美国大学的MPA和MPP有什么区别
近年来去美国读公共管理硕士(Master of Public Administration)和公共政策硕士(Master of Public Policy)的人数似乎在猛增中，个人感觉，很多同学申请这类专业也是在跟风，需要慎重考虑；而很多非常适合就读的学生，因为对这类专业不甚了解，或者受人误导，而未能够考虑申请，挺遗憾。
，MPA和MPP有什么区别。其实这个问题在乔治敦大学公共政策学院副院长Kerry的讲座中，有非常详细的解答。本人认为她的解答非常准确，简单来说，就是要你看相关大学的课程设置，不能单纯从名称来分别。事实上，由于美国大学的自主性很强，专业设置也是各家说了算，名称也各一，比如说，类似的专业名称包括Master of Public Administration，Master of Public Policy，Master of Public Affairs，Master of Public Policy Management，Master of Public Management等。我今天的文章试着以一些同时开设MPA和MPP的学校来举例，给大家一些insightful perspective，权当抛砖引玉了，欢迎了解相关信息的同学一起交流讨论，给大家最有价值的参考意见。
首先，我们看看世界第一牛校哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的MPA和MPP项目区别,如下是官网提供的项目介绍：
Master in Public Administration, MPA
The two-year Master in Public Administration (MPA2) is a flexible program designed to enhance the knowledge and skills of established professionals and dual-degree students seeking further leadership responsibilities in the public, nonprofit, and private sectors.
Prospective students interested in the MPA2 program are encouraged to review the prerequisites for academic and work experience prior to applying.
Students admitted to the MPA2 are invited, in consultation with their advisors, to design an individual 16-course plan of study, constrained only by the requirement to fulfill distribution requirements in the three Harvard Kennedy School foundational methodological areas: analytics, management, and leadership, as well as a two-course Policy Areas of Concentration.
Master in Public Policy, MPP
The two-year Master in Public Policy (MPP) program provides future public leaders with the conceptual framework and practical skills necessary to succeed in public service.
The MPP core requirements are built upon strong foundations in three methodological areas: analysis, management, and leadership. These requirements are designed to help students solve complicated and unfamiliar challenges — by asking the right questions, determining the nature and dimensions of the problem at hand, exploring the range of possible solutions, and assessing the capacity of public institutions to implement one or more of these solutions.
Through the MPP core, students sharpen their powers of analysis and their knowledge base. They build the confidence and judgment needed to weigh competing demands and choose the most appropriate action. They become skilled at shaping effective and practical solutions and building consensus and ownership in support of those solutions. They learn to marshal resources within and outside of an organization, monitor and fine tune innovative policy solutions, and provide the transformational leadership that generates success.
通过上述简明扼要的介绍，我觉得两者的区别就很明显了：
由于哈佛肯尼迪的传统，培养目标是一致的，analytics, management, and leadership。
从课程计划的角度来讲，MPA更灵活（flexible），而MPP的课程计划要严谨一些。
从招生群体来说，MPA面向的是有成就的专业人士与双学位高材生（established professionals and dual-degree students），而MPP的招生群体则广泛得多。
我们再看看美国另一顶级牛校Princeton University的相关专业设置情况。
Master in Public Affairs (M.P.A.)
"The M.P.A. program is for a diverse, international, and talented group of individuals who are all committed to careers in public life. The curriculum includes the professional tools, perspectives, experience, and career planning for public policy decision-making, implementation and leadership — from the grass roots to the international capitals."
R. Douglas Arnold
Faculty Chair of the M.P.A. Program
Professor of Politics & Public Affairs
Overview
The Master in Public Affairs (M.P.A.) offers rigorous preparation for international and domestic policy careers. This two-year, full-time residential program cultivates among its students and graduates a lasting commitment to public service. Through its core curriculum and elective courses, it teaches analytical skills that address the political, economic, quantitative, organizational, and normative aspects of complex policy problems. It fosters an appreciation of the historical, institutional, and cultural contexts and interactions that encompass both domestic and international arenas.
The Woodrow Wilson School believes that it is essential for students of public affairs to understand how issues of gender, race, class, and cultural diversity affect public policy decisions, implementation, and outcomes. The School's ongoing commitment to incorporate these issues into its curriculum, research centers, colloquia, public affairs programs, and other activities is embraced by both students and faculty. To strengthen the future leadership of society, the School promotes opportunities for students from the broadest possible socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds to receive the highest quality of professional training and to build dynamic careers of public service. The financial aid resources of the School are dedicated to permitting the majority of its students to receive graduate degrees without incurring loan indebtedness, and to guide them toward public service careers in the public and nonprofit sectors. Over 90 percent of M.P.A. students receive financial aid, and more than half receive full scholarships for tuition and living expenses.
Master in Public Policy (M.P.P.)
"M.P.P. candidates come from a variety of educational and professional backgrounds, and their courses of study at the Woodrow Wilson School naturally reflect this diversity. Successful applicants to the M.P.P. program demonstrate leadership, creativity, a commitment to public service, and the intellectual ability to thrive in a demanding academic environment."
Karen L. McGuinness
Faculty Chair of the M.P.P. Program
Overview
The Woodrow Wilson School offers a one-year Master in Public Policy (M.P.P.) degree for mid-career professionals who are rising leaders in international and domestic public policy, and since the fall of 2008, the School now offers the M.P.P. to qualified physicians, Ph.D. scientists, and lawyers. The M.P.P. program is designed to meet the needs of rising leaders in the public service professions, including government agencies and nonprofit organizations in the U.S. and internationally. The M.P.P. program provides rigorous training in quantitative and policy analysis, preparing degree candidates to return to their careers with the intellectual breadth, organizational skills, and self-confidence necessary to assume leadership positions in an increasingly complex public service environment.
M.P.P. candidates come from a variety of educational and professional backgrounds; their courses of study at the Woodrow Wilson School naturally reflect this diversity. Faculty advisors work with students to ensure that their programs of study combine the flexibility needed to tailor programs to their particular needs while also retaining the rigor and coherence they and the School will expect of an advanced degree program
The M.P.P. year begins with an intensive six-week summer program in economics,statistics, and policy analysis, designed to strengthen students' skills in preparation for graduate-level Woodrow Wilson School courses. During the academic year, M.P.P. candidates select their courses from among the offerings available to all Woodrow Wilson School graduate students. in consultation with their faculty advisors, M.P.P. candidates may devise programs of study that combine fields of concentration and specialized programs, as well as draw on courses offered outside the School by other departments of the University.
Applicants to the one-year M.P.P. for mid-career professionals program must have had at least seven years of relevant public or nonprofit work experience. The expanded M.P.P. program for qualified physicians, Ph.D. scientists, and lawyers does not require a specified amount of work experience, but is intended to serve the School's mission to increase the leadership capacity for careers in public service, especially government careers in international affairs.
从两个项目主任的介绍里面，我们可以一目了然地看出两者的区别：
Princeton MPA 的招生群体非常广泛（a diverse, international, and talented group of individuals），课程设置也极为灵活；而MPP 虽然招生群体也很广泛，但明显有本质区别的，
a variety of educational and professional backgrounds 直接说明了她家的MPP 喜欢有高学历（比如说博士）和功成名就的成功人士（当然了，这么说有些夸张，但肯定得是在某个领域独当一面的领袖型人士了）。至于他们的主要区别，上文也有详细说明，这里就不赘叙。值得一提的是，MPA是两年的课程计划，而MPP 只有一年。
另一常青藤盟校Brown University MPA和MPP的项目也非常的经典，培养出一代又一代牛人，咱们看下她家的情况吧。
Masters of Public Policy (MPA) Program
Students pursuing the one-year Master of Public Affairs degree (MPA) eight courses: five required core courses (institutions and policymaking, economics public budgeting and management, statistics, and policy analysis) and three electives specialization. Electives are taken from the Center's seminars plus other research policymaking institutions, and substantive policy courses offered at Brown.
详情见官网
http://www.brown.edu/Departments ... isite/grad/MPA.html
Masters of Public Policy (MPP) Program
Students in the Masters of Public Policy (MPP) program are required to complete sixteen courses. This includes eight required courses (six core courses plus two credit-bearing internship and research workshop courses) and eight electives which the student choose. The required classes are shown below, along with brief course descriptions:
详情见官网
http://www.brown.edu/Departments ... isite/grad/MPP.html
简单来说，MPP 学制一年，学8门课。MPA学制两年，学16门课程。
我们再来看看，Georgetown University MPP和MPM的区别，值得一提的是，Georgetown位于美国华府市中心，在白宫西北面两英里左右，地理位置超级好的。
Master of Public Policy, MPA
A Master of Public Policy (MPP) provides a set of core skills in policy analysis, program evaluation, management, and politics that are valuable in many settings -- from national, state, and local government to "think tanks," consulting firms, community-action groups, and direct-service providers -- not only in the United States, but around the world. Compared to public administration programs, the scope of the MPP training prepares students for a broader range of careers inside and outside government.
The Master of Public Policy (MPP) is a multidisciplinary program offered in conjunction with the Georgetown Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The MPP-Full-Time Program (MPP-FT) is completed in two years; the MPP-Evening Program (MPP-EP) is completed in three. The curriculum is comprised of 48 credit hours. The program's focus is designed to meet the needs of individuals desiring a strong analytical background, particularly those planning careers in public or private sector policy analysis and management. Students receive rigorous training in all aspects of policy analysis, including program and policy evaluation, economics, policy process and implementation, and political theory and values, as well as in the area of public and nonprofit management.
Master of Policy Management, MPM
Today's policy managers, in and out of government, recognize that theirs is a distinguished calling. Faced with many of today's most difficult policy issues, they need inventive solutions that they know can be politically and administratively effective.
A Master of Policy Management equips top-level policy leaders with essential executive and analytic skills that allow them to meet this challenge. An executive degree for professionals with significant practical experience, the MPM hones and integrates their talents to enhance effectiveness in the policy world. GPPI provides committed policy professionals with the theoretical foundation and practical tools they need to make a difference.
Successful candidates for the MPM program will exhibit a solid record as policy professionals, with aspirations to assume a greater leadership role and to strengthen their commitment to service enhancing the quality of life in their country and the world. Most participants will have gained five or more years of experience in public policy and management at a substantial level.
The MPM degree strikes a balance between analytics, executive training and substantive focus within specific policy areas. Analytic courses stress a policy manager's role in commissioning, interpreting and communicating policy analysis. Full-time students complete their degrees after one summer and two semesters. Part-time participants fulfill the requirements for their degrees over the course of two summers and four semesters. International students in F-1 or J-1 status are required to enroll full-time each semester.
从上述内容可以看出，MPM招收的是学生大多是业界精英了，a solid record as policy professionals, with aspirations to assume a greater leadership role and to strengthen their commitment to service enhancing the quality of life in their country and the world. Most participants will have gained five or more years of experience in public policy and management at a substantial level.而MPP则招收广泛背景的学生。
通过上述几个牛校的项目比较，读者可能得出了一个结论，他们的区别很明显嘛，一个项目一年，而另一个项目两年。如果您也这么想，那真的是想当然了，我们再来看一个典型的例子，另一所位于美国华府市中心的名校，George Washington University。她家很为学生着想哈，专门就MPA和MPP项目做了比较，因此也非常值得参考。
MPA or MPP?
Both the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and the Master of Public Policy (MPP) are strong, valuable, recognized degrees. When prospective students see that they can earn an MPA with a concentration in public policy, they often ask: "What distinguishes the two degrees?"
At GWU, the basic structures (and amount of coursework) are virtually identical. However, the degrees do have distinctions in terms of the course emphases and recommended fields of concentration, as summarized below.
Parallel structures
，MPA和MPP有什么区别。其实这个问题在乔治敦大学公共政策学院副院长Kerry的讲座中，有非常详细的解答。本人认为她的解答非常准确，简单来说，就是要你看相关大学的课程设置，不能单纯从名称来分别。事实上，由于美国大学的自主性很强，专业设置也是各家说了算，名称也各一，比如说，类似的专业名称包括Master of Public Administration，Master of Public Policy，Master of Public Affairs，Master of Public Policy Management，Master of Public Management等。我今天的文章试着以一些同时开设MPA和MPP的学校来举例，给大家一些insightful perspective，权当抛砖引玉了，欢迎了解相关信息的同学一起交流讨论，给大家最有价值的参考意见。
首先，我们看看世界第一牛校哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的MPA和MPP项目区别,如下是官网提供的项目介绍：
Master in Public Administration, MPA
The two-year Master in Public Administration (MPA2) is a flexible program designed to enhance the knowledge and skills of established professionals and dual-degree students seeking further leadership responsibilities in the public, nonprofit, and private sectors.
Prospective students interested in the MPA2 program are encouraged to review the prerequisites for academic and work experience prior to applying.
Students admitted to the MPA2 are invited, in consultation with their advisors, to design an individual 16-course plan of study, constrained only by the requirement to fulfill distribution requirements in the three Harvard Kennedy School foundational methodological areas: analytics, management, and leadership, as well as a two-course Policy Areas of Concentration.
Master in Public Policy, MPP
The two-year Master in Public Policy (MPP) program provides future public leaders with the conceptual framework and practical skills necessary to succeed in public service.
The MPP core requirements are built upon strong foundations in three methodological areas: analysis, management, and leadership. These requirements are designed to help students solve complicated and unfamiliar challenges — by asking the right questions, determining the nature and dimensions of the problem at hand, exploring the range of possible solutions, and assessing the capacity of public institutions to implement one or more of these solutions.
Through the MPP core, students sharpen their powers of analysis and their knowledge base. They build the confidence and judgment needed to weigh competing demands and choose the most appropriate action. They become skilled at shaping effective and practical solutions and building consensus and ownership in support of those solutions. They learn to marshal resources within and outside of an organization, monitor and fine tune innovative policy solutions, and provide the transformational leadership that generates success.
通过上述简明扼要的介绍，我觉得两者的区别就很明显了：
由于哈佛肯尼迪的传统，培养目标是一致的，analytics, management, and leadership。
从课程计划的角度来讲，MPA更灵活（flexible），而MPP的课程计划要严谨一些。
从招生群体来说，MPA面向的是有成就的专业人士与双学位高材生（established professionals and dual-degree students），而MPP的招生群体则广泛得多。
我们再看看美国另一顶级牛校Princeton University的相关专业设置情况。
Master in Public Affairs (M.P.A.)
"The M.P.A. program is for a diverse, international, and talented group of individuals who are all committed to careers in public life. The curriculum includes the professional tools, perspectives, experience, and career planning for public policy decision-making, implementation and leadership — from the grass roots to the international capitals."
R. Douglas Arnold
Faculty Chair of the M.P.A. Program
Professor of Politics & Public Affairs
Overview
The Master in Public Affairs (M.P.A.) offers rigorous preparation for international and domestic policy careers. This two-year, full-time residential program cultivates among its students and graduates a lasting commitment to public service. Through its core curriculum and elective courses, it teaches analytical skills that address the political, economic, quantitative, organizational, and normative aspects of complex policy problems. It fosters an appreciation of the historical, institutional, and cultural contexts and interactions that encompass both domestic and international arenas.
The Woodrow Wilson School believes that it is essential for students of public affairs to understand how issues of gender, race, class, and cultural diversity affect public policy decisions, implementation, and outcomes. The School's ongoing commitment to incorporate these issues into its curriculum, research centers, colloquia, public affairs programs, and other activities is embraced by both students and faculty. To strengthen the future leadership of society, the School promotes opportunities for students from the broadest possible socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds to receive the highest quality of professional training and to build dynamic careers of public service. The financial aid resources of the School are dedicated to permitting the majority of its students to receive graduate degrees without incurring loan indebtedness, and to guide them toward public service careers in the public and nonprofit sectors. Over 90 percent of M.P.A. students receive financial aid, and more than half receive full scholarships for tuition and living expenses.
Master in Public Policy (M.P.P.)
"M.P.P. candidates come from a variety of educational and professional backgrounds, and their courses of study at the Woodrow Wilson School naturally reflect this diversity. Successful applicants to the M.P.P. program demonstrate leadership, creativity, a commitment to public service, and the intellectual ability to thrive in a demanding academic environment."
Karen L. McGuinness
Faculty Chair of the M.P.P. Program
Overview
The Woodrow Wilson School offers a one-year Master in Public Policy (M.P.P.) degree for mid-career professionals who are rising leaders in international and domestic public policy, and since the fall of 2008, the School now offers the M.P.P. to qualified physicians, Ph.D. scientists, and lawyers. The M.P.P. program is designed to meet the needs of rising leaders in the public service professions, including government agencies and nonprofit organizations in the U.S. and internationally. The M.P.P. program provides rigorous training in quantitative and policy analysis, preparing degree candidates to return to their careers with the intellectual breadth, organizational skills, and self-confidence necessary to assume leadership positions in an increasingly complex public service environment.
M.P.P. candidates come from a variety of educational and professional backgrounds; their courses of study at the Woodrow Wilson School naturally reflect this diversity. Faculty advisors work with students to ensure that their programs of study combine the flexibility needed to tailor programs to their particular needs while also retaining the rigor and coherence they and the School will expect of an advanced degree program
The M.P.P. year begins with an intensive six-week summer program in economics,statistics, and policy analysis, designed to strengthen students' skills in preparation for graduate-level Woodrow Wilson School courses. During the academic year, M.P.P. candidates select their courses from among the offerings available to all Woodrow Wilson School graduate students. in consultation with their faculty advisors, M.P.P. candidates may devise programs of study that combine fields of concentration and specialized programs, as well as draw on courses offered outside the School by other departments of the University.
Applicants to the one-year M.P.P. for mid-career professionals program must have had at least seven years of relevant public or nonprofit work experience. The expanded M.P.P. program for qualified physicians, Ph.D. scientists, and lawyers does not require a specified amount of work experience, but is intended to serve the School's mission to increase the leadership capacity for careers in public service, especially government careers in international affairs.
从两个项目主任的介绍里面，我们可以一目了然地看出两者的区别：
Princeton MPA 的招生群体非常广泛（a diverse, international, and talented group of individuals），课程设置也极为灵活；而MPP 虽然招生群体也很广泛，但明显有本质区别的，
a variety of educational and professional backgrounds 直接说明了她家的MPP 喜欢有高学历（比如说博士）和功成名就的成功人士（当然了，这么说有些夸张，但肯定得是在某个领域独当一面的领袖型人士了）。至于他们的主要区别，上文也有详细说明，这里就不赘叙。值得一提的是，MPA是两年的课程计划，而MPP 只有一年。
另一常青藤盟校Brown University MPA和MPP的项目也非常的经典，培养出一代又一代牛人，咱们看下她家的情况吧。
Masters of Public Policy (MPA) Program
Students pursuing the one-year Master of Public Affairs degree (MPA) eight courses: five required core courses (institutions and policymaking, economics public budgeting and management, statistics, and policy analysis) and three electives specialization. Electives are taken from the Center's seminars plus other research policymaking institutions, and substantive policy courses offered at Brown.
详情见官网
http://www.brown.edu/Departments ... isite/grad/MPA.html
Masters of Public Policy (MPP) Program
Students in the Masters of Public Policy (MPP) program are required to complete sixteen courses. This includes eight required courses (six core courses plus two credit-bearing internship and research workshop courses) and eight electives which the student choose. The required classes are shown below, along with brief course descriptions:
详情见官网
http://www.brown.edu/Departments ... isite/grad/MPP.html
简单来说，MPP 学制一年，学8门课。MPA学制两年，学16门课程。
我们再来看看，Georgetown University MPP和MPM的区别，值得一提的是，Georgetown位于美国华府市中心，在白宫西北面两英里左右，地理位置超级好的。
Master of Public Policy, MPA
A Master of Public Policy (MPP) provides a set of core skills in policy analysis, program evaluation, management, and politics that are valuable in many settings -- from national, state, and local government to "think tanks," consulting firms, community-action groups, and direct-service providers -- not only in the United States, but around the world. Compared to public administration programs, the scope of the MPP training prepares students for a broader range of careers inside and outside government.
The Master of Public Policy (MPP) is a multidisciplinary program offered in conjunction with the Georgetown Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The MPP-Full-Time Program (MPP-FT) is completed in two years; the MPP-Evening Program (MPP-EP) is completed in three. The curriculum is comprised of 48 credit hours. The program's focus is designed to meet the needs of individuals desiring a strong analytical background, particularly those planning careers in public or private sector policy analysis and management. Students receive rigorous training in all aspects of policy analysis, including program and policy evaluation, economics, policy process and implementation, and political theory and values, as well as in the area of public and nonprofit management.
Master of Policy Management, MPM
Today's policy managers, in and out of government, recognize that theirs is a distinguished calling. Faced with many of today's most difficult policy issues, they need inventive solutions that they know can be politically and administratively effective.
A Master of Policy Management equips top-level policy leaders with essential executive and analytic skills that allow them to meet this challenge. An executive degree for professionals with significant practical experience, the MPM hones and integrates their talents to enhance effectiveness in the policy world. GPPI provides committed policy professionals with the theoretical foundation and practical tools they need to make a difference.
Successful candidates for the MPM program will exhibit a solid record as policy professionals, with aspirations to assume a greater leadership role and to strengthen their commitment to service enhancing the quality of life in their country and the world. Most participants will have gained five or more years of experience in public policy and management at a substantial level.
The MPM degree strikes a balance between analytics, executive training and substantive focus within specific policy areas. Analytic courses stress a policy manager's role in commissioning, interpreting and communicating policy analysis. Full-time students complete their degrees after one summer and two semesters. Part-time participants fulfill the requirements for their degrees over the course of two summers and four semesters. International students in F-1 or J-1 status are required to enroll full-time each semester.
从上述内容可以看出，MPM招收的是学生大多是业界精英了，a solid record as policy professionals, with aspirations to assume a greater leadership role and to strengthen their commitment to service enhancing the quality of life in their country and the world. Most participants will have gained five or more years of experience in public policy and management at a substantial level.而MPP则招收广泛背景的学生。
通过上述几个牛校的项目比较，读者可能得出了一个结论，他们的区别很明显嘛，一个项目一年，而另一个项目两年。如果您也这么想，那真的是想当然了，我们再来看一个典型的例子，另一所位于美国华府市中心的名校，George Washington University。她家很为学生着想哈，专门就MPA和MPP项目做了比较，因此也非常值得参考。
MPA or MPP?
Both the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and the Master of Public Policy (MPP) are strong, valuable, recognized degrees. When prospective students see that they can earn an MPA with a concentration in public policy, they often ask: "What distinguishes the two degrees?"
At GWU, the basic structures (and amount of coursework) are virtually identical. However, the degrees do have distinctions in terms of the course emphases and recommended fields of concentration, as summarized below.
Parallel structures
