20171012 Stoicism

Stoicism是什么？
斯多葛主義（英語：Stoicism），斯多葛又譯斯多噶或斯多亞，古希臘和羅馬帝國思想流派，哲學家芝諾於西元前3世紀早期創立，傳人有克雷安德與克呂西普；在羅馬帝國，代表思想家有塞內卡、愛比克泰德與馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯。斯多噶派學說以倫理學為重心，秉持泛神物質一元論，強調神、自然與人為一體，「神」是宇宙靈魂和智慧，其理性滲透整個宇宙。個體小「我」必須依照自然而生活，愛人如己，融合於與整個大自然。
Stoicism最著名的一句话是什么？
控制自己能控制的，不去考虑你不能控制的。
Stoicism代表人物是谁？
Marcus Aurelius
马可·奥勒留，公元121年至180年，思想家、哲学家，毕业于萨利圣学院，公元161年至180年担任罗马帝国皇帝。代表作品有《沉思录》。全名为马可·奥勒留·安东尼·奥古斯都（Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus）。著名的“帝王哲学家”，拥有凯撒称号（Imperator Caesar）。
馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯是羅馬帝國最偉大的皇帝之一，同時也是著名的斯多葛派哲學家，其统治时期被认为是罗马黄金时代的标志。他不但是一個很有智慧的君主，同時也是一個很有成就的思想家，有以希臘文寫成的关于斯多葛哲学的著作《沉思錄》（Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν）傳世。在整個西方文明之中，奧列里烏斯也算是一個少見的賢君。
166年，他遣使中国汉朝，即自日南徼外献象牙、犀角、玳瑁，这是中国与罗马正式交通。马可·奥勒留著名的“帝王哲学家”，古罗马帝国皇帝，在希腊文学和拉丁文学、修辞、哲学、法律、绘画方面受过很好的教育，晚期斯多葛学派代表人物之一。
阅读斯多葛主义的入门
Meditations by Marcus Aurelius hayes
Discourses and Selected Writings by Epictetus
Letters from a Stoic by Seneca
为什么要实施斯多葛主义？
当你对一件事情有好的或坏的印象，但在同意之前，考虑是否在你的控制之下。如果是，并且是根据自然，同意它。如果不是，这是实际发生或实际发生的事情，请接受它。如果将来可能会有这样的事情，就要冷静一点。这就是“欲望的纪律”，也被称为“控制的二分法”。
在你选择做任何事情之前，要考虑是根据自然，还是当下的冲动，并相应地采取行动。这是“行动纪律”，利用同意纪律为基础。
从纯粹的物理角度定期考虑这些情况和环境，将事情分解为物理部分，或从“宇宙观”（与宇宙中存在的永恒和永恒相关）中观察。
阅读斯托克文学。阅读需要了解你正在做什么，但阅读本身只是未来运动的基础，就像阅读关于生理学和运动的书籍不会帮助你形容，但可以提高其他练习的有效性做。
定期（每日或更多次）重读中央斯多葛派原则的简要提醒。 Epictetus的Enchiridion包含这样的提醒的例子。
定期重写和撰写这些提醒，引发积极的参与，防止他们成为“公正的话”。马库斯·奥雷柳斯的冥想包含许多他的例子。
即将到来的事件的心理排练（可视化），特别是那些可能触发关于好坏的错误判断的事件。例如，对自己说：“今天我会遇难，凶狠，奸诈，猥亵，不可饶恕的人，所有这些都是通过无知的真实生病而来的，我不能受到任何人的伤害，没有人会让我错了，我也不会对我的同胞生气或恨他，没有我决定选择这个意见，伤害是在我对他们的行为的反应而不是在他们的行动中做的。这个练习经常在白天开始，有时被称为早晨的奉献精神
不要对最近的事件感到内疚：他们现在已经无法控制，所以现在看起来好像坏了现在是一个错误，目的是培养自己不要使未来同样的错误。这个练习被称为斯多葛派冥想。
负面的可视化 - 想象一下，你会害怕会发生的事情实际上发生了（例如亲爱的人死亡）。这将有助于您感谢您所拥有的，并且还会采取一些不良措施，因为您已经为自己做坏事而做好准备。
遇到困难事件的一些后果的实际做法，并将其作为圣人作出反应，如果这样做并不危险或破坏性。这个想法是在一个尽可能简单的情况下开始（预计你知道你可以阻止它等等）并获得实践，所以如果和没有选择的话可以处理它。其中一种是自我否认，您有意识地决定不要一段时间地享受某物。去露营，使用冷水淋浴，不要使用洗碗机等。这将有助于你感激你所拥有的，但也让你不要将幸福附在于最终不完全掌握在你身上的东西。
斯多葛派实践的另一个要素是建立社会联系，强化自身的进步，将影响力与民众社会的影响分开。古代斯多葛派人士通过信件讨论了哲学。这种讨论并不一定意味着信息丰富;目标的一部分是帮助对方注意已经理解的信念。
When an impression that something is good or bad is received but before assent is given, consider whether it is under your control or not. If it is, and it is according to nature, assent to it. If not, and it is of something that has actually happened or is actually happening, accept it with reverence. If it is of a possible thing in the future, regard it with indifference. This is the "discipline of desire," also called the "dichotomy of control." Note that it is only possible as a follow-on to the discipline of assent.
Before you choose to do anything, consider whether it is according to nature, or an impulse of the moment, and act accordingly. This is the "discipline of action," and makes use of the discipline of assent as a foundation.
Regular consideration of ones situation and surroundings from a purely physical perspective, breaking things down into their physical parts, or looking at the from a "Cosmic perspective" (in relation to eternity and all that exists in the universe).
Reading Stoic literature. Reading is needed to understand what you are trying to do, but reading in itself is only the foundation for future exercise, just as reading books about physiology and exercise will not help you get in shape, but can improve the effectiveness of the other exercises you do.
Regular (daily or more often) re-reading brief reminders of central Stoic principles. Epictetus's Enchiridion contains examples of such reminders.
Regular rewording and writing of such reminders, to trigger active engagement and prevent them from becoming "just words." Marcus Aurelius's Meditations contains many examples of his.
Mental rehearsal (visualization) of upcoming events, particularly those that might trigger mistaken judgements about good and bad. For example, say to yourself: "I shall meet today ungrateful, violent, treacherous, envious, uncharitable men. All of these things have come upon them through ignorance of real good and ill. I can neither be harmed by any of them, for no man will involve me in wrong, nor can I be angry with my fellow human or hate him, without my decision to choose that opinion. The harm is done in my response to their actions, not in their actions." This exercise is frequently practiced at the beginning of the day, and is sometimes referred to as a morning devotional
Mental review of recent events in the light of Stoic principals, possibly followed by mental rehearsal of doing them as if you had followed those principals. (The point here is not to feel guilty about the recent events: they are now out of your control, and so it is now a mistake to even look at them as good or bad. The goal rather is to train yourself not to make the same mistake in the future.) This exercise has been referred to as Stoic meditation.
Negative visualization - Imagine something that you fear will happen has actually happened (a loved one dies for instance). This will help you be grateful for what you have and also take some of the sting out of bad things because you have prepared yourself for bad things to happen.
Actual practice experiencing some of the consequences of difficult events, and reacting to them as a Sage would, where doing such is not dangerous or destructive. The idea is to start in a situation that is as easy as possible (it is expected, you know you can stop it, etc.) and get practice so you can handle it if and when you have no choice. One variety of this is self-denial, in which you consciously decide not to enjoy something for a time. Go camping, shower using cold water, don't use the dishwasher, etc. This will help you be grateful for what you have but also keep you from attaching your happiness to having things that are ultimately not entirely in your control.
Another element of Stoic practice was building social bonds that will reinforce one's progress as an influence separate from the influences of popular society. Ancient Stoics discussed philosophy both in person and through letters. Such discussion was not necessarily meant to be informative; part of the goal was to help each other pay attention to beliefs already understood an
https://zh.wikihow.com/成为斯多葛派信徒
哪些牛人是信奉stoicism的？
George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
Theodore Roosevelt
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Bill Clinton
温家宝
像Tim Ferriss 也是信奉它的。
有哪些stoicism的工作指南？
Pierre Hadot's Philosophy as a Way of Life and The Inner Citadel
24 Stoic Spiritual Exercises, quotes from Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius with commentary by Massimo Pigliucci and Greg Lopez, free online.
The final chapter of Holowchak's The Stoics: A Guide for the Perplexed
Practical Stoicism, a free ebook by /u/GreyFreeman
Stoic Week's 2015 Handbook, 2014 Handbook, 2013 Handbook and 2012 Living the Stoic Life booklet
Donald Robertson's Stoicism and the Art of Happiness
Elen Buzare's Stoic Spiritual Exercises
William Irvine's A Guide to the Good Life
Donald Robertson's The Philosophy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Stoic Philosophy as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy, particularly in combination with one of the many CBT self-help books, such as Ellis's How To Control Your Anxiety Before It Controls You
Donald Robertson's Build Your Resilience
具体如何操作stoicism？暂时先写两点，有能力做更多再说。
冥想
写日记
对别人的批评不愤怒。
https://dailystoic.com/stoicism-pop-culture/