中式英文“add oil”（加油）进牛津词典【视频学习 I】

历史会重蹈覆辙，科学则必有回响 History repeats, but science reverberates. 观全球，今日的英语学习上又发生了很多新鲜事，先给大家乐一乐：  趣味分享一则： 今日环球时报报道：【千真万确！中式英文“add oil”（加油）进牛津词典】“中式英文的add oil（加油）进了世界最权威的《牛津英语词典》（Oxford English Dictionary，简称OED）。报道称，OED日前做了3个月一次的季度更新，发布了一批新词新义，总数达1400余个，其中收录了直译自中文“加油”的add oil。   OED解释道，这个add oil源自香港英文，主要也是香港英文的说法（originally and chiefly Hong Kong English），用以表达鼓励、激励、或支持（expressing encouragement, incitement, or support），相当于英文的“go on!”或“go for it!”。 OED在词源（etymology）里追根究底，说add oil这个词组直译自中文的“加油”，广东话念ga yau，相当于国语的jiayou，并说文解字了一番。” 英语是多么有意思的事情！！！看看下面的你能猜出几句Chinglish呢？  You can you up, no can no bb. You see see you. KongZi say: know is know, no know is no know, is know! Good good study, day day up. Give you some color to see see. Don’t open yellow gun. You ask me, I ask who? You can kill me, but cannot fuck me! Gulu gulu water. People mountain people sea. Plastic sister flower. Love your mother who who……  言归正传，英语的学习还是需要形神兼具，要幽默诙谐也有词句达意。回到昨日分享的视频，里面的一些内容还是值得揣摩的。读书百遍，其义自见！ “为什么癌症这么难以治愈呢？ Why is it so difficult to cure cancer? 我们驯服了电流 We’ve harness the electricity, 列出了人类的基因组 Sequenced the human genome, 还消灭了天花 and eradicated small pox, 但是无论何时，无论花多少钱在研究上 But after billions of dollars in research, 我们还是找不到办法，治愈那影响了一千四百多万人 We haven’t found a solution for a disease that affects more than 14 million people 及其家庭的疾病 and their families at any given time. 正常细胞的编译累积起来就会演变为癌症 Cancer arise as normal cellsaccumulate mutations.【并没有直译，没有医学基础或是英语翻译素养，是翻不出这种效果的】 大多数时候 Most of the time, 细胞能检测到突变和DNA损伤 Cells can detect mutations or DNA damage 然后自我修复或是自我毁灭 and either fix them or self destruct, 但是，一些突变会使癌细胞无限制地生长 However, some mutations allow cancerous cells to grow unchecked 并侵入附近的组织 and invade nearby tissues, 甚至是扩散到远处的器官中 or even metastasize to distant organs. 一旦扩散，癌症几乎就药石罔效了【无论中文，亦或是英文，翻译都讲究形神兼具】 Cancers become almost incurable once they metastasize 而且癌症还非常的复杂 And cancer is incredibly complex. 癌症不只是一种疾病 it’s not just one disease. 而是有一百多个不同的种类 There are more than 100 different types, 而我们并没有可以治愈所有癌症的灵丹妙药 and we don’t have a magic bullet that can cure all of them. 对于大部分的癌症 For most cancers 治疗手段通常是手术切除肿瘤 Treatment usually include a combination of surgery to remove tumors 再结合放疗或化疗 and radiation and chemotherapy 尽量杀死剩余的癌细胞 to kill any cancerous cells left behind. 激素疗法 Hormone therapies, 免疫疗法 immunotherapy 和针对某些特定肿瘤癌症的靶向治疗 and targeted treatments tailored for a specific type of cancer 有时也会用到 are sometimes used too. 在许多时候 In many cases 这些方法都很有效 these treatments are effective, 而患者也会痊愈 and the patient becomes cancer-free. 但距离每一次都百分百有效还是相去甚远 But they’re very far from 100%effective, 100% of the time 那我们该怎么做，才能为所有种类的癌症找到治愈的良方呢 So what would we have to do to find cures for all the different forms of cancer? 我们就先从科学家最需要解决的一些问题说起 We’re beginning to understand a few of the problems scientists would have to solve. 首先 First of all, 我们需要有更好更新的方法去研究癌症 we need new better ways of studying cancer. 大多数癌症疗法都是在实验室里 Most cancer treatments are developedusing cell lines【并未直译为“细胞系实验”，而是“实验室里”，结合前后语境，给这个翻译点个赞】 用人类肿瘤培养出的细胞系上研究出来的 grown in labs from cultures of human tumors. 这些培养的细胞让我们获得了癌症遗传学和生物学方面的关键信息 There cultured cells have given us critical insights about cancer genetics and biology, 但它们缺少长在活生生器官上的肿瘤的复杂性 but they lack much of the complexity of the tumor in an actual living organism. 所以新药对实验室培养的癌症细胞有效 It’s frequently the case that new drugs which work on these lab-grown cells 但在临床试验中却遭失败的情况时有发生 will fail in clinical trials with real patients. 侵略性肿瘤复杂的一点是 One of the complexities of aggressive tumors 癌细胞可以有许多差别非常细微的细胞群 is that they can have multiple populations of slightly different cancerous cells. 久而久之，肿瘤各个部位的细胞中 Over time, distinct genetic mutations accumulate in cells 不同的基因突变日益积累，最终形成了各不相同的亚群 in different parts of the tumors, giving rise to unique subclones. 例如，称为“恶性胶质瘤”的侵略性脑肿瘤 For example, aggressive brain tumors called glioblastomas 在一名患者体内就可有多大六种不同的亚群 can have as many as six different subclones in a single patient. 这种现象就是亚群异质性 This is called clonal heterogeneity. 异质性使得癌症治疗非常困难 And it makes treatment difficult, 因为对某一亚群有效的药物对另一亚群则可能全无效果 because a drug that works on one subclone may have no effect on another. 还有一个难题 Here’s another challenge. 肿瘤是一个动态的相互连通的生态系统 A tumor is a dynamic interconnected ecosystem 癌细胞会与其他癌细胞保持沟通 where cancer cells constantly communicate with each other 也会与附近的健康细胞相沟通 and with healthy cells nearby. 癌细胞能诱导正常细胞生成血管，为肿瘤提供营养 They can induce normal cells to form blood vessels that feed the tumor 并排出废物 and remove waste products. 癌细胞也可以与免疫系统相互作用 They can also interact with the immune system 从而抑制免疫系统的功能 to actually suppress its function, 让免疫系统无法识别或是销毁肿瘤 keeping it from recognizing or destroying the cancer. 如果我们能知道如何关闭这些沟通渠道 If we could learn how to shut down these lines of communication, 就更有可能可以永远地治疗肿瘤 we’d have a better shot at vanquishing a tumor permanently. 此外，越来越多的证据表明 Additionally, mounting evidence suggests 我们需要弄清楚，该如何根除癌症干细胞 we’ll need to figure out how to eradicate cancer stem cells. 这是一些罕见但有特质的癌细胞 These are rate but seem to have special properties 这种特质能让癌症干细胞不受化疗和放疗的影响 that make them resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. 理论上，即使在治疗时已经检测不出肿瘤部分 In theory, even if the rest of the tumor shrinks beyond detection during treatment, 但仅一个残留的癌症干细胞就可以重新长成一个肿瘤 a single residual cancer stem cell couldseedthe growth of a new tumor.【不错的用法】 找出消灭这些顽固细胞的办法 Figuring out how to target these stubborn cells 也许就能防止癌症的复发 might help prevent cancers from coming back. 而且就算我们解决了这些问题，还可能会面临新问题 Even if we solved those problems, we might face new ones. 癌细胞是适者生存界的大佬【幽默诙谐的表达】 Cancer cells are masters of adaptation, 通过调整分子和细胞特征，癌细胞就能撑过困难时期 adjusting their molecular and cellular characteristics to survive under stress. 当遭受放化疗的狂轰滥炸时 When they’rebombardedby radiation or chemotherapy, 有一些癌细胞可以迅速支起“防护罩” some cancer cells can effectively switch onprotective shields【我喜欢揣摩此种“形神兼备”的语言，分享给大家。翻译投入的是时间和精力，希望我们的用心能提供优质的服务。】 通过改变自身基因表达来抵抗受到的攻击 against whatever’s attacking them by changing their gene expression. 恶性肿瘤就是一个不断进化和适应的复杂系统 Malignant cancers are complex systems that constantly evolve and adapt. 为了战胜癌症，我们需要建立一套 To defeat them, we need to find experimental systems 复杂程度堪比肿瘤的实验系统 that match their complexity, 并制定出一套能随癌症变化而变化的治疗方案 and monitoring and treatment options that can adjust as the cancer changes. 好消息是，我们确实有所进展 But the good news is we’re making progress. 虽然我们不了解的还是太多 Even with all we don’t know, 但大多种类癌症的平均死亡率 the average mortality rate for most kinds of cancer 自二十世纪七十年代以来已有显著下降，并且仍在下降 has dropped significantly since the 1970s and is still falling. 我们每天都会学到更多 We’re learning more every day, 而每一条新线索都会让我们抗战癌症的军火库更为充盈 and each new piece of information gives us one more tool to add to our arsenal. 历史会重蹈覆辙，科学则必有回响 History repeats, but science reverberates.【分享这句话给大家。念念不忘，必有回响。】 这句话引自一本赢得了普利策奖的书 That’s a quote from the Pulitzer Prize winning book 《万病之王：癌症的传记》 The Emperor of All Maladies, A Biography of Cancer. 我们强烈推荐你阅读或是收听这本非凡的书 We highly recommend you read or listen to this extraordinary book. 如果你访问audible.com/teded If you visit audible.com/teded, 就可免费下载该书的有声书版本 you can download an audio version of this book for free. Ted-Ed是个非营利组织 Ted-Ed is a non-profit, 使用一下任一方法选出下一本好书 and using either these methods to select your next great book 就能帮我们为大家继续创作免费的教育视频 helps us to continue to create free educational videos for everyone.” 我们每天都在与中英文跳着节奏时而紧凑、时而舒缓的交谊舞。舞姿优美与否，待君观赏。中文与英文都是博大精深的语言。尊重语言并为之努力，语言才会“投桃报李”。 要加油鸭~~~