【小抄】Notes on (Grimm) Fairy Tales
全部总结自Eric Rabkin 在 Coursera 的公开课 Fantasy and Science Fiction: The Human Mind, Our Modern World 第一单元。跟不上 reading 的速度，只能补看玩玩。
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在真正口头流传的故事中，没有角色会对另一个角色说 “I love you”。Instead, you give somebody food. To feed someone is to express that very basic love. [Max Lüthi, University of Zurich] （The Little Farmer 里面，磨坊女主人趁丈夫不在与男路人尽享美食，丈夫一回家迅速把食物和路人全都藏起来，意味不要太明显。。）
类似地，没有角色会被明确评价“You are worthy”；他们会被描述为英俊/漂亮。
格林童话中对性别角色的强化，例子不胜枚举。Hansel 第一次用打火石做标记，成功地找了回家；第二次用面包屑失败了（面包屑被鸟吃掉），因为食物是女性的工作领域。Grethel 杀掉女巫，不是用刀用剑，而是把她推进烤炉，也符合了她的女性身份。（联想到小红帽的奶奶和小羊的妈妈都是用针线把狼的肚子缝起来报仇的。）
灰姑娘的水晶鞋源自法语的误传。原为 vair，松鼠皮，误为 verre，法语 verre 仅表玻璃而非水晶。 （即便如此，专门强调松鼠皮做成的鞋，宁愿相信是搜集者龟毛也不想相信法国人民世世代代全都龟毛地把这个细节传下来……）
几乎所有重复都是三次。东亚从阴阳出发，符号多用二倍数；西欧自铁器时代开始出现 Triskelion，尤其常见于凯尔特文化中。
颜色既有其自然含义，又有文化赋予的含义。浅肤色人群中，黑色往往暗示死亡和恐惧；但对黑人来说，黑色是他们正常的肤色，死后会露出的是白骨，所以在西非的某些地方白色反而与死亡相联系。随手查到一个表示死后生命的，像两块白骨交叠：
最有意思的——前苏联 Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp 总结过口头民间传说的结构，归纳出四大定理（Theorems）:
1. The functions of characters serve as stable, constant elements in a tale, independent of how and by whom they are fulfilled.
2. The number of functions known to the fairy tale is limited.
3. The sequence of functions is always identical.
4. All fairy tales are of one type in regard to their structure.
31项 Function:
After the initial situation (a) (e.g., "Once upon a time, long long ago and in a far off land"), there follow in true oral folktales thirty-one more possible "functions."
ß = absentation
g = interdiction
d = violation
e = reconnaissance
z = delivery
h = trickery
J = complicity
A = villainy/lack
B = mediation
C = beginning counteraction
↑= departure
D = first function of the donor (testing or interrogation)*
E = the hero's reaction
F = provision or receipt of a magical agent
G = spatial transference between two kingdoms, guidance
H = struggle
J = branding, marking (of the hero)
I = victory
K = initial villainy or lack liquidated (a pair with A)
↓ = return
Pr = pursuit, chase
Rs = rescue (of the hero from pursuit)
O = unrecognized arrival
L = unfounded claims
M = difficult task
N = solution
Q = recognition
Ex = exposure
T = transfiguration
U = punishment
W = wedding
Function 的次序偶见颠倒，元素还经常被作废两次于是一共重复三次（欧洲之外的文化圈未必），但据说一切情节不外乎此。
这实在是太有趣了，拿着这把锤子看什么童话、美文、韩剧都可以当钉子试试呀！！
……实在是毁掉什么东西的不二法门。
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在真正口头流传的故事中，没有角色会对另一个角色说 “I love you”。Instead, you give somebody food. To feed someone is to express that very basic love. [Max Lüthi, University of Zurich] （The Little Farmer 里面，磨坊女主人趁丈夫不在与男路人尽享美食，丈夫一回家迅速把食物和路人全都藏起来，意味不要太明显。。）
类似地，没有角色会被明确评价“You are worthy”；他们会被描述为英俊/漂亮。
格林童话中对性别角色的强化，例子不胜枚举。Hansel 第一次用打火石做标记，成功地找了回家；第二次用面包屑失败了（面包屑被鸟吃掉），因为食物是女性的工作领域。Grethel 杀掉女巫，不是用刀用剑，而是把她推进烤炉，也符合了她的女性身份。（联想到小红帽的奶奶和小羊的妈妈都是用针线把狼的肚子缝起来报仇的。）
灰姑娘的水晶鞋源自法语的误传。原为 vair，松鼠皮，误为 verre，法语 verre 仅表玻璃而非水晶。 （即便如此，专门强调松鼠皮做成的鞋，宁愿相信是搜集者龟毛也不想相信法国人民世世代代全都龟毛地把这个细节传下来……）
几乎所有重复都是三次。东亚从阴阳出发，符号多用二倍数；西欧自铁器时代开始出现 Triskelion，尤其常见于凯尔特文化中。
颜色既有其自然含义，又有文化赋予的含义。浅肤色人群中，黑色往往暗示死亡和恐惧；但对黑人来说，黑色是他们正常的肤色，死后会露出的是白骨，所以在西非的某些地方白色反而与死亡相联系。随手查到一个表示死后生命的，像两块白骨交叠：
 |
NYAME NNWU NA MAWU |
最有意思的——前苏联 Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp 总结过口头民间传说的结构，归纳出四大定理（Theorems）:
1. The functions of characters serve as stable, constant elements in a tale, independent of how and by whom they are fulfilled.
2. The number of functions known to the fairy tale is limited.
3. The sequence of functions is always identical.
4. All fairy tales are of one type in regard to their structure.
31项 Function:
After the initial situation (a) (e.g., "Once upon a time, long long ago and in a far off land"), there follow in true oral folktales thirty-one more possible "functions."
ß = absentation
g = interdiction
d = violation
e = reconnaissance
z = delivery
h = trickery
J = complicity
A = villainy/lack
B = mediation
C = beginning counteraction
↑= departure
D = first function of the donor (testing or interrogation)*
E = the hero's reaction
F = provision or receipt of a magical agent
G = spatial transference between two kingdoms, guidance
H = struggle
J = branding, marking (of the hero)
I = victory
K = initial villainy or lack liquidated (a pair with A)
↓ = return
Pr = pursuit, chase
Rs = rescue (of the hero from pursuit)
O = unrecognized arrival
L = unfounded claims
M = difficult task
N = solution
Q = recognition
Ex = exposure
T = transfiguration
U = punishment
W = wedding
Function 的次序偶见颠倒，元素还经常被作废两次于是一共重复三次（欧洲之外的文化圈未必），但据说一切情节不外乎此。
这实在是太有趣了，拿着这把锤子看什么童话、美文、韩剧都可以当钉子试试呀！！
……实在是毁掉什么东西的不二法门。
