原教旨主义
以下是我在准备伊斯兰教研究课的期末考试时，整理的关于原教旨主义（fundamentalism）的材料。学术界一般把原教旨主义看作“现代性（modernity）”的一个特征；虽然部分原教旨主义者以古代的社会或团体作为理想和榜样，原教旨主义并不等同于任何古代社会或团体的主张，它是信徒以及旧有的传统对于现代性的回应，因此本身就是一个现代（或者也可以叫“后现代”）的产物。我最近在思考这样的问题：当基督教从上个世纪八十年代起，更大规模地进入中国的时候，为什么很多中国基督徒，即使不是大部分的基督徒，会选择原教旨主义？为什么很多的基督徒在皈依之后，把“非信仰”的东西，比如科学、近代哲学等等，放到一个与信仰相当地对立的位置上？Tim说“大部分现代穆斯林是原教旨主义者，一小部分是我们的这种现代的方式。”那么中国人对于原教旨主义的选择，与穆斯林的选择是否具有相似之处？如何比较基督教原教旨主义与伊斯兰教原教旨主义？基督教原教旨主义与基督教自由主义更“近”，还是与伊斯兰教原教旨主义更“近”？
Fundamentalism
- a global fact that surfaced in every major faith in response to the problems of modernity. (there is fundamentalist Judaism, fundamentalist Christianity, fundamentalist Buddhism etc.)
- Each of them developed independently and has its own symbols and enthusiasms, but its different manifestations all bear a family resemblance.
- A fundamentalist movement does not arises immediately, but takes shape when modernization process is already quite far advanced.
- At first people try to reform their traditions and effect a marriage between them and modern culture, as Muslim reformers do. But when these moderate measure are found to be of no avail, some people resort to more extreme methods, and a fundamentalist movement is born.
- Reveals a deep disappointment with the modern experiment, critical of democracy and secularism.
- Express stress and fear of cultural and religious annihilation, is convinced that the secular establishment is determined to wipe religion out, feel that they that fighting for survival.
- Look back to a ‘gold age’ before the irruption of modernity for inspiration, but is intrinsically modern movement.
- Innovative and often radical in their reinterpretation of religion.
- Is likely to be even greater when under attack of secularism.
- Can be seen as a ‘post-modern’ movement, which rejects some of the tenets and enthusiasms of modernity, such as colonialism.
Mawdudi:
- Revolution against the colonial powers was not just a right but also a duty.
- Called for a universal jihad.
- Just a s the Prophet had fought the jahiliyyah (the ignorance and barbarism of the pre-Islamic period), Muslim must resist the modern jahiliyyah of the Wetst.
- Argued that jihad was the central tenet of Islam (an innovation).
Sayyid Qutb:
- Can be said the founder of Muslim fundamentalism.
- Deeply influenced by Mawdudi and went further than him.
- Against non-Muslim societies as well as Muslims (“bad Muslim” and “Crusader”)
Wahhabism is an extremist religious movement or a branch of Islam. It was developed by an 18th century Muslim theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) from Saudi Arabia.
- Al-Wahhab sought to purify Islam from superstitions, innovations (BID'A) and idolatry or polytheism (SHIRQ)
- SALAFISM: A Salafi is a follower of an Islamic movement, "Salafiyyah", that is supposed to take the Salaf who lived during the patristic period of early Islam as model examples. Salaf which is an Arabic noun which translates to "predecessor" or "forefather".
- return to basic principles – teachings and life of Muhammad and salaf, the first generation of his followers.
- Wahhab questioned classical interpretations of Islam, claiming to rely on the Qur'an and the Hadith as basic texts.
- Interpretations of scriptures must be conservative and literal (thus, "FUNDAMENTALIST")
o considers some sects (including Sufism, Shi'ism, Ismailis, etc.) to be unwarranted innovations or NOVEL practices (bid'a), and as such, to be non-Islamic.
o TAKFIR (In Islamic law, takfir refers to the practice the practice of one Muslim declaring another Muslim an unbeliever or kafir).
- Wahhabi theology advocates a PURITANICAL and LEGALISTIC stance in matters of faith and religious practice.
o Wahhabists see their role as a movement to restore Islam from what they perceive to be innovations, superstitions, deviances, heresies and idolatries. (e.g. wearing of charms, practicing magic and divination.)
o Innovation in matters of religion (e.g. new methods of worship, like ecumenical prayer)
o Wahhabis ban pictures, photographs, and celebrating Muhammad's birthday, among many other things, based on their interpretation of the ahadith.
o Women – subjected to numerous restrictions.
- Wahhabism is the dominant form of Islam in Saudi Arabia.
- It has developed considerable influence in the Muslim world in part through Saudi funding of mosques, schools and social programs.
- Wahhabism claims to adhere to the correct understanding of the general Islamic doctrine of Tawhid, the Uniqueness and Unity of God.
Differences between Wahhabism and Salafism:
The terms "Wahhabi" and "Salafi" are often used interchangeably, but Wahhabi has also been called "a particular orientation within Salafism", an orientation some consider ultra-conservative and heretical.
SALAFI is the general term for puritanical "fundamentalism", while WAHHABI is specific to the Saudi-associated version of salafism, including loyalty to the royal family and government.
Saudi Arabia:
- Legally, Saudi Arabia is defined as a monarchy, restrained by shari'ah and Saudi traditions
- Constitution = al-Qur'an
- Legislation is compatible with the shari'ah
Politics: Salafic pan-Islamism in reaction to Egyptian-centred Pan-Arabism and Arab Nationalism.
Fundamentalism
- a global fact that surfaced in every major faith in response to the problems of modernity. (there is fundamentalist Judaism, fundamentalist Christianity, fundamentalist Buddhism etc.)
- Each of them developed independently and has its own symbols and enthusiasms, but its different manifestations all bear a family resemblance.
- A fundamentalist movement does not arises immediately, but takes shape when modernization process is already quite far advanced.
- At first people try to reform their traditions and effect a marriage between them and modern culture, as Muslim reformers do. But when these moderate measure are found to be of no avail, some people resort to more extreme methods, and a fundamentalist movement is born.
- Reveals a deep disappointment with the modern experiment, critical of democracy and secularism.
- Express stress and fear of cultural and religious annihilation, is convinced that the secular establishment is determined to wipe religion out, feel that they that fighting for survival.
- Look back to a ‘gold age’ before the irruption of modernity for inspiration, but is intrinsically modern movement.
- Innovative and often radical in their reinterpretation of religion.
- Is likely to be even greater when under attack of secularism.
- Can be seen as a ‘post-modern’ movement, which rejects some of the tenets and enthusiasms of modernity, such as colonialism.
Mawdudi:
- Revolution against the colonial powers was not just a right but also a duty.
- Called for a universal jihad.
- Just a s the Prophet had fought the jahiliyyah (the ignorance and barbarism of the pre-Islamic period), Muslim must resist the modern jahiliyyah of the Wetst.
- Argued that jihad was the central tenet of Islam (an innovation).
Sayyid Qutb:
- Can be said the founder of Muslim fundamentalism.
- Deeply influenced by Mawdudi and went further than him.
- Against non-Muslim societies as well as Muslims (“bad Muslim” and “Crusader”)
Wahhabism is an extremist religious movement or a branch of Islam. It was developed by an 18th century Muslim theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) from Saudi Arabia.
- Al-Wahhab sought to purify Islam from superstitions, innovations (BID'A) and idolatry or polytheism (SHIRQ)
- SALAFISM: A Salafi is a follower of an Islamic movement, "Salafiyyah", that is supposed to take the Salaf who lived during the patristic period of early Islam as model examples. Salaf which is an Arabic noun which translates to "predecessor" or "forefather".
- return to basic principles – teachings and life of Muhammad and salaf, the first generation of his followers.
- Wahhab questioned classical interpretations of Islam, claiming to rely on the Qur'an and the Hadith as basic texts.
- Interpretations of scriptures must be conservative and literal (thus, "FUNDAMENTALIST")
o considers some sects (including Sufism, Shi'ism, Ismailis, etc.) to be unwarranted innovations or NOVEL practices (bid'a), and as such, to be non-Islamic.
o TAKFIR (In Islamic law, takfir refers to the practice the practice of one Muslim declaring another Muslim an unbeliever or kafir).
- Wahhabi theology advocates a PURITANICAL and LEGALISTIC stance in matters of faith and religious practice.
o Wahhabists see their role as a movement to restore Islam from what they perceive to be innovations, superstitions, deviances, heresies and idolatries. (e.g. wearing of charms, practicing magic and divination.)
o Innovation in matters of religion (e.g. new methods of worship, like ecumenical prayer)
o Wahhabis ban pictures, photographs, and celebrating Muhammad's birthday, among many other things, based on their interpretation of the ahadith.
o Women – subjected to numerous restrictions.
- Wahhabism is the dominant form of Islam in Saudi Arabia.
- It has developed considerable influence in the Muslim world in part through Saudi funding of mosques, schools and social programs.
- Wahhabism claims to adhere to the correct understanding of the general Islamic doctrine of Tawhid, the Uniqueness and Unity of God.
Differences between Wahhabism and Salafism:
The terms "Wahhabi" and "Salafi" are often used interchangeably, but Wahhabi has also been called "a particular orientation within Salafism", an orientation some consider ultra-conservative and heretical.
SALAFI is the general term for puritanical "fundamentalism", while WAHHABI is specific to the Saudi-associated version of salafism, including loyalty to the royal family and government.
Saudi Arabia:
- Legally, Saudi Arabia is defined as a monarchy, restrained by shari'ah and Saudi traditions
- Constitution = al-Qur'an
- Legislation is compatible with the shari'ah
Politics: Salafic pan-Islamism in reaction to Egyptian-centred Pan-Arabism and Arab Nationalism.
