardt)在其著作《偏见：种族与不平等的新科学》(Biased: The New Science of race and Inequality)中所述，种族也存在类似问题。美国的一项研究表明，名字听起来像黑人的候选人比那些名字听起来像传统欧洲人的候选人得到的回拨电话要少。即使是高资质的非洲裔美国人接到的面试电话也比资质较低的白人少。有犯罪记录的白人和从未犯罪的黑人接到的雇主回电话一样多。不管公司是否称自己是"机会均等的雇主"，事实情况均是如此。
38. is apparent with：很明显，显然的；此处是指种族偏见也很明显
39. callback：回拨的电话；打回的电话
40. commit an offence：作案，犯罪 e.g.：Poverty is a most important reason to commit an offence.
贫困是导致犯罪的重要原因。
41. equal opportunity：机会均等
It is natural if you have succeeded in work to assume this was down to your own merits. But the existence of hidden biases shows that the playing field is not level. As both authors argue, preventing discrimination depends not on white men discovering their inner liberal but on decisions being taken by those with broader perspectives. If every executive carries a hammer, it might not occur to them that some jobs need a screwdriver.
如果在工作中取得了成功，很自然地认为这是由于自己的优点。但隐性偏见的存在表明，竞争环境是不平等的。正如两位作者所言，避免歧视并不取决于白人男性发现其内心的自由主义，而是取决于拥有更广阔视角的人的决策。如果每个高管都拿着锤子，他们可能不会想到有些工作需要螺丝刀。
42. be down to sb/sth：由…引起（或造成）；归因于某人/某事
搭配：be down to sb 是某人的责任；由某人负责 e.g.：She claimed her problems were down to the media.
她声称她的问题是媒体造成的。
43. 写作句型：the playing field is not level：竞争环境是不平等的； 搭配： a level playing field 平等竞争环境
e.g.：American businessmen ask for a level playing field when they compete with foreign companies.
美国商人与外国公司竞争时要求平等竞争的环境。
44. broader perspectives：广阔视角
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