对外汉语——不和没
“不”“没有”都有否定的意义、都可以放在动词、形容词前,对动作、性状进行否定。但是它们的用法不同。
一、“不”:多用于主观意愿(否定现在、将来的动作行为,也可以用于过去。)
“没(有)”:主要用于客观叙述(否定动作、状态的发生或完成,因此只限于指过去和现在,不能指将来)。例如:
(1)上次、这次他都没参加,听说下次还不想参加。
(客观、过去) (主观、将来)
*上次、这次他都没参加,听说下次还不想参加。
(2)我不吃早饭了。 我没吃早饭呢。
(主观、现在) (客观、现在)
二、否定经常性、习惯性的动作、状况或非动作性动词(是、当、认识、知道、像等),要用“不”。例如:
(3)他从来不迟到。
(4)他既不抽烟,又不喝酒。
(5)我不知道这样做对不对。
三、用在形容词前表示对性质的否定,要用“不”。例如:
(6)近来他身体不好,让他休息吧。
(7)这种材料不结实,换别的吧。
四、但形容词表示状态未出现某种变化时,要用“没(有)”。例如:
(8)天还没亮,再睡一会儿吧。
(9)我没难过,只是有点儿担心。
Bù (不) and méi (没) are both negative words. I listed several situations to help you use them properly. But remember, there are always overlaps and exceptions.
1. For expressing "don't have" and "there isn't or there aren't", you must use "méi yǒu" or "méi ". You can not use "bù". "méi "is the shorter term for "méi yǒu", usually you can replace each other.
For example:
wo mei you shi jian. 我没有时间。 wo mei you qian. 我没有钱。 wo mei kong. 我没空
Ying guo mei you da xiong mao. 英国没有大熊猫 (giant panda)。
2. "bu" is usually used to describe the change of the state of something, but "mei" is usually to describe a negative fact.
che bu zou le 车不走了。(The car was going before, but now it is not going any longer.)
Che mei zou. 车没走。(The car is there. It hasn't gone yet.)
Tian bu xia yu le. 天不下雨了。(It was raining before, but now it is not raining any longer.)
Tian mei xia yu. 天没下雨。(It hasn't rained. It didn't rain.)
3. When you describe somthing that hasn't taken place, you can use "méi yǒu".
For example: Ta mei you lai. 他没有来。
Wo mei you chi fan. 我没有吃饭。
Wo mei you shou dao ta de dian zi you jian. 我没有收到他的电子邮件。
4. When you describe something has taken place and the change of state which is a negative one, such as disappeared, you use "méi".
For example:
Pi jiu mei you le. 啤酒没有了。(in this context, we usually use "le" in the end of the sentence.)
5. When it is a personal decision and willingness, you use "bù".
For example:
Ta bu lai le. 他不来了。(It means he has decided not to come.)
Ta mei lai. 他没来。 (It just describes the fact that he didn't come.)
Wo bu chi fan. 我不吃饭。(It means I don't want to eat.)
Wo bu xi huan mei guo pi jiu. 我不喜欢美国啤酒。
6. When you give a negative judgement to the state, attribute or manner of a certain thing or a fact, you use "bù".
For example:
wo jue de mei guo de pi jiu bu hao. 我觉得美国的啤酒不好。
Ta xie de zi bu hao. 他写的字不好。
一、“不”:多用于主观意愿(否定现在、将来的动作行为,也可以用于过去。)
“没(有)”:主要用于客观叙述(否定动作、状态的发生或完成,因此只限于指过去和现在,不能指将来)。例如:
(1)上次、这次他都没参加,听说下次还不想参加。
(客观、过去) (主观、将来)
*上次、这次他都没参加,听说下次还不想参加。
(2)我不吃早饭了。 我没吃早饭呢。
(主观、现在) (客观、现在)
二、否定经常性、习惯性的动作、状况或非动作性动词(是、当、认识、知道、像等),要用“不”。例如:
(3)他从来不迟到。
(4)他既不抽烟,又不喝酒。
(5)我不知道这样做对不对。
三、用在形容词前表示对性质的否定,要用“不”。例如:
(6)近来他身体不好,让他休息吧。
(7)这种材料不结实,换别的吧。
四、但形容词表示状态未出现某种变化时,要用“没(有)”。例如:
(8)天还没亮,再睡一会儿吧。
(9)我没难过,只是有点儿担心。
Bù (不) and méi (没) are both negative words. I listed several situations to help you use them properly. But remember, there are always overlaps and exceptions.
1. For expressing "don't have" and "there isn't or there aren't", you must use "méi yǒu" or "méi ". You can not use "bù". "méi "is the shorter term for "méi yǒu", usually you can replace each other.
For example:
wo mei you shi jian. 我没有时间。 wo mei you qian. 我没有钱。 wo mei kong. 我没空
Ying guo mei you da xiong mao. 英国没有大熊猫 (giant panda)。
2. "bu" is usually used to describe the change of the state of something, but "mei" is usually to describe a negative fact.
che bu zou le 车不走了。(The car was going before, but now it is not going any longer.)
Che mei zou. 车没走。(The car is there. It hasn't gone yet.)
Tian bu xia yu le. 天不下雨了。(It was raining before, but now it is not raining any longer.)
Tian mei xia yu. 天没下雨。(It hasn't rained. It didn't rain.)
3. When you describe somthing that hasn't taken place, you can use "méi yǒu".
For example: Ta mei you lai. 他没有来。
Wo mei you chi fan. 我没有吃饭。
Wo mei you shou dao ta de dian zi you jian. 我没有收到他的电子邮件。
4. When you describe something has taken place and the change of state which is a negative one, such as disappeared, you use "méi".
For example:
Pi jiu mei you le. 啤酒没有了。(in this context, we usually use "le" in the end of the sentence.)
5. When it is a personal decision and willingness, you use "bù".
For example:
Ta bu lai le. 他不来了。(It means he has decided not to come.)
Ta mei lai. 他没来。 (It just describes the fact that he didn't come.)
Wo bu chi fan. 我不吃饭。(It means I don't want to eat.)
Wo bu xi huan mei guo pi jiu. 我不喜欢美国啤酒。
6. When you give a negative judgement to the state, attribute or manner of a certain thing or a fact, you use "bù".
For example:
wo jue de mei guo de pi jiu bu hao. 我觉得美国的啤酒不好。
Ta xie de zi bu hao. 他写的字不好。