合同
第八节不可抗力条款（Force Majeure）
英文合同中的不可抗力条款是指对于发生不可抗力事件导致合同一方不能履行合同义务，则在所证明的不可抗力事件影响的范围内，该方可免除部分或全部合同责任。
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 117 条: 因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不能免除责任。(If a contract cannot be fulfilled due to force Majeure, the obligations may be exempted in whole or in part depending on the impact of the force Majeure, unless laws provide otherwise. If the force Majeure occurs after a delayed fulfillment, the obligations of the party concerned may not be exempted.
本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。(Force Majeure as used herein means objective circumstances which cannot be foreseen, avoided or overcome.
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 118 条: 当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。(Either party that is unable to fulfill the contract due to force Majeure shall notify the other party in time in order to reduce losses possibly inflicted to the other party, and shall provide evidence thereof within a reasonable period of time.)
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》有关内容；A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences. (如果当事人一方能证明，其不履行合同义务是由于某种非他所能控制的障碍，而且对于这种障碍，在订立合同时无法合理预期能考虑到或能避免或克服它或它的后果，则该当事人不负责任。)
例如：
Force Majeure 不可抗力
12.1 Force majeure shall refer to war, flood, fire, typhoon, earthquake and other accidents that both parties mutually agree as force majeure.
不可抗力系指战争、洪水、火灾、飓风、地震和其他双方相互同意的其他事件。
12.2 In case of force majeure, the affected party shall notify by telex or cable the other party of the accident as soon as possible and send by registered air-mail to the other party the evidence issued by the local government within 14 days from the accident.
如果发生不可抗力，受影响的一方应以电传或电报尽快通知对方该事件并在该事件发生后14天内以航空挂号信形式寄送当地政府出具的该事件的有关证明。
12.3 If the implementation is affected by force majeure and the accident lasts for more than 20 days, both parties shall hold friendly discussions as soon as possible with regard to the further implementation of the contract.
如因不可抗力合同履行遭受影响且该不可抗力事件持续超过 20 天，则双方应就合同的进一步履行进行友好协商。
12.4 Force Majeure:
Neither the Seller or the Buyer shall be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery owing to generally recognized "Force Majeure" causes. However in such a case, the Seller shall immediately advise by cable or telex the Buyer of the accident and airmail to the Buyer within 15 days after the accident, a certificate of the accident issued by the competent government authority or the chamber of commerce which is located at the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. If the said "Force Majeure" cause lasts over 60 days, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the whole or the undelivered part of the order for the goods as stipulated in Contract.
不可抗力：
因公认的不可抗力事件致使迟延交付或无法交付，无论买方还是卖方概不承担责任。然而，在该情况下，卖方应立即以电报或电传的方式通知买方该不可抗力事件，并在该事件发生 15 天内以航空邮件方式送达由该事件发生的当地有关政府部门或商会出具的该事件的证明书以资证明。如果上述不可抗力事件持续超过 60 天，则买方应有权撤消整个合同或本合同规定货物定单未交付部分。
第六节 违约条款（Default Clauses）
英文合同的违约条款（Default Clauses/Breach of contract），也就是对于合同履行过程中，违约方（Defaulting Party）对受害方（Damaged Party）的救济。通常分为如下几种：
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 107 条：当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。（Either party that fails to perform its obligations under the contract or fails to perform them as contracted shall bear the liability for the breach of contract by continuing to perform the obligations, taking remedial measures, compensating for losses）
1. 赔偿损失（Compensation for damages）
Damages:
With the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to "Force Majeure" causes, if the Seller fails to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms and conditions, jointly or severally, of this Contract, the Seller shall be liable to the Buyer and indemnify the Buyer for all losses, damages, including but not limited to, purchase price and/or purchase price differentials, deadfreight, demurrage, and all consequential direct or indirect losses. The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.
损害赔偿：
除非因不可抗力导致的交付迟延或无法交付，如果卖方未能根据本合同的条款交付货物，卖方应对买方承担责任并保证赔偿买方因此造成的损失、损害赔偿，包括但不限于购买价格或购买差价、空仓费、延滞费以及所有因此产生的直接或间接的损失。然而买方应有权解除合同的部分或整个合同，不得妨害买方行使索赔权利。
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 113 条:当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符
合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。(If either party fails to perform its obligations under the contract or does not perform its obligations as contracted and thus causes losses to the other party, the amount of compensation for the loss shall be equivalent to the loss actually caused by the breach of contract and shall include the profit obtained after the performance of the contract, but shall not exceed the sum of the loss that might be caused by a breach of contract and has been anticipated or ought to be anticipated by the breaching party in the making of the contract.
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 119 条：当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。（After either party breaches the contract, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent the increase of the loss; the party that fails to take appropriate preventive measures and thus aggravates the loss may not claim compensation for the increased part of the loss.）当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方承担。(The reasonable expenses incurred by the other party in preventing the aggravation of the loss shall be borne by the breaching party.)
2． 违约金（Default Penalty）
违约金可分为法定违约金（Legal Penalty）和约定违约金(Contractual Penalty)。Penalty(违约金)与 Damages（损害赔偿金）的关系，如果合同中没有明确约定 Liquidated Damages, 那么，Penalty（Legal）通常就是 1 中的损害赔偿一种 Unliquidated damages。当约定了 Liquidated Damages 作为 Penalty（contractual），则可能该违约金的金额可能大于受害方实际的损失，即 1 中的 compensation。
In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option知情决定权 and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23. However, any transfer shall be subject to the confirmation and approval of the People's Insurance Company of China and the lendingbank.
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 114 条：当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。（The parties may stipulate that in case of breach of contract by either party a certain amount of penalty shall be paid to the other party according to the seriousness of the breach, and may also stipulate the method for calculating the sum of compensation for losses caused by the breach of contract.）
约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。(If the stipulated penalty for breach of contract is lower than the loss caused by the breach, the party concerned may apply to a people''s court or an arbitration institution for an increase. If the stipulated penalty for breach of contract is excessively higher than the loss caused by the breach, the party concerned may apply to a people''s court or an arbitration institution for an appropriate reduction.)
当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。(If the parties agree upon a penalty for the breach of contract by a delayed fulfillment, the breaching party shall, after paying the penalty for breach of contract, perform its obligations notwithstanding.)
3．补救措施（Remedial Measures）
当事人一方发生违约事实后，为防止损失的发生或扩大，而由违约方根据法律规定或合同约定而采取的瑕疵修补措施，在买卖合同、加工承揽合同中特别常见：
Subject to special provisions explicitly of this Agreement thereunder, the other party shall be entitled to notify the party in default by registered letter; Unless satisfactory remedial measures are taken within a period of two (2) weeks, the party demanding remedy shall be entitled to claim compensation for losses
and damages.
根据本协议项下明确地专门 的明确规定，本协议的另一方有权以挂号信的方式通知违约方；除非在两周内采取符合要求的补救措施，要求补救的一方有权就其遭受的损失和损害提出索赔。
4． 继续履行（Continuing to perform obligations）
不论违约方是否已经承担赔偿损失或违约金的责任，都必须根据对方请求，在可能履行的情况下，继续履行合同。
The payment of any penalty by Party B according to 8.6 shall not release the obligation of Party B to continue the delivery of the technical documentations.
根据本协议第八条第二款之规定，乙方违约金的支付不得解除其继续履行交付技术文件的义务。
5． 解除终止权（Right of Termination and Rescission）
对于违约方的违约行为，受害方在不愿或不能再继续维持合同关系的情况下，可通知对方解除或提前终止合同。(参见上节)
第四节 保证与担保条款（Indemnification and Warranty）
担保条款（Warranty Clauses）往往是对诸如：品质、权利、履约等方面作出承诺，经常是与声明（Representative）、承诺（Covenant）一并出现使用。而保证条款（Indemnification/Hold harmless）其实是一种救济的约定，即如果合同当事人外的第三人对合同某一方当事人提起关于本合同的诉讼或其他损害赔偿请求时，所引起的责任及损失由合同另一方补偿，实际上由该方当事人最终承担了相关责任和损失。
例如：WARRANTY：
The Seller warrants that all commodities will conform to the description set out in Clause 1. Save as aforesaid all representations, conditions and warranties of whatsoever nature are hereby excluded and extinguished.
卖方保证所有商品符合第一条规定的规格说明。除了前述本协议在此排除和废止的任何性质的声明、条件或担保。
例如：
YEAR 2000 WARRANTY.
Tripod hereby represents and warrants to Licensee that the Licensed Software will perform its function without interruption or failure by reason of the calendar year in which used, whether before, during or after the year 2000, or by reason of errors in date processing, date recognition or other date dependent functions, provided that all other products used in combination with the Licensed Software, including without limitation operating systems and other software, properly exchange data with the Licensed Software. In the event of any breach of the foregoing warranty, Tripod shall, as Licensee''s sole remedy, modify theLicensed Software so as to comply with the foregoing warranty
2000 年担保
Tripod 公司在此向被许可方声明担保如果与其他产品结合使用（包括但不限于操作系统及其他软件），正常地与所许可软件交换信息，所许可软件不会因在 2000 年期间或 2000 年前后的使用或因日期进程，日期辨识或其他日期相关功能的错误导致运行中断或失灵。如果违反上述担保，Tripod公司应修改所许可软件以符合上述担保，仅以此作为对被许可方的补救。
例如：INDEMNIFICATION OF LESSOR.
Lessee shall and does hereby agree to protect and save Lessor harmless against any and all losses or damage to equipment by fire, flood, explosion, tornado or theft and Lessee shall and does hereby assume all liability to any person whomsoever arising from the location, condition or use of equipment, and shall indemnify Lessor of and from all liability, claim and demand whatsoever arising from the location, condition, or use of equipment whether in operation or not, and growing out of any cause, and from every other liability, claim and demand whatsoever during the term of this Lease or arising while equipment is in
the possession of Lessee. Lessee also agrees to promptly reimburse Lessor, in cash, for any and all personal property taxes levied against equipment and paid by Lessor.
出租人保证赔偿
承租人应由此同意保护并使出租人免于任何因火灾、洪水、爆炸、飓风、偷盗造成的任一和全部损失或对设备造成的损害。承租人应承担所有因设备位置、条件、使用所产生对任何人的责任。而且应保证赔偿出租人全部的责任、索赔或要求，无论是基于设备设备的位置、条件或使用与否，还是任何原因，以及保证赔偿无论在租约期间或承租人占有设备时所产生的其他责任、索赔和要求。承租人也同意立即以现金方式补偿出租人所支付的对设备征收的所有动产税费。
例如：Indemnification:
The Company shall indemnify the Managers and Members to the fullest extent permitted or required by the Act, as amended from time to time. The Company may advance expenses incurred by the Managers or Members upon the approval of the Managers, provided such Manager or Member agrees to reimburse the Company unless it is finally determined that such Manager or Member is entitled to be indemnified by the Company against such expenses. The Company may also indemnify its employees and other agents to the fullest extent permitted by the law, provided that a Majority in Interest of the Members first approve such indemnification. The indemnification provided herein shall be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which a person seeking indemnification may otherwise be entitled, shall continue as to a person who ceases to be a Manager or Member, shall inure to the benefit of the estate, heirs, personal representatives or other successors of the indemnity, and shall not be deemed to create any rights for the benefit of any other person or entity.
保证赔偿：
本公司应保证对经理和成员按法律所要求或允许的最大限度予以赔偿，随时修订。本公司可按经理的批准垫付经理或成员所遭受的费用，但该成员或经理同意偿还本公司，除非最终决定该成员或经理有权获得公司就该费用的赔偿。本公司也可对其员工或其他代理人按法律所允许的最大限度保证赔偿，但首先经股东多数股权批准该赔偿。本协议所规定的赔偿应视为排除任何寻求赔偿人可另行获得的任何其他权利，应适用于财产利益、继承利益、个人代表不得或其他赔偿的继受人，并不得视为对其他个人或实体的利益创设任何权利。
第一节 保密条款（Confidentiality）
基于商业秘密的保护，英文合同中往往特别注重保密条款的规定。广义上讲包含两方面的内容；不泄露（to keep the disclosed information confidential）和不滥用(not to use the disclosed informationother than in connection with the agreement)。
例 1：CONFIDENTIALITY
The CVC acknowledges and agrees that the Technology it will receive from Party B during the term of this Contract shall be kept secret and confidential. The CVC agrees that it and all of its employees and personnel shall use the Technology only for the purposes specified in this Contract and shall not disclose in any way whatsoever any of the Technology to any third Party or Parties without the prior written consent of Party B. Such confidentiality shall be maintained during the terms of this Contract and for a period of _______ ( ) years after the termination of this contract.
保密条款
CVC 公司承认并同意在本合同期间对将从乙方收到的技术应予保密。
例 2：CONFIDENTIALITY（保密）
l) China Corporation and the Personnel shall keep confidential to any third party all documents and information related to the Works during the execution of this CONTRACT.
中方公司及其员工在本合同履行期间对有关该工程的文件和资料应对任一第三方保守秘密。
2) The Employer and its staff shall keep confidential to any third party all documents and price of manpower supplied by China Corporation as stipulated in this CONTRACT during the execution of this CONTRACT.
业主及其职员根据本合同规定在本合同履行期间应对中方公司提供人力资源支持的所有文件和价格向任何第三方保守秘密。
第三节 竞业禁止条款（Non-competition）
一般而言，竞业禁止条款（Non-competition）分为两种类型：其一为使因合同而取得特定地位的当事人不能危及他方当事人的特殊地位。如劳动合同，聘用协议中的有关条款。其二为使因合同丧失特定地位的当事人不能再从事威胁因合同取得其地位者的活动。如：公司转让合同。
例 1：NONCOMPETITION PROVISION.
In further consideration of employment, the Employee shall not engage in a business in any manner similar to, or in competition with, the Company's or the Company's affiliated businesses during the term of his or her employment. Furthermore, the Employee shall not engage in a business in any manner similar to or in competition with the Company's business for a period of _________ (___) years from the date of termination of his or her employment with the Company in the geographical area within a ____________ (____) mile radius of any present or future office opened by the Company during the term of employment and the geographical area within a _________ (____) mile radius of the Employee's home address.
竞业禁止规定
进一步考虑聘用关系，在其聘用期间，受聘方不得从事任何与本公司或其关联企业近似或竞争的业务。此外，在本聘用协议终止后*年内在本公司现有或将来开立的营业场所方圆*英里范围内或本聘用协议期间在受聘方家庭住址方圆*英里范围内，受聘方不得以任何方式从事类似或与本公司业务竞争的业务活动。
英文合同中的不可抗力条款是指对于发生不可抗力事件导致合同一方不能履行合同义务，则在所证明的不可抗力事件影响的范围内，该方可免除部分或全部合同责任。
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 117 条: 因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不能免除责任。(If a contract cannot be fulfilled due to force Majeure, the obligations may be exempted in whole or in part depending on the impact of the force Majeure, unless laws provide otherwise. If the force Majeure occurs after a delayed fulfillment, the obligations of the party concerned may not be exempted.
本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。(Force Majeure as used herein means objective circumstances which cannot be foreseen, avoided or overcome.
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 118 条: 当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。(Either party that is unable to fulfill the contract due to force Majeure shall notify the other party in time in order to reduce losses possibly inflicted to the other party, and shall provide evidence thereof within a reasonable period of time.)
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》有关内容；A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences. (如果当事人一方能证明，其不履行合同义务是由于某种非他所能控制的障碍，而且对于这种障碍，在订立合同时无法合理预期能考虑到或能避免或克服它或它的后果，则该当事人不负责任。)
例如：
Force Majeure 不可抗力
12.1 Force majeure shall refer to war, flood, fire, typhoon, earthquake and other accidents that both parties mutually agree as force majeure.
不可抗力系指战争、洪水、火灾、飓风、地震和其他双方相互同意的其他事件。
12.2 In case of force majeure, the affected party shall notify by telex or cable the other party of the accident as soon as possible and send by registered air-mail to the other party the evidence issued by the local government within 14 days from the accident.
如果发生不可抗力，受影响的一方应以电传或电报尽快通知对方该事件并在该事件发生后14天内以航空挂号信形式寄送当地政府出具的该事件的有关证明。
12.3 If the implementation is affected by force majeure and the accident lasts for more than 20 days, both parties shall hold friendly discussions as soon as possible with regard to the further implementation of the contract.
如因不可抗力合同履行遭受影响且该不可抗力事件持续超过 20 天，则双方应就合同的进一步履行进行友好协商。
12.4 Force Majeure:
Neither the Seller or the Buyer shall be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery owing to generally recognized "Force Majeure" causes. However in such a case, the Seller shall immediately advise by cable or telex the Buyer of the accident and airmail to the Buyer within 15 days after the accident, a certificate of the accident issued by the competent government authority or the chamber of commerce which is located at the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. If the said "Force Majeure" cause lasts over 60 days, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the whole or the undelivered part of the order for the goods as stipulated in Contract.
不可抗力：
因公认的不可抗力事件致使迟延交付或无法交付，无论买方还是卖方概不承担责任。然而，在该情况下，卖方应立即以电报或电传的方式通知买方该不可抗力事件，并在该事件发生 15 天内以航空邮件方式送达由该事件发生的当地有关政府部门或商会出具的该事件的证明书以资证明。如果上述不可抗力事件持续超过 60 天，则买方应有权撤消整个合同或本合同规定货物定单未交付部分。
第六节 违约条款（Default Clauses）
英文合同的违约条款（Default Clauses/Breach of contract），也就是对于合同履行过程中，违约方（Defaulting Party）对受害方（Damaged Party）的救济。通常分为如下几种：
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 107 条：当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。（Either party that fails to perform its obligations under the contract or fails to perform them as contracted shall bear the liability for the breach of contract by continuing to perform the obligations, taking remedial measures, compensating for losses）
1. 赔偿损失（Compensation for damages）
Damages:
With the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to "Force Majeure" causes, if the Seller fails to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms and conditions, jointly or severally, of this Contract, the Seller shall be liable to the Buyer and indemnify the Buyer for all losses, damages, including but not limited to, purchase price and/or purchase price differentials, deadfreight, demurrage, and all consequential direct or indirect losses. The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.
损害赔偿：
除非因不可抗力导致的交付迟延或无法交付，如果卖方未能根据本合同的条款交付货物，卖方应对买方承担责任并保证赔偿买方因此造成的损失、损害赔偿，包括但不限于购买价格或购买差价、空仓费、延滞费以及所有因此产生的直接或间接的损失。然而买方应有权解除合同的部分或整个合同，不得妨害买方行使索赔权利。
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 113 条:当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符
合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。(If either party fails to perform its obligations under the contract or does not perform its obligations as contracted and thus causes losses to the other party, the amount of compensation for the loss shall be equivalent to the loss actually caused by the breach of contract and shall include the profit obtained after the performance of the contract, but shall not exceed the sum of the loss that might be caused by a breach of contract and has been anticipated or ought to be anticipated by the breaching party in the making of the contract.
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 119 条：当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。（After either party breaches the contract, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent the increase of the loss; the party that fails to take appropriate preventive measures and thus aggravates the loss may not claim compensation for the increased part of the loss.）当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方承担。(The reasonable expenses incurred by the other party in preventing the aggravation of the loss shall be borne by the breaching party.)
2． 违约金（Default Penalty）
违约金可分为法定违约金（Legal Penalty）和约定违约金(Contractual Penalty)。Penalty(违约金)与 Damages（损害赔偿金）的关系，如果合同中没有明确约定 Liquidated Damages, 那么，Penalty（Legal）通常就是 1 中的损害赔偿一种 Unliquidated damages。当约定了 Liquidated Damages 作为 Penalty（contractual），则可能该违约金的金额可能大于受害方实际的损失，即 1 中的 compensation。
In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option知情决定权 and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23. However, any transfer shall be subject to the confirmation and approval of the People's Insurance Company of China and the lendingbank.
《中华人民共和国合同法》第 114 条：当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。（The parties may stipulate that in case of breach of contract by either party a certain amount of penalty shall be paid to the other party according to the seriousness of the breach, and may also stipulate the method for calculating the sum of compensation for losses caused by the breach of contract.）
约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。(If the stipulated penalty for breach of contract is lower than the loss caused by the breach, the party concerned may apply to a people''s court or an arbitration institution for an increase. If the stipulated penalty for breach of contract is excessively higher than the loss caused by the breach, the party concerned may apply to a people''s court or an arbitration institution for an appropriate reduction.)
当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。(If the parties agree upon a penalty for the breach of contract by a delayed fulfillment, the breaching party shall, after paying the penalty for breach of contract, perform its obligations notwithstanding.)
3．补救措施（Remedial Measures）
当事人一方发生违约事实后，为防止损失的发生或扩大，而由违约方根据法律规定或合同约定而采取的瑕疵修补措施，在买卖合同、加工承揽合同中特别常见：
Subject to special provisions explicitly of this Agreement thereunder, the other party shall be entitled to notify the party in default by registered letter; Unless satisfactory remedial measures are taken within a period of two (2) weeks, the party demanding remedy shall be entitled to claim compensation for losses
and damages.
根据本协议项下明确地专门 的明确规定，本协议的另一方有权以挂号信的方式通知违约方；除非在两周内采取符合要求的补救措施，要求补救的一方有权就其遭受的损失和损害提出索赔。
4． 继续履行（Continuing to perform obligations）
不论违约方是否已经承担赔偿损失或违约金的责任，都必须根据对方请求，在可能履行的情况下，继续履行合同。
The payment of any penalty by Party B according to 8.6 shall not release the obligation of Party B to continue the delivery of the technical documentations.
根据本协议第八条第二款之规定，乙方违约金的支付不得解除其继续履行交付技术文件的义务。
5． 解除终止权（Right of Termination and Rescission）
对于违约方的违约行为，受害方在不愿或不能再继续维持合同关系的情况下，可通知对方解除或提前终止合同。(参见上节)
第四节 保证与担保条款（Indemnification and Warranty）
担保条款（Warranty Clauses）往往是对诸如：品质、权利、履约等方面作出承诺，经常是与声明（Representative）、承诺（Covenant）一并出现使用。而保证条款（Indemnification/Hold harmless）其实是一种救济的约定，即如果合同当事人外的第三人对合同某一方当事人提起关于本合同的诉讼或其他损害赔偿请求时，所引起的责任及损失由合同另一方补偿，实际上由该方当事人最终承担了相关责任和损失。
例如：WARRANTY：
The Seller warrants that all commodities will conform to the description set out in Clause 1. Save as aforesaid all representations, conditions and warranties of whatsoever nature are hereby excluded and extinguished.
卖方保证所有商品符合第一条规定的规格说明。除了前述本协议在此排除和废止的任何性质的声明、条件或担保。
例如：
YEAR 2000 WARRANTY.
Tripod hereby represents and warrants to Licensee that the Licensed Software will perform its function without interruption or failure by reason of the calendar year in which used, whether before, during or after the year 2000, or by reason of errors in date processing, date recognition or other date dependent functions, provided that all other products used in combination with the Licensed Software, including without limitation operating systems and other software, properly exchange data with the Licensed Software. In the event of any breach of the foregoing warranty, Tripod shall, as Licensee''s sole remedy, modify theLicensed Software so as to comply with the foregoing warranty
2000 年担保
Tripod 公司在此向被许可方声明担保如果与其他产品结合使用（包括但不限于操作系统及其他软件），正常地与所许可软件交换信息，所许可软件不会因在 2000 年期间或 2000 年前后的使用或因日期进程，日期辨识或其他日期相关功能的错误导致运行中断或失灵。如果违反上述担保，Tripod公司应修改所许可软件以符合上述担保，仅以此作为对被许可方的补救。
例如：INDEMNIFICATION OF LESSOR.
Lessee shall and does hereby agree to protect and save Lessor harmless against any and all losses or damage to equipment by fire, flood, explosion, tornado or theft and Lessee shall and does hereby assume all liability to any person whomsoever arising from the location, condition or use of equipment, and shall indemnify Lessor of and from all liability, claim and demand whatsoever arising from the location, condition, or use of equipment whether in operation or not, and growing out of any cause, and from every other liability, claim and demand whatsoever during the term of this Lease or arising while equipment is in
the possession of Lessee. Lessee also agrees to promptly reimburse Lessor, in cash, for any and all personal property taxes levied against equipment and paid by Lessor.
出租人保证赔偿
承租人应由此同意保护并使出租人免于任何因火灾、洪水、爆炸、飓风、偷盗造成的任一和全部损失或对设备造成的损害。承租人应承担所有因设备位置、条件、使用所产生对任何人的责任。而且应保证赔偿出租人全部的责任、索赔或要求，无论是基于设备设备的位置、条件或使用与否，还是任何原因，以及保证赔偿无论在租约期间或承租人占有设备时所产生的其他责任、索赔和要求。承租人也同意立即以现金方式补偿出租人所支付的对设备征收的所有动产税费。
例如：Indemnification:
The Company shall indemnify the Managers and Members to the fullest extent permitted or required by the Act, as amended from time to time. The Company may advance expenses incurred by the Managers or Members upon the approval of the Managers, provided such Manager or Member agrees to reimburse the Company unless it is finally determined that such Manager or Member is entitled to be indemnified by the Company against such expenses. The Company may also indemnify its employees and other agents to the fullest extent permitted by the law, provided that a Majority in Interest of the Members first approve such indemnification. The indemnification provided herein shall be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which a person seeking indemnification may otherwise be entitled, shall continue as to a person who ceases to be a Manager or Member, shall inure to the benefit of the estate, heirs, personal representatives or other successors of the indemnity, and shall not be deemed to create any rights for the benefit of any other person or entity.
保证赔偿：
本公司应保证对经理和成员按法律所要求或允许的最大限度予以赔偿，随时修订。本公司可按经理的批准垫付经理或成员所遭受的费用，但该成员或经理同意偿还本公司，除非最终决定该成员或经理有权获得公司就该费用的赔偿。本公司也可对其员工或其他代理人按法律所允许的最大限度保证赔偿，但首先经股东多数股权批准该赔偿。本协议所规定的赔偿应视为排除任何寻求赔偿人可另行获得的任何其他权利，应适用于财产利益、继承利益、个人代表不得或其他赔偿的继受人，并不得视为对其他个人或实体的利益创设任何权利。
第一节 保密条款（Confidentiality）
基于商业秘密的保护，英文合同中往往特别注重保密条款的规定。广义上讲包含两方面的内容；不泄露（to keep the disclosed information confidential）和不滥用(not to use the disclosed informationother than in connection with the agreement)。
例 1：CONFIDENTIALITY
The CVC acknowledges and agrees that the Technology it will receive from Party B during the term of this Contract shall be kept secret and confidential. The CVC agrees that it and all of its employees and personnel shall use the Technology only for the purposes specified in this Contract and shall not disclose in any way whatsoever any of the Technology to any third Party or Parties without the prior written consent of Party B. Such confidentiality shall be maintained during the terms of this Contract and for a period of _______ ( ) years after the termination of this contract.
保密条款
CVC 公司承认并同意在本合同期间对将从乙方收到的技术应予保密。
例 2：CONFIDENTIALITY（保密）
l) China Corporation and the Personnel shall keep confidential to any third party all documents and information related to the Works during the execution of this CONTRACT.
中方公司及其员工在本合同履行期间对有关该工程的文件和资料应对任一第三方保守秘密。
2) The Employer and its staff shall keep confidential to any third party all documents and price of manpower supplied by China Corporation as stipulated in this CONTRACT during the execution of this CONTRACT.
业主及其职员根据本合同规定在本合同履行期间应对中方公司提供人力资源支持的所有文件和价格向任何第三方保守秘密。
第三节 竞业禁止条款（Non-competition）
一般而言，竞业禁止条款（Non-competition）分为两种类型：其一为使因合同而取得特定地位的当事人不能危及他方当事人的特殊地位。如劳动合同，聘用协议中的有关条款。其二为使因合同丧失特定地位的当事人不能再从事威胁因合同取得其地位者的活动。如：公司转让合同。
例 1：NONCOMPETITION PROVISION.
In further consideration of employment, the Employee shall not engage in a business in any manner similar to, or in competition with, the Company's or the Company's affiliated businesses during the term of his or her employment. Furthermore, the Employee shall not engage in a business in any manner similar to or in competition with the Company's business for a period of _________ (___) years from the date of termination of his or her employment with the Company in the geographical area within a ____________ (____) mile radius of any present or future office opened by the Company during the term of employment and the geographical area within a _________ (____) mile radius of the Employee's home address.
竞业禁止规定
进一步考虑聘用关系，在其聘用期间，受聘方不得从事任何与本公司或其关联企业近似或竞争的业务。此外，在本聘用协议终止后*年内在本公司现有或将来开立的营业场所方圆*英里范围内或本聘用协议期间在受聘方家庭住址方圆*英里范围内，受聘方不得以任何方式从事类似或与本公司业务竞争的业务活动。
