Citation rules
Brindle, Reginald Smith. “The Search Outwards: The Orient, Jazz, Archaisms.”
The New Music: The Avant-Garde since 1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 133-45.
Burnett, James. “Ellington’s Place as a Composer.” Gammond, 141-55.
引用作品应按照作者的姓根据字母顺序排列,在引用作品中,应将作者的姓放在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开。只有在两个或两个以上的姓相同时,逗号后的名才考虑,也按字母顺序
MacDonald, Ruth
McCullers, Kellogg
Morris, Robert
Morris, William
Morrison, Carson
如果知道道作者名字,则按书名或文章名排列,但开头的A,An 或The都不考虑,如:An Encyclopedia of the American Novel,按字母顺序应排在e下,而不排在字母a下。引用作品的具体使用格式如下:
1.引用书籍和其他非杂志类的出版物
1)一个作者,一本著作(A Book by a Single Author)
这是学术论文中引用最多的一种形式,包括三个主要部分:
Author’s name. Title of the book. Publication information.
作者姓名. 书名. 出版信息
例如:
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
作者姓名(Author’s Name)
将作者的姓放在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开,全名后再用句号。
Wilson, Frank R.
Porter, Katherine Anne.
在引用作品中,作者姓名应与所引用的书名或文章中一致,不能将其名字缩写,如书籍中的作者名字是George Brown,在引用作品中则不能写成Brown, G. 如果引用的书籍或文章中用的是缩略形式,则可沿用。如
Eliot, T. S.
McLuhan, H. Marshall.
作者姓名前的职称、职务或学位等,在引用作品中都应略去。
ON TITLE PAGE IN WORKS-CITED LIST
Anthony T. Boyle, PhD Boyle, Anthony T.
Sister Jean Daniel Daniel, Jean.
Sir Philip Sidney Sidney, Philip.
书名(Title of the Book)
通常,所引用的书名应用全称,包括副标题在内。如果有副标题,则在书名后加冒号(colon),当然,书名是末尾是问号、感叹号或破折号时除外。书名全称(包括副标题)后加句号(period),如书名的结尾有另一个标点符号除外。书名全称,包括冒号、副标题和书名中的标点符号都加下划线,但书名全称后的句号不能加下划线。
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture.
出版信息(Publication Information)
出版信息通常包括出版城市(city of publication)、出版商(publisher’s name)和出版年(year of publication)。出版商一般在封面,而其他出版信息则在封页背后,封页后的第一页,或在书后,或封底。出版城市和出版商之间用冒号隔开,出版上和出版年之间则用逗号隔开,出版年后用句号。
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
2)选集或编撰作品(An Anthology or a Compilation)
引用选集或编撰作品,在引用作品中的条目,若是编辑的作品,其格式如下:
Name of the editor or compiler. ed. Title of the book. City of publication. Publisher’s name. Year of publication.
例如:
Standford, Paula R., ed. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.
若是编选的作品,其格式则如下:
Name of the editor or compiler. comp. Title of the book. City of publication. Publisher’s name. Year of publication.
例如:
Keats, Peter, comp. The Hopi Way: Tales from a Vanishing Culture. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994.
3)同一作者,两本或以上书籍(Two or more Books by the Same Author)
在引用作品作者的第一次条目中,写出作者姓名,之后,用三个连字号代替作者姓名,加句号和书名等。如果提到的这个作者编选、编辑或翻译的作品,则在连字号后加逗号,再写上适当的缩写形式,如ed. trans. 或comp. 例如:
Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. Chicago: University of Chicago P, 1979.
—, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967.
—, ed. Wallace Stevens: A collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963.
4)两个或以上作者,一本书籍(A Book by Two or More Authors)
引用书籍有两个或以上作者时,按照书上作者的顺序排列,而不按字母顺序。只需将第一作者的姓提前,与名之间用逗号隔开,其余作者姓名则不变。最后一个作者后加句号。如果作者是编撰者或译者,则在最后一个名字后加逗号,而不是句号,再写上eds. trans. 或comps.
Eggins, Suzanne, and Diane Slade. Analyzing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997.
Rabkin, Eric S., Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds. No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1983.
如果超过三位作者,则只写第一作者,再加et al.(and others),或者按照书上作者顺序将他们全部写出。
Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria Beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Hysteria Beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
如果引用的一个作者也是另外一本书的第一作者,其他应将其全名写出,而不用三个连字号代替。
Scholes, Robert. Protocols of Reading. New Haven: Yale UP, 1989.
Scholes, Robert, and Robert Kellogg. The Nature of Narrative. New York: Oxford UP, 1966.
5)同一批作者,两本或以上书籍(Two or More Books by the Same Authors)
如果引用的是同样几个作者的两本或两本以上的书籍,在引用作品条目中,只需第一次将全部名字写出来,之后,也用三个连字号代替,再加句号和书名等。
Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979.
—, eds. The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The Tradition in English. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1996.
6)集体名义的书籍(A Book by a Corporate Author)
往往由一个协会、委员会或一个群体编写的书籍,而没有个体成员的名字,在引用作品条目中,则用如下格式:
American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. New York: Random, 1989.
7)选集中的作品(A Work in an Anthology)
如果引用选集中的一个故事、一篇短文、一首诗歌,则需要添加以下信息:
Author, title, and (if relevant) translator of the part of the book being cited. 在引用作品条目中,写出引用文章的作者、作品(加引号),(如果引用的文章有译者,则应加上Trans. 和译者姓名)再写选集名称(加下划线),选集中若有译者、编者和编选者,则在trans. Ed. 和Comp.(Translated by,Edited by 和Compiled by)之后再写出译者姓名、出版城市、出版社、出版年和页码。
Calvino, Italo. “Toad’s Mouth.” Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88.
More, Hannah. “The Black Slave Trade: A Poem.” British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Ed. Paula R. Feldman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. 472-82.
8)参考书中的文章(An Article in a Reference Book)
引用百科全书或词典的词条时,不需注明编者。若文章或词条有署名,则先注明作者;如未署名,则先写出书名。如百科全书或词典是按字母顺序排列,卷号和页码可省略。引用大家都熟悉的参考书籍时,只注明版本和出版年则可。
“Ginsburg, Ruth Bader.” Who’s Who in America. 52nd ed. 1998.
“Mandarin.” The Encyclopedia Americana. 1994 ed.
Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.
若引用不熟悉的参考书籍,尤其是只出过一个版本的,应注明所有出版信息。
Le Patourel, John. “Normans and Normandy.” Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. 13 vols. New York: Scribner’s, 1987.
9)引用前言或后记(An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword)
引用前言或后记时,先写出作者姓名,再写出引用部分名称(第一个字母大写,不用下划线或引号)。若前言或后记的作者不是本书的作者,书名后注明其作者,用全名和正常顺序。作者前加By。若引用的前言或后记与本书是同一作者,则在By后只用姓即可。然后,注明出版信息和页码。
Doctorow, E. L. Introduction. Sister Carrie. By Theodore Dreiser. New York: Bantam, 1982. v-xi.
Elliott, Emory. Afterword. The Jungle. By Upton Sinclair. New York: Signet, 1990. 342-50.
Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems. 1923-1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv-xvi.
如前言或后记有题目,则加引号注明该题目,放在该部分前。
Doody, Margaret Anne. “In Search of the Ancient Novel.” Introduction. The True Story of the Novel. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1996. 1-11.
10)引用没有作者或编者的书(An Anonymous Book)
若所引用的书籍没有作者或编者,则将书名按字母顺序在引用作品中注明,A,An或The应忽略不计。如A Guide to Our Federal Lands按字母顺序应属于g。
Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993.
A Guide to Our Federal Lands. Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984.
11)版本(An Edition)
注明版本时,先写出作者名(没有作者则写书名),再注明书名,在Ed. 后注明编者名和出版信息。
Rossetti, Christina. Selected Prose of Christina Rossetti. Ed. David A. Kent and P. G. Stanwood. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square-Pocket, 1992.
如果引用的是编者的内容(介绍、注释等),则用如下格式:
Bowers, Fredson, ed. The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil War. By Stephen Crane. 1895. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1975.
12)引用翻译作品(A Translation)
引用翻译作品时,先注明作者姓名和作品名称,在Trans.后写出译者姓名。如既有编者也有译者,则在Ed.后写出编者姓名。
Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964.
Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Eagles. New York: Viking, 1996.
如引用的是译者的评论等,则先写出译者的名字,在加逗号和Trans. 作者前要加By。格式如下:
Coulson, Jessie, Trans. Crime and Punishment. By Feodor Dostoevsky. Ed. George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964.
13)引用再版或多次再版的书籍(A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition)
一般说来,引用没有注明出版的版本,原则上被认为是第一个版本。第二、三、四等版,则注明2nd ed. 3rd ed. 4th ed.等;如果是修订本,则注明Rev. ed.(Revised edition);若是删节本,则注明Abr. Ed.(Abridged edition)。格式如下:
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Ed. F. W. Robinson. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton, 1957.
Murasake Shikibu. The Tale of Genji. Trans. Edward G. Seidensticker. Abr. Ed. New York: Vintage-Random, 1985.
14)引用多卷本书籍(A Multivolume Work)
若引用多卷本书籍,在引用作品中应注明总卷数,放在书名后,而具体的卷号和页码则应放在文本中,并加括号注明,如(3:212-13)。
Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Lexington: Heath, 1994.
Blanco, Richard L., ed. The American Revolution, 1775-1783: An Encyclopedia. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.
若只引用其中一卷,且该卷有单独的题目或书名,则只需注明该卷,而不需注明其他卷本。
Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957.
有时,为了提供更多的信息也可将该卷的卷号、多卷本的书名、总卷号和出版年注明。
Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957. Vol. 3 of A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. 4 vols. 1956-58.
15)引用系列丛书(A Book in a Series)
如果引用系列丛书,应注明丛书名(不加下划线也不加引号)、丛书号。书号后加句号。再注明出版信息。
Charriere, Isabelle de. Letters of Mistress Henley Published by Her Friend. Trans. Philip Stewart and Jean Vache. Texts and Trans. 1. New York: MLA, 1993.
16)再版的书籍(A Republished Book)
引用再版书籍时,应注明初版日期,日期后用句号,在注明所引用书的出版信息。
Doctorow, E. L. Welcome to Hard Times. 1960. New York: Vintage-Random, 1988.
初版的出版信息也可注明。如:
Doctorow, E. L. Welcome to Hard Times. New York: Bantam, 1960. New York: Vintage-Random, 1988.
17)引用多家出版社出版的书籍(A Book with Multiple Publishers)
如果所引用的书籍上有两家或以上出版社,则按照书上排列顺序在出版信息中注明,中间用分号(semicolon)隔开。
Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 1895. London: Dent; Rutland: Tuttle, 1992.
18)引用非英语类书籍(A Book in a Language Other Than English)
引用其他语言类书籍时,也按照英文书籍引用作品的格式加以注明。为了清晰,可翻译成英语,但必须加方括号(brackets),如“文化 [Culture]”。同样,外国城市,也可写出英文名称,也必须加方括号,如“Wien [Vienna]”。或者,直接用原来的语言按照英文参考文献格式注明。
Poche, Emanuel. Prazske Palace. Praha [Prague]: Odeon, 1997.
张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989.
19)引用未出版的论文(An Unpublished Dissertation)
引用未出版的论文时,论文加引号,但不加下划线,注明Diss.和授予学位的学校,加逗号后在注明日期。
Boyle, Anthony T. “The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657.” Diss. New York U, 1983.
20)引用已出版的论文(A Published Dissertation)
引用已出版的论文书籍,则应注明其名称,在加下划线。若论文The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657已成书出版,那么,则应如此注明:
Boyle, Anthony T. The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657. Diss. New York U, 1983. New York: Wings, 1988.
2.引用学术期刊/杂志文章
引用学术期刊杂志主要也有三部分:
作者姓名.文章名.出版信息.
Author’s name. “Title fo the article.” Publication information.
例如:
Most, Andrea. “‘We Know We Belong to the Land’: The Theatricality of Assimilation in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!” PMLA 113 (1998): 77-89.
作者姓名(Authors Name)
如同注明书籍参考文献一样,将英文作者的名和姓颠倒,中间逗号隔开,名后用句号。
Most, Andrea.
文章名(Title of the Article)
注明所引用文章的全名,加引号但不加下划线。如果文章后没有标点符号(问号或感叹号等),则在引号内加句号。
Most, Andrea. “‘we Know We Belong to the Land’: The Theatricality of Assimilation in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!”
出版信息(Publication Information)
文章名后,写出期刊名(加下划线)、期刊号、出版年(加括号)、冒号、页码和句号。
Most, Andrea. “‘We Know We Belong to the Land’: The Theatricality of Assimilation in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!” PMLA 113 (1998): 77-89.
1)引用学术期刊每期页码单独标注的文章(An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Pages Each Issue Separately)
许多学术期刊每期页码都是单独编号,必须注明本期刊号。格式为:
作者. “文章名”. 期刊名+卷号. 本期刊号. (出版年):页码.
Barthelme, Frederick. “Architucture.” Kansas Quarterly 13. 3-4 (1981): 77-80.
期刊名应加下划线,期刊名和总期刊号之间不用句号。“13. 3-4”:13指卷号,而3-4则指3与4合刊。
2)引用只有刊号的学术杂志(An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers)
有些学术杂志没有卷号,只有刊号,只需将刊号注明即可。
Lajolo, Marisa. “The Female Reader on Trial.” Brasil 14 (1995): 61-81.
3)引用报纸上的文章(An Article in a Newspaper)
引用报纸文章时,如果出版城市没有在地方报纸上,则在应在报纸名后注明,并加方括号,如“Star-Ledger [Newark]”。但对于一些著名报纸则不须著名出版城市。报纸文章应著名完整的日期——日、月、年。除May,June和July外,其余都应缩写。不用注明卷号和期号。如果报纸上注明了版面号,则在日期后加逗号,再注明版面号。如没有版面号,则在日期后加冒号,再注明页码。
Lohr, Steve. “Now Playing: Babes in Cyberspace.” New York Times 3 Apr. 1998, late ed.: C1+.
报纸文章常常转到另外一页,如一篇文章从第一页开始,可能以下转至15页。在引用作品中,则注明第一页,再加一个+号,如1+,5+等。但论文中引用的内容则必须注明确切的页码。
Alaton, Salem. “So, Did They Live Happily Ever After?” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 27 Dec. 1997: D1+.
4)杂志文章(An Article in a Magazine)
周刊或双周刊杂志文章应注明完整日期(日和月,月应用缩写,除May、June和July外。)日期后用冒号,再注明页码。如果文章不是刊发在连续页面上,则注明文章的首页,再注明+。不用注明卷号和刊号。
Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. “Exploding Myths.” New Republic, 6 June 1998: 17-19.
月刊或双月刊,则应著名出版月和年。如果文章不是刊发在连续页面上,则注明文章的首页,再注明+。也不用注明卷号和刊号。
Murphy, Cullen. “Women and the Bible.” Atlantic Monthly, Aug. 1993: 39-64.
Perlstein, Rick. “Abridged Too Far?” Lingua Franca, Apr. – May 1997: 23–24.
5)评论(A Review)
引用评论时,在引用作品中应注明作者姓名、评论文章名,在注明Rev. of(不用下划线,也不用引号),再注明被评论作品名,加逗号和By后注明被评论作品作者姓名。如作品有编辑、译者或指导者,则注明ed.、trans.或dir.,而不是by。如果评论的不止一部作品,则按照评论顺序注明作品名和作者姓名。如果评论有标题,而没有作者署名,则将标题按字母顺序在引用作品中注出。如评论既无标题也无作者,则先注出Rev. of,再将标题按字母顺序在引用作品中注出。
Rev. of Anthology of Danish Literature, ed. F. J. Billeskov Jansen and P. M. Mitchell. Times Literary Supplement 7 July 1972: 785.
“The Cooling of an Admiration.” Rev. of Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce, with Pound’s Essays on Joyce, ed. Forrest Read. Times Literary Supplement 6 Mar. 1969: 239-40.
Kauffmann, Stanley. “A New Spielberg.” Rev. of Schindler’s List, dir. Steven Spielberg. New Republic 13 Dec. 1993: 30.
Updike, John. “Fine Points.” Rev. of The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage, ed. R. W. Burchfield. New Yorker 23-30 Dec. 1996: 142-49.
6)轶名文章(An Anonymous Article)
如果引用的文章没有作者姓名,则从文章题目开始,按照字母顺序注明,A、An和The不包括在内。
“The Decade of the Spy.” Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27.
“Dubious Venture.” Time 3 Jan. 1994: 54-65.
7)系列文章(A Serialized Article)
引用系列文章,或发表在不止一期上的相关系列文章,如作者和标题一样,标注如下:
Garbaccia, Donna R., et al. “Food, Recipes, Cookbooks, and Italian-American Life.” Italian Americana 16 (1998): 5-23, 125-46.
Meserole, Harrison T., and James M. Rambeau. “Articles on American Literature Appearing in Current Periodicals.” American Literature 52 (1981): 688-705; 53 (1981): 164-80, 348-59.
若文章名称不同,则应单独注出。
Songtag, Deborah. “A Mexican Town That Transcends All Borders.” New York Times 21 July 1998, late ed.: A1+. Pt. 3 of a series, Here and There: Immigration New, begun 19 July 1998.
In-text citations: Author-page style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967. Print.
The New Music: The Avant-Garde since 1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 133-45.
Burnett, James. “Ellington’s Place as a Composer.” Gammond, 141-55.
引用作品应按照作者的姓根据字母顺序排列,在引用作品中,应将作者的姓放在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开。只有在两个或两个以上的姓相同时,逗号后的名才考虑,也按字母顺序
MacDonald, Ruth
McCullers, Kellogg
Morris, Robert
Morris, William
Morrison, Carson
如果知道道作者名字,则按书名或文章名排列,但开头的A,An 或The都不考虑,如:An Encyclopedia of the American Novel,按字母顺序应排在e下,而不排在字母a下。引用作品的具体使用格式如下:
1.引用书籍和其他非杂志类的出版物
1)一个作者,一本著作(A Book by a Single Author)
这是学术论文中引用最多的一种形式,包括三个主要部分:
Author’s name. Title of the book. Publication information.
作者姓名. 书名. 出版信息
例如:
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
作者姓名(Author’s Name)
将作者的姓放在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开,全名后再用句号。
Wilson, Frank R.
Porter, Katherine Anne.
在引用作品中,作者姓名应与所引用的书名或文章中一致,不能将其名字缩写,如书籍中的作者名字是George Brown,在引用作品中则不能写成Brown, G. 如果引用的书籍或文章中用的是缩略形式,则可沿用。如
Eliot, T. S.
McLuhan, H. Marshall.
作者姓名前的职称、职务或学位等,在引用作品中都应略去。
ON TITLE PAGE IN WORKS-CITED LIST
Anthony T. Boyle, PhD Boyle, Anthony T.
Sister Jean Daniel Daniel, Jean.
Sir Philip Sidney Sidney, Philip.
书名(Title of the Book)
通常,所引用的书名应用全称,包括副标题在内。如果有副标题,则在书名后加冒号(colon),当然,书名是末尾是问号、感叹号或破折号时除外。书名全称(包括副标题)后加句号(period),如书名的结尾有另一个标点符号除外。书名全称,包括冒号、副标题和书名中的标点符号都加下划线,但书名全称后的句号不能加下划线。
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture.
出版信息(Publication Information)
出版信息通常包括出版城市(city of publication)、出版商(publisher’s name)和出版年(year of publication)。出版商一般在封面,而其他出版信息则在封页背后,封页后的第一页,或在书后,或封底。出版城市和出版商之间用冒号隔开,出版上和出版年之间则用逗号隔开,出版年后用句号。
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
2)选集或编撰作品(An Anthology or a Compilation)
引用选集或编撰作品,在引用作品中的条目,若是编辑的作品,其格式如下:
Name of the editor or compiler. ed. Title of the book. City of publication. Publisher’s name. Year of publication.
例如:
Standford, Paula R., ed. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.
若是编选的作品,其格式则如下:
Name of the editor or compiler. comp. Title of the book. City of publication. Publisher’s name. Year of publication.
例如:
Keats, Peter, comp. The Hopi Way: Tales from a Vanishing Culture. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994.
3)同一作者,两本或以上书籍(Two or more Books by the Same Author)
在引用作品作者的第一次条目中,写出作者姓名,之后,用三个连字号代替作者姓名,加句号和书名等。如果提到的这个作者编选、编辑或翻译的作品,则在连字号后加逗号,再写上适当的缩写形式,如ed. trans. 或comp. 例如:
Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. Chicago: University of Chicago P, 1979.
—, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967.
—, ed. Wallace Stevens: A collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963.
4)两个或以上作者,一本书籍(A Book by Two or More Authors)
引用书籍有两个或以上作者时,按照书上作者的顺序排列,而不按字母顺序。只需将第一作者的姓提前,与名之间用逗号隔开,其余作者姓名则不变。最后一个作者后加句号。如果作者是编撰者或译者,则在最后一个名字后加逗号,而不是句号,再写上eds. trans. 或comps.
Eggins, Suzanne, and Diane Slade. Analyzing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997.
Rabkin, Eric S., Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds. No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1983.
如果超过三位作者,则只写第一作者,再加et al.(and others),或者按照书上作者顺序将他们全部写出。
Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria Beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Hysteria Beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
如果引用的一个作者也是另外一本书的第一作者,其他应将其全名写出,而不用三个连字号代替。
Scholes, Robert. Protocols of Reading. New Haven: Yale UP, 1989.
Scholes, Robert, and Robert Kellogg. The Nature of Narrative. New York: Oxford UP, 1966.
5)同一批作者,两本或以上书籍(Two or More Books by the Same Authors)
如果引用的是同样几个作者的两本或两本以上的书籍,在引用作品条目中,只需第一次将全部名字写出来,之后,也用三个连字号代替,再加句号和书名等。
Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979.
—, eds. The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The Tradition in English. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1996.
6)集体名义的书籍(A Book by a Corporate Author)
往往由一个协会、委员会或一个群体编写的书籍,而没有个体成员的名字,在引用作品条目中,则用如下格式:
American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. New York: Random, 1989.
7)选集中的作品(A Work in an Anthology)
如果引用选集中的一个故事、一篇短文、一首诗歌,则需要添加以下信息:
Author, title, and (if relevant) translator of the part of the book being cited. 在引用作品条目中,写出引用文章的作者、作品(加引号),(如果引用的文章有译者,则应加上Trans. 和译者姓名)再写选集名称(加下划线),选集中若有译者、编者和编选者,则在trans. Ed. 和Comp.(Translated by,Edited by 和Compiled by)之后再写出译者姓名、出版城市、出版社、出版年和页码。
Calvino, Italo. “Toad’s Mouth.” Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88.
More, Hannah. “The Black Slave Trade: A Poem.” British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Ed. Paula R. Feldman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. 472-82.
8)参考书中的文章(An Article in a Reference Book)
引用百科全书或词典的词条时,不需注明编者。若文章或词条有署名,则先注明作者;如未署名,则先写出书名。如百科全书或词典是按字母顺序排列,卷号和页码可省略。引用大家都熟悉的参考书籍时,只注明版本和出版年则可。
“Ginsburg, Ruth Bader.” Who’s Who in America. 52nd ed. 1998.
“Mandarin.” The Encyclopedia Americana. 1994 ed.
Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.
若引用不熟悉的参考书籍,尤其是只出过一个版本的,应注明所有出版信息。
Le Patourel, John. “Normans and Normandy.” Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. 13 vols. New York: Scribner’s, 1987.
9)引用前言或后记(An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword)
引用前言或后记时,先写出作者姓名,再写出引用部分名称(第一个字母大写,不用下划线或引号)。若前言或后记的作者不是本书的作者,书名后注明其作者,用全名和正常顺序。作者前加By。若引用的前言或后记与本书是同一作者,则在By后只用姓即可。然后,注明出版信息和页码。
Doctorow, E. L. Introduction. Sister Carrie. By Theodore Dreiser. New York: Bantam, 1982. v-xi.
Elliott, Emory. Afterword. The Jungle. By Upton Sinclair. New York: Signet, 1990. 342-50.
Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems. 1923-1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv-xvi.
如前言或后记有题目,则加引号注明该题目,放在该部分前。
Doody, Margaret Anne. “In Search of the Ancient Novel.” Introduction. The True Story of the Novel. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1996. 1-11.
10)引用没有作者或编者的书(An Anonymous Book)
若所引用的书籍没有作者或编者,则将书名按字母顺序在引用作品中注明,A,An或The应忽略不计。如A Guide to Our Federal Lands按字母顺序应属于g。
Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993.
A Guide to Our Federal Lands. Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984.
11)版本(An Edition)
注明版本时,先写出作者名(没有作者则写书名),再注明书名,在Ed. 后注明编者名和出版信息。
Rossetti, Christina. Selected Prose of Christina Rossetti. Ed. David A. Kent and P. G. Stanwood. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square-Pocket, 1992.
如果引用的是编者的内容(介绍、注释等),则用如下格式:
Bowers, Fredson, ed. The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil War. By Stephen Crane. 1895. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1975.
12)引用翻译作品(A Translation)
引用翻译作品时,先注明作者姓名和作品名称,在Trans.后写出译者姓名。如既有编者也有译者,则在Ed.后写出编者姓名。
Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964.
Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Eagles. New York: Viking, 1996.
如引用的是译者的评论等,则先写出译者的名字,在加逗号和Trans. 作者前要加By。格式如下:
Coulson, Jessie, Trans. Crime and Punishment. By Feodor Dostoevsky. Ed. George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964.
13)引用再版或多次再版的书籍(A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition)
一般说来,引用没有注明出版的版本,原则上被认为是第一个版本。第二、三、四等版,则注明2nd ed. 3rd ed. 4th ed.等;如果是修订本,则注明Rev. ed.(Revised edition);若是删节本,则注明Abr. Ed.(Abridged edition)。格式如下:
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Ed. F. W. Robinson. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton, 1957.
Murasake Shikibu. The Tale of Genji. Trans. Edward G. Seidensticker. Abr. Ed. New York: Vintage-Random, 1985.
14)引用多卷本书籍(A Multivolume Work)
若引用多卷本书籍,在引用作品中应注明总卷数,放在书名后,而具体的卷号和页码则应放在文本中,并加括号注明,如(3:212-13)。
Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Lexington: Heath, 1994.
Blanco, Richard L., ed. The American Revolution, 1775-1783: An Encyclopedia. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.
若只引用其中一卷,且该卷有单独的题目或书名,则只需注明该卷,而不需注明其他卷本。
Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957.
有时,为了提供更多的信息也可将该卷的卷号、多卷本的书名、总卷号和出版年注明。
Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957. Vol. 3 of A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. 4 vols. 1956-58.
15)引用系列丛书(A Book in a Series)
如果引用系列丛书,应注明丛书名(不加下划线也不加引号)、丛书号。书号后加句号。再注明出版信息。
Charriere, Isabelle de. Letters of Mistress Henley Published by Her Friend. Trans. Philip Stewart and Jean Vache. Texts and Trans. 1. New York: MLA, 1993.
16)再版的书籍(A Republished Book)
引用再版书籍时,应注明初版日期,日期后用句号,在注明所引用书的出版信息。
Doctorow, E. L. Welcome to Hard Times. 1960. New York: Vintage-Random, 1988.
初版的出版信息也可注明。如:
Doctorow, E. L. Welcome to Hard Times. New York: Bantam, 1960. New York: Vintage-Random, 1988.
17)引用多家出版社出版的书籍(A Book with Multiple Publishers)
如果所引用的书籍上有两家或以上出版社,则按照书上排列顺序在出版信息中注明,中间用分号(semicolon)隔开。
Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 1895. London: Dent; Rutland: Tuttle, 1992.
18)引用非英语类书籍(A Book in a Language Other Than English)
引用其他语言类书籍时,也按照英文书籍引用作品的格式加以注明。为了清晰,可翻译成英语,但必须加方括号(brackets),如“文化 [Culture]”。同样,外国城市,也可写出英文名称,也必须加方括号,如“Wien [Vienna]”。或者,直接用原来的语言按照英文参考文献格式注明。
Poche, Emanuel. Prazske Palace. Praha [Prague]: Odeon, 1997.
张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989.
19)引用未出版的论文(An Unpublished Dissertation)
引用未出版的论文时,论文加引号,但不加下划线,注明Diss.和授予学位的学校,加逗号后在注明日期。
Boyle, Anthony T. “The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657.” Diss. New York U, 1983.
20)引用已出版的论文(A Published Dissertation)
引用已出版的论文书籍,则应注明其名称,在加下划线。若论文The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657已成书出版,那么,则应如此注明:
Boyle, Anthony T. The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657. Diss. New York U, 1983. New York: Wings, 1988.
2.引用学术期刊/杂志文章
引用学术期刊杂志主要也有三部分:
作者姓名.文章名.出版信息.
Author’s name. “Title fo the article.” Publication information.
例如:
Most, Andrea. “‘We Know We Belong to the Land’: The Theatricality of Assimilation in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!” PMLA 113 (1998): 77-89.
作者姓名(Authors Name)
如同注明书籍参考文献一样,将英文作者的名和姓颠倒,中间逗号隔开,名后用句号。
Most, Andrea.
文章名(Title of the Article)
注明所引用文章的全名,加引号但不加下划线。如果文章后没有标点符号(问号或感叹号等),则在引号内加句号。
Most, Andrea. “‘we Know We Belong to the Land’: The Theatricality of Assimilation in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!”
出版信息(Publication Information)
文章名后,写出期刊名(加下划线)、期刊号、出版年(加括号)、冒号、页码和句号。
Most, Andrea. “‘We Know We Belong to the Land’: The Theatricality of Assimilation in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!” PMLA 113 (1998): 77-89.
1)引用学术期刊每期页码单独标注的文章(An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Pages Each Issue Separately)
许多学术期刊每期页码都是单独编号,必须注明本期刊号。格式为:
作者. “文章名”. 期刊名+卷号. 本期刊号. (出版年):页码.
Barthelme, Frederick. “Architucture.” Kansas Quarterly 13. 3-4 (1981): 77-80.
期刊名应加下划线,期刊名和总期刊号之间不用句号。“13. 3-4”:13指卷号,而3-4则指3与4合刊。
2)引用只有刊号的学术杂志(An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers)
有些学术杂志没有卷号,只有刊号,只需将刊号注明即可。
Lajolo, Marisa. “The Female Reader on Trial.” Brasil 14 (1995): 61-81.
3)引用报纸上的文章(An Article in a Newspaper)
引用报纸文章时,如果出版城市没有在地方报纸上,则在应在报纸名后注明,并加方括号,如“Star-Ledger [Newark]”。但对于一些著名报纸则不须著名出版城市。报纸文章应著名完整的日期——日、月、年。除May,June和July外,其余都应缩写。不用注明卷号和期号。如果报纸上注明了版面号,则在日期后加逗号,再注明版面号。如没有版面号,则在日期后加冒号,再注明页码。
Lohr, Steve. “Now Playing: Babes in Cyberspace.” New York Times 3 Apr. 1998, late ed.: C1+.
报纸文章常常转到另外一页,如一篇文章从第一页开始,可能以下转至15页。在引用作品中,则注明第一页,再加一个+号,如1+,5+等。但论文中引用的内容则必须注明确切的页码。
Alaton, Salem. “So, Did They Live Happily Ever After?” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 27 Dec. 1997: D1+.
4)杂志文章(An Article in a Magazine)
周刊或双周刊杂志文章应注明完整日期(日和月,月应用缩写,除May、June和July外。)日期后用冒号,再注明页码。如果文章不是刊发在连续页面上,则注明文章的首页,再注明+。不用注明卷号和刊号。
Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. “Exploding Myths.” New Republic, 6 June 1998: 17-19.
月刊或双月刊,则应著名出版月和年。如果文章不是刊发在连续页面上,则注明文章的首页,再注明+。也不用注明卷号和刊号。
Murphy, Cullen. “Women and the Bible.” Atlantic Monthly, Aug. 1993: 39-64.
Perlstein, Rick. “Abridged Too Far?” Lingua Franca, Apr. – May 1997: 23–24.
5)评论(A Review)
引用评论时,在引用作品中应注明作者姓名、评论文章名,在注明Rev. of(不用下划线,也不用引号),再注明被评论作品名,加逗号和By后注明被评论作品作者姓名。如作品有编辑、译者或指导者,则注明ed.、trans.或dir.,而不是by。如果评论的不止一部作品,则按照评论顺序注明作品名和作者姓名。如果评论有标题,而没有作者署名,则将标题按字母顺序在引用作品中注出。如评论既无标题也无作者,则先注出Rev. of,再将标题按字母顺序在引用作品中注出。
Rev. of Anthology of Danish Literature, ed. F. J. Billeskov Jansen and P. M. Mitchell. Times Literary Supplement 7 July 1972: 785.
“The Cooling of an Admiration.” Rev. of Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce, with Pound’s Essays on Joyce, ed. Forrest Read. Times Literary Supplement 6 Mar. 1969: 239-40.
Kauffmann, Stanley. “A New Spielberg.” Rev. of Schindler’s List, dir. Steven Spielberg. New Republic 13 Dec. 1993: 30.
Updike, John. “Fine Points.” Rev. of The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage, ed. R. W. Burchfield. New Yorker 23-30 Dec. 1996: 142-49.
6)轶名文章(An Anonymous Article)
如果引用的文章没有作者姓名,则从文章题目开始,按照字母顺序注明,A、An和The不包括在内。
“The Decade of the Spy.” Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27.
“Dubious Venture.” Time 3 Jan. 1994: 54-65.
7)系列文章(A Serialized Article)
引用系列文章,或发表在不止一期上的相关系列文章,如作者和标题一样,标注如下:
Garbaccia, Donna R., et al. “Food, Recipes, Cookbooks, and Italian-American Life.” Italian Americana 16 (1998): 5-23, 125-46.
Meserole, Harrison T., and James M. Rambeau. “Articles on American Literature Appearing in Current Periodicals.” American Literature 52 (1981): 688-705; 53 (1981): 164-80, 348-59.
若文章名称不同,则应单独注出。
Songtag, Deborah. “A Mexican Town That Transcends All Borders.” New York Times 21 July 1998, late ed.: A1+. Pt. 3 of a series, Here and There: Immigration New, begun 19 July 1998.
In-text citations: Author-page style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967. Print.