note
古新世（Paleocene）
始新世（Eocene）
渐新世（Oligocene）
中新世（Miocene）
上新世（Pliocene）
更新世（Pleistocene）
全新世 （Holocene）
成鐵紀 (Siderian)
層侵紀 (Rhyacian)
造山紀 (Orosirian)
固結紀 (Statherian)
蓋層紀 (Calymmian)
延展紀 ((Ectasian)
狹帶紀 (Stenian)
拉伸紀 (Tonian)
成冰紀 (Cryogenian)
埃迪卡拉紀 (Ediacaran）本纪曾被一些人称为震旦紀（Sinian），源于中国的古称。时至今日，中国学者仍经常这么称呼。
寒武紀 (Cambrian)
奧陶紀 (Ordovician)
志留紀 (Silurian)
泥盆紀 (Devonian)
石炭紀 (Carboniferous)
二疊紀 (Permian) 现在，日本已经不使用“二叠纪”一词，改由片假名直接译自彼尔姆州。仅中国人继续使用此词。另外，没有“一叠纪”。
三疊紀 (Triassic)
侏羅紀 (Jurassic)
白堊紀 (Cretaceous)
第三紀 (Tertiary) 目前第三纪已经撤销。原来的第三纪现在分为古近纪(Paleogene)和新近纪(Neogene)。
第四紀 (Quaternary)
隱生代 Cryptic era
盆地群1-9（前酒神代）Basin Groups
酒神代 Nectarian
早雨海代 Lower Imbrian
始太古代 Eoarchean
古太古代 Paleoarchean
中太古代 Mesoarchean
新太古代 Neoarchean
古元古代 Paleoproterozoic
中元古代 Mesoproterozoic
新元古代 Neoproterozoic
古生代 Paleozoic
中生代 Mesozoic
新生代 Cenozoic
冥古宙Hadean
太古宙Archean
元古宙Proterozoic
顯生宙 Phanerozoic
宙 Eon
代 Era
紀 Period
世 Epoch
note
2012-02-26 04:36:37
hominoid, Hominoidea - lesser apes (gibbons/Hylobatidae) and great apes (hominids)
hominid, Hominidae - great apes, chimpanzees (Pan), gorillas (Gorilla), humans (Homo), and orangutans (Pongo)
hominine, Homininae - gorillas, chimpanzees, humans (excludes orangutans)
hominin, Hominini - bonobos, chimpanzees and humans
hominan , Hominina - modern humans and their extinct relatives
human, Homo - of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies
Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma)
Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma) ("Millenium Man")
Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), w/ species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus;
Australopithecus (4–1.8 Ma), w/ Au. anamensis, Au. afarensis("Lucy"), Au. africanus, Au. bahrelghazali, Au. garhi, and Au. sediba;
Kenyanthropus (3–2.7 Ma), w/ Kenyanthropus platyops;
Paranthropus (3–1.2 Ma), w/ P. aethiopicus, P. boisei, and P. robustus;
Homo (2 Ma–present), w/ species Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, Homo georgicus, Homo antecessor, Homo cepranensis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens idaltu, Archaic Homo sapiens, Homo floresiensis.
Genus Homo
Denisova hominin 0.04 Altai Krai
H. antecessor 1.2 – 0.8 Spain
H. cepranensis 0.5 – 0.35 Italy
H. erectus 1.8 – 0.2 Africa, Eurasia (Java, China, India, Caucasus)
H. ergaster 1.9 – 1.4 Eastern and Southern Africa 1
H. floresiensis 0.10 – 0.012 Indonesia
H. gautengensis >2 – 0.6 South Africa
H. habilis 2.3 – 1.4 Africa
H. heidelbergensis 0.6 – 0.35 Europe, Africa, China
H. neanderthalensis 0.35 – 0.03 Europe, Western Asia
H. rhodesiensis 0.3 – 0.12 Zambia
H. rudolfensis 1.9 Kenya
H. sapiens idaltu 0.16 – 0.15 Ethiopia
H. sapiens sapiens (modern humans)
0.2 – present Worldwide
Denisova hominins (/dɨˈniːsəvə/), or Denisovans, are Paleolithic-Era members of the genus Homo that may belong to a previously unknown species. In March 2010, scientists announced the discovery of a finger bone fragment of a juvenile female that lived about 41,000 years ago, found in Denisova Cave in Altai Krai, Russia, a region also inhabited at about the same time by Neanderthals and perhaps modern humans.
Homo georgicus is a species of Homo that was suggested in 2002 to describe fossil skulls and jaws found in Dmanisi, Georgia in 1999 and 2001, which seem intermediate between Homo habilis and H. erectus
note
2012-02-26 06:30:31
European Middle-Upper Palaeolithic industries:
Micoquien, Mousterian, Châtelperronian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, Azilian/Tardenoisian/Sauveterrian/Tardenoisian/Maglemosian, etc.(epi)
Venus figurines
name age (kya, approx.) location material
Venus of Hohle Fels 35–40 Swabian Alb, Germany mammoth ivory
Venus of Galgenberg 30 Lower Austria serpentine rock
Venus of Dolní Věstonice 27–31 Moravia, Czech Republic ceramic
Venus of Lespugue 24–26 French Pyrenees ivory
Venus of Willendorf 24–26 Lower Austria limestone
Venus of Mal'ta 23 Irkutsk Oblast, Russia ivory
Venus of Moravany 23 Moravany nad Váhom, Slovakia mammoth ivory
Venus of Hradok 4 Nitriansky Hrádok, Slovakia mammoth ivory
Venus of Brassempouy 22 Aquitaine, France ivory
Venus of Laussel 20 Dordogne, France limestone relief
Venus of Monruz 11 Switzerland black jet(lignite)
Middle-Upper Palaeolithic culture in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine)
Emirian, Antelian, Kebaran(epi)
Mesolithic
Natufian (Levant )
Khiamian
Tahunian
The Chalcolithic (Ancient Greek: χαλκός khalkos "copper" + Ancient Greek: λίθος lithos "stone") period or Copper Age, also known as the Eneolithic/Æneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of bronze"), is a phase of the Bronze Age in which the addition of tin to copper to form bronze during smelting remained yet unknown by the metallurgists of the times. The Copper Age was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.
始新世（Eocene）
渐新世（Oligocene）
中新世（Miocene）
上新世（Pliocene）
更新世（Pleistocene）
全新世 （Holocene）
成鐵紀 (Siderian)
層侵紀 (Rhyacian)
造山紀 (Orosirian)
固結紀 (Statherian)
蓋層紀 (Calymmian)
延展紀 ((Ectasian)
狹帶紀 (Stenian)
拉伸紀 (Tonian)
成冰紀 (Cryogenian)
埃迪卡拉紀 (Ediacaran）本纪曾被一些人称为震旦紀（Sinian），源于中国的古称。时至今日，中国学者仍经常这么称呼。
寒武紀 (Cambrian)
奧陶紀 (Ordovician)
志留紀 (Silurian)
泥盆紀 (Devonian)
石炭紀 (Carboniferous)
二疊紀 (Permian) 现在，日本已经不使用“二叠纪”一词，改由片假名直接译自彼尔姆州。仅中国人继续使用此词。另外，没有“一叠纪”。
三疊紀 (Triassic)
侏羅紀 (Jurassic)
白堊紀 (Cretaceous)
第三紀 (Tertiary) 目前第三纪已经撤销。原来的第三纪现在分为古近纪(Paleogene)和新近纪(Neogene)。
第四紀 (Quaternary)
隱生代 Cryptic era
盆地群1-9（前酒神代）Basin Groups
酒神代 Nectarian
早雨海代 Lower Imbrian
始太古代 Eoarchean
古太古代 Paleoarchean
中太古代 Mesoarchean
新太古代 Neoarchean
古元古代 Paleoproterozoic
中元古代 Mesoproterozoic
新元古代 Neoproterozoic
古生代 Paleozoic
中生代 Mesozoic
新生代 Cenozoic
冥古宙Hadean
太古宙Archean
元古宙Proterozoic
顯生宙 Phanerozoic
宙 Eon
代 Era
紀 Period
世 Epoch
note
2012-02-26 04:36:37
hominoid, Hominoidea - lesser apes (gibbons/Hylobatidae) and great apes (hominids)
hominid, Hominidae - great apes, chimpanzees (Pan), gorillas (Gorilla), humans (Homo), and orangutans (Pongo)
hominine, Homininae - gorillas, chimpanzees, humans (excludes orangutans)
hominin, Hominini - bonobos, chimpanzees and humans
hominan , Hominina - modern humans and their extinct relatives
human, Homo - of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies
Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma)
Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma) ("Millenium Man")
Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), w/ species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus;
Australopithecus (4–1.8 Ma), w/ Au. anamensis, Au. afarensis("Lucy"), Au. africanus, Au. bahrelghazali, Au. garhi, and Au. sediba;
Kenyanthropus (3–2.7 Ma), w/ Kenyanthropus platyops;
Paranthropus (3–1.2 Ma), w/ P. aethiopicus, P. boisei, and P. robustus;
Homo (2 Ma–present), w/ species Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, Homo georgicus, Homo antecessor, Homo cepranensis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens idaltu, Archaic Homo sapiens, Homo floresiensis.
Genus Homo
Denisova hominin 0.04 Altai Krai
H. antecessor 1.2 – 0.8 Spain
H. cepranensis 0.5 – 0.35 Italy
H. erectus 1.8 – 0.2 Africa, Eurasia (Java, China, India, Caucasus)
H. ergaster 1.9 – 1.4 Eastern and Southern Africa 1
H. floresiensis 0.10 – 0.012 Indonesia
H. gautengensis >2 – 0.6 South Africa
H. habilis 2.3 – 1.4 Africa
H. heidelbergensis 0.6 – 0.35 Europe, Africa, China
H. neanderthalensis 0.35 – 0.03 Europe, Western Asia
H. rhodesiensis 0.3 – 0.12 Zambia
H. rudolfensis 1.9 Kenya
H. sapiens idaltu 0.16 – 0.15 Ethiopia
H. sapiens sapiens (modern humans)
0.2 – present Worldwide
Denisova hominins (/dɨˈniːsəvə/), or Denisovans, are Paleolithic-Era members of the genus Homo that may belong to a previously unknown species. In March 2010, scientists announced the discovery of a finger bone fragment of a juvenile female that lived about 41,000 years ago, found in Denisova Cave in Altai Krai, Russia, a region also inhabited at about the same time by Neanderthals and perhaps modern humans.
Homo georgicus is a species of Homo that was suggested in 2002 to describe fossil skulls and jaws found in Dmanisi, Georgia in 1999 and 2001, which seem intermediate between Homo habilis and H. erectus
 |
note
2012-02-26 06:30:31
European Middle-Upper Palaeolithic industries:
Micoquien, Mousterian, Châtelperronian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, Azilian/Tardenoisian/Sauveterrian/Tardenoisian/Maglemosian, etc.(epi)
Venus figurines
name age (kya, approx.) location material
Venus of Hohle Fels 35–40 Swabian Alb, Germany mammoth ivory
Venus of Galgenberg 30 Lower Austria serpentine rock
Venus of Dolní Věstonice 27–31 Moravia, Czech Republic ceramic
Venus of Lespugue 24–26 French Pyrenees ivory
Venus of Willendorf 24–26 Lower Austria limestone
Venus of Mal'ta 23 Irkutsk Oblast, Russia ivory
Venus of Moravany 23 Moravany nad Váhom, Slovakia mammoth ivory
Venus of Hradok 4 Nitriansky Hrádok, Slovakia mammoth ivory
Venus of Brassempouy 22 Aquitaine, France ivory
Venus of Laussel 20 Dordogne, France limestone relief
Venus of Monruz 11 Switzerland black jet(lignite)
Middle-Upper Palaeolithic culture in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine)
Emirian, Antelian, Kebaran(epi)
Mesolithic
Natufian (Levant )
Khiamian
Tahunian
The Chalcolithic (Ancient Greek: χαλκός khalkos "copper" + Ancient Greek: λίθος lithos "stone") period or Copper Age, also known as the Eneolithic/Æneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of bronze"), is a phase of the Bronze Age in which the addition of tin to copper to form bronze during smelting remained yet unknown by the metallurgists of the times. The Copper Age was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.
