[Journal](International Organization 2008.4)
6篇文章全用的是统计回归的方法（IR难道有向PS发展的意图么？），工具从ANOVA, OLS, 矩阵无所不包。用不同数据，不同工具验证同一个假设，可以相互印证。
1. Environmental Policy Convergence:
International Harmonization: H1.1. EU membership; H1.2. Accession to international institutions
Transnational Communication
H2. Institutional membership:
Regulatory Competition
Theories of regulatory competition generally predict that countries adjust regulatory
standards to cope with competitive pressures emerging from international
economic integration+
H3.1. Bilateral trade:
H3.2. Economic openness:
Domestic
H4. Domestic factors: The higher the similarity of n countries with culture,
income levels, demand for environmental protection, environmental
pressure, as well as pre-existing environmental policies is in t0,
environmental policies will converge in the following periods.
使用统计回归后，发现假设1,2均成立，解释力强且相当
假设3,4解释效果不理想。
2． IMF
International organizations are governed by two parallel sets of rules: formal rules, which embody consensual procedures, and informal rules, which allow exceptional access for powerful countries. A new data set drawn from the IMF's records of conditionality provides an opportunity to study the bargaining process within an important international organization and answer questions about the institution's autonomy. I find evidence of U.S. influence, which operates to constrain conditionality, but only in important countries that are vulnerable enough to be willing to draw on their influence with the United States. In ordinary countries under ordinary circumstances, broad authority is delegated to the IMF, which adjusts conditionality to accommodate local circumstances and domestic political opposition. The IMF has refrained from exploiting the vulnerability of particular countries to maximize the scope of conditionality.
将IMF中的国家分为两类，一类遵从IMF，一类更看重美国。
3．International Institutions and the Volatility of International Trade
During the past half-century, states have established a large number of international trade institutions, both multilateral and regional in scope. The existing literature on this topic emphasizes that these agreements are chiefly designed to liberalize and increase the flow of overseas commerce. Yet such institutions have another function that has been largely ignored by researchers, namely, reducing volatility in trade policy and trade flows. Exposure to global markets increases the vulnerability of a country's output to terms of trade shocks. Governments seek to insulate their economies from such instability through membership in international trade institutions, particularly the World Trade Organization (WTO) and preferential trading arrangements (PTAs). We hypothesize that these institutions reduce the volatility of overseas commerce. We further hypothesize that, because market actors prefer price stability, trade institutions increase the volume of foreign commerce by reducing trade variability. This article conducts the first large-scale, multivariate statistical tests of these two hypotheses, using annual data on exports for all pairs of countries from 1951 through 2001. The tests provide strong support for our arguments. PTAs and the WTO regime significantly reduce export volatility. In so doing, these institutions also increase export levels.
有关国际组织是否降低了国际贸易敏感性的研究
4．Moving Hollywood Abroad: Divided Labor Markets and the New Politics of Trade in Services
Abstract
Theories of trade and domestic politics have been applied extensively to manufacturing and agriculture; the political economy of trade in services, however, remains poorly understood. This article examines how the “offshoring” of services segments labor markets and places low-skilled and high-skilled labor at odds on trade issues. Drawing from a case where trade has been politically contentious of late—motion picture services in the United States—the article finds that offshoring can aggravate wage inequality, creating incentives for low-skilled workers to demand policy remedies. Consistent with this expectation, an ordered probit analysis of labor-group lobbying reveals that low-skilled occupations in motion picture services were most likely to support countervailing duties and Section 301 action against productions filmed abroad. The findings suggest that when services are tradable, labor-market cleavages are not purely factoral or sectoral, but occupational. This new politics of trade in services has important implications for trade policy in the United States and multilateral rulemaking in the World Trade Organization.
一项对于美国动画产业外包的研究，希望了解美国本土工人在服务行业对外包的态度
5．Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem
“Naming and shaming” is a popular strategy to enforce international human rights norms and laws. Nongovernmental organizations, news media, and international organizations publicize countries' violations and urge reform. Evidence that these spotlights are followed by improvements is anecdotal. This article analyzes the relationship between global naming and shaming efforts and governments' human rights practices for 145 countries from 1975 to 2000. The statistics show that governments put in the spotlight for abuses continue or even ramp up some violations afterward, while reducing others. One reason is that governments' capacities for human rights improvements vary across types of violations. Another is that governments are strategically using some violations to offset other improvements they make in response to international pressure to stop violations.
研究了推广human rights时NGO, media and government使用的点名批评/羞辱的策略，结论是这项策略的结果不一定，有些会迫使做出让步，有些不会。
6．Ensuring Peace: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Postwar Peace Duration, 1914–2001
Abstract
This research note develops a new explanation of postwar peace duration: periods of peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change. This study tests this hypothesis on a new data set (an expansion of Fortna's (2004) data) of all periods of peace following interstate war cease-fires, over the period 1914–2001. It also tests for other possible factors affecting postwar peace duration, including international institutions, the revelation of information during war, third-party intervention during war, postwar changes in the balance of power, regime type, past conflict history, and others. The article finds strong support for the central hypothesis that peace lasts longer following wars that end in foreign-imposed regime change. This pacifying effect diminishes over time when a puppet is imposed, but not when a democracy is imposed. There are other results, including that the strength of a cease-fire agreement has almost no impact on peace duration.
研究FIRC（“由外国控制的政权更迭”）和平持续时间之间的关系，得出的结论是非常正相关，而且优于其他竞争性解释。
1. Environmental Policy Convergence:
International Harmonization: H1.1. EU membership; H1.2. Accession to international institutions
Transnational Communication
H2. Institutional membership:
Regulatory Competition
Theories of regulatory competition generally predict that countries adjust regulatory
standards to cope with competitive pressures emerging from international
economic integration+
H3.1. Bilateral trade:
H3.2. Economic openness:
Domestic
H4. Domestic factors: The higher the similarity of n countries with culture,
income levels, demand for environmental protection, environmental
pressure, as well as pre-existing environmental policies is in t0,
environmental policies will converge in the following periods.
使用统计回归后，发现假设1,2均成立，解释力强且相当
假设3,4解释效果不理想。
2． IMF
International organizations are governed by two parallel sets of rules: formal rules, which embody consensual procedures, and informal rules, which allow exceptional access for powerful countries. A new data set drawn from the IMF's records of conditionality provides an opportunity to study the bargaining process within an important international organization and answer questions about the institution's autonomy. I find evidence of U.S. influence, which operates to constrain conditionality, but only in important countries that are vulnerable enough to be willing to draw on their influence with the United States. In ordinary countries under ordinary circumstances, broad authority is delegated to the IMF, which adjusts conditionality to accommodate local circumstances and domestic political opposition. The IMF has refrained from exploiting the vulnerability of particular countries to maximize the scope of conditionality.
将IMF中的国家分为两类，一类遵从IMF，一类更看重美国。
3．International Institutions and the Volatility of International Trade
During the past half-century, states have established a large number of international trade institutions, both multilateral and regional in scope. The existing literature on this topic emphasizes that these agreements are chiefly designed to liberalize and increase the flow of overseas commerce. Yet such institutions have another function that has been largely ignored by researchers, namely, reducing volatility in trade policy and trade flows. Exposure to global markets increases the vulnerability of a country's output to terms of trade shocks. Governments seek to insulate their economies from such instability through membership in international trade institutions, particularly the World Trade Organization (WTO) and preferential trading arrangements (PTAs). We hypothesize that these institutions reduce the volatility of overseas commerce. We further hypothesize that, because market actors prefer price stability, trade institutions increase the volume of foreign commerce by reducing trade variability. This article conducts the first large-scale, multivariate statistical tests of these two hypotheses, using annual data on exports for all pairs of countries from 1951 through 2001. The tests provide strong support for our arguments. PTAs and the WTO regime significantly reduce export volatility. In so doing, these institutions also increase export levels.
有关国际组织是否降低了国际贸易敏感性的研究
4．Moving Hollywood Abroad: Divided Labor Markets and the New Politics of Trade in Services
Abstract
Theories of trade and domestic politics have been applied extensively to manufacturing and agriculture; the political economy of trade in services, however, remains poorly understood. This article examines how the “offshoring” of services segments labor markets and places low-skilled and high-skilled labor at odds on trade issues. Drawing from a case where trade has been politically contentious of late—motion picture services in the United States—the article finds that offshoring can aggravate wage inequality, creating incentives for low-skilled workers to demand policy remedies. Consistent with this expectation, an ordered probit analysis of labor-group lobbying reveals that low-skilled occupations in motion picture services were most likely to support countervailing duties and Section 301 action against productions filmed abroad. The findings suggest that when services are tradable, labor-market cleavages are not purely factoral or sectoral, but occupational. This new politics of trade in services has important implications for trade policy in the United States and multilateral rulemaking in the World Trade Organization.
一项对于美国动画产业外包的研究，希望了解美国本土工人在服务行业对外包的态度
5．Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem
“Naming and shaming” is a popular strategy to enforce international human rights norms and laws. Nongovernmental organizations, news media, and international organizations publicize countries' violations and urge reform. Evidence that these spotlights are followed by improvements is anecdotal. This article analyzes the relationship between global naming and shaming efforts and governments' human rights practices for 145 countries from 1975 to 2000. The statistics show that governments put in the spotlight for abuses continue or even ramp up some violations afterward, while reducing others. One reason is that governments' capacities for human rights improvements vary across types of violations. Another is that governments are strategically using some violations to offset other improvements they make in response to international pressure to stop violations.
研究了推广human rights时NGO, media and government使用的点名批评/羞辱的策略，结论是这项策略的结果不一定，有些会迫使做出让步，有些不会。
6．Ensuring Peace: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Postwar Peace Duration, 1914–2001
Abstract
This research note develops a new explanation of postwar peace duration: periods of peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change. This study tests this hypothesis on a new data set (an expansion of Fortna's (2004) data) of all periods of peace following interstate war cease-fires, over the period 1914–2001. It also tests for other possible factors affecting postwar peace duration, including international institutions, the revelation of information during war, third-party intervention during war, postwar changes in the balance of power, regime type, past conflict history, and others. The article finds strong support for the central hypothesis that peace lasts longer following wars that end in foreign-imposed regime change. This pacifying effect diminishes over time when a puppet is imposed, but not when a democracy is imposed. There are other results, including that the strength of a cease-fire agreement has almost no impact on peace duration.
研究FIRC（“由外国控制的政权更迭”）和平持续时间之间的关系，得出的结论是非常正相关，而且优于其他竞争性解释。
