University of Manchester Physics

评语：The Physics of Living Processes Aims To introduce the topic of biological physics and to devevlop an understanding of some physical tools to solve problems in the life sciences. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion of the course, students should be able to: 1. Describe the main domains within a cell and the major types of biological molecule to provide a broad overview of molecular biophysics. 2. Analayse the behaviour of biological materials using models from soft condensed matter physics to allow quantitative predications to be made. 3. Compare the main experimental techniques used in biological physics, appraise their usage to solve biological problems and demonstrate an understanding from the perspective of the underlying physical principles. 4. Construct and interpet a range of basic models that underpin systems biology based on the activity of transcription networks. 5. Explain the basic models of electrophysiology and describe how they relate to the study of brains and the senses based on the underlying physics principles. Syllabus 1. Building blocks (2 lectures) Molecules Cells 2. Soft-condensed matter in biology (10 lectures) Mesoscopic forces Phase transitions Motility Aggregating self-assembly Surface phenomena Biomacromolecules Charged ions and polymers Membranes Rheology Motors 3. Experimental techniques (2 lectures) Photonics techniques, mass spectroscopy, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, single molecule methods, electron microscopy, NMR, osmotic pressure, chromatography, electrophoresis, sedimentation, rheology, tribology. 4. Systems biology (4 lectures) Chemical kinetics Enzyme kinetics Introduction to systems biology 5. Spikes, brains and the senses (4 lectures) Spikes Physiology of cells and organisms The senses Brains

评语：Aims To study the basic constituents of matter and the nature of interactions between them. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion successful students will be able to: 1. understand the principles of the quark model. 2. understand all interactions in terms of a common framework of exchange quanta. 3. represent interactions and decays in terms of Feynman diagrams. 4. apply relativistic kinematics to reaction and decay processes. 5. appreciate the likely direction of new research over the next 10 years. Syllabus 1. Ingredients of the Standard Model Quarks and leptons. Mesons and baryons. Exchange of virtual particles. Strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions. 2. Relativistic kinematics Invariant mass, thresholds and decays. 3. Conservation laws Angular momentum. Baryon number, lepton number. Strangeness. Isospin. Parity, charge conjugation and CP. 4. The quark model Supermultiplets. Resonances; formation, production and decay. Heavy quarks, charm, bottom and top. Experimental evidence for quarks. Colour; confinement and experimental value. 5. Weak interactions Parity violation. Helicity. CP violation, K0 and B0 systems. 6. The Standard Model and beyond Quark-lepton generations. Neutrino oscillations. The Higgs boson. Grand Unified Theories Supersymmetry.

评语：Aims 1. To enhance knowledge and understanding of Quantum Mechanics. 2. To prepare students for Quantum Field Theory, Gauge Theories and other related courses. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion successful students will be able to: 1. Find the unitary transformations linked to symmetry operations. 2. Apply time-dependent perturbation theory to variety of problems. 3. Derive a mathematical description of quantum motion in electromagnetic fields. 4. Apply the relativistic wave equations to simple single-particle problems. Syllabus 1. Symmetries in quantum mechanics (4 lectures) Rotations, space-time reflections and parity Unitary operators for space and time translations Conversation laws Schrödinger vs Heisenberg picture 2. Time-dependent perturbation theory (6 lectures) Fermi's Golden Rule Selection rules for atomic transitions Emission and absorption of radiation Finite width of excited state Selection rules for hydrogen 3. Coupling to E&M fields (6 lectures) Minimal coupling Landau levels The Gauge Principle in Quantum Mechanics The Pauli-Schrödinger equation 4. Relativistic wave equations (8 lectures) The Klein-Gordon equation The Dirac equations Chirality and helicity Lorentz invariance and the non-relativistic limit The hydrogen atom and fine structure Graphene

评语：Aims Development of the cosmological model, its problems and their possible resolution within the framework of relativistic gravity and modern particle physics. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates. On completion successful students will be able to: 1. formulate the linear theory of structure formation in the CDM model, obtain solutions in simple model cases of one component universe. 2. explain the problems of the big bang cosmology and the way to solve them in inflationary theory. 3. calculate basic cosmological parameters in inflationary slow roll models. 4. indicate the relations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation and cosmological parameters. 5. discuss the evidence for an accelerating universe and the possible role of dark energy. Syllabus 1. Standard model of cosmology: Review Review of FRW universe; Natural units; Distance measures in FRW and conformal time; Basic observational facts; Neutrino decoupling and the radiation density; A brief history of time. 2. Structure formation Overview of structure formation; Relativistic perturbation theory; Conformal Newtonian gauge; Evolution of vector and tensor perturbations; Scalar perturbations in one component universe; Adiabatic and isocurvature perturbations; Power spectra; Suppression of power on small scales due to baryons and neutrinos. 3. Cosmic microwave background Basic features of the angular power spectrum; Recombination and photon decoupling; Density and velocity fluctuations; Sachs-Wolfe effects. 4. Inflation Horizon and Flatness puzzles, primordial perturbations; Definition of inflation and its solution of the horizon and flatness puzzles; Potential formulation and slow roll dynamics; reheating and the transition to radiation domination; Klein-Gordon field as a simple worked example; Fluctuations generated during inflation; Model zoo: large field, small field and hybrid models; Connecting observations with theory; Preheating and the transition to radiation domination. 5. Dark energy Vacuum energy and timescale problems; Cosmological constant; Quintessence.

评语：Galaxy Formation

评语：Aims To provide an introduction to the modern theory of galaxy formation and large-scale structure of the Universe. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates. On completion of the course, students should be able to: 1. Discuss key observable properties of the low and high redshift galaxy population within a cosmological context. 2. Explain the basic ideas of how large-scale structures grow and lead to the formation of dark matter haloes. 3. Discuss the important physical processes that set the conditions for galaxy formation. 4. Describe and explain the properties of galaxy clusters and their application to cosmology. 5. Outline modern research methods used to model galaxy formation and discuss key outstanding problems. Syllabus 1. Overview Observations of galaxies and their environments at low and high redshifts; key observational tests for galaxy formation models; galaxies in a cosmological context. 2. Growth of large-scale structures: Linear growth of structures; Zel’dovich approximation; characteristic halo mass and hierarchical growth; power spectrum. 3. Dark matter haloes: Spherical top-hat collapse model; Press Schechter formalism and the halo mass function; mergers and accretion; internal structure; halo shapes and spin; substructure. 4. Gas processes: Hydrostatic equilibrium; Jeans mass; accretion shocks; radiative cooling; angular momentum and disk formation; star formation and feedback processes. 5. Galaxy clusters: Galaxies in clusters; intracluster medium; dark matter and mass measurements; cluster scaling relations; cosmology with clusters. 6. Frontiers of galaxy formation: Ν-body simulations; semi-analytic models; hydrodynamic simulations; outstanding problems.

评语：QFT

评语：Aims To understand the unifying framework of quantization of fundamental forces and particles in agreement with special relativity. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion successful students will be able to: 1. Explain the concept of canonical quantization for scalar, vector and fermion fields. 2. Explain the concept of global and local symmetries in Quantum Field Theory and their implications 3. Derive the Feynman rules from the Lagrangian formalism, use these to calculate S-matrix elements, and understand their physical significance. 4. Calculate the lifetime of unstable particles and cross sections of reactions that occur in the lowest order of perturbation theory. 5. Explain the concept of renormalization and apply this to field theories. Syllabus 1. Preliminaries (3 Lectures) Classical Lagrangian Dynamics; Lagrangian Field Theory; Global and Local Symmetries; Noether's Theorem. 2. Canonical Quantization (4 lectures) From Classical to Quantum Mechanics; Quantum Fields and Causality; Canonical Quantization of Scalar Field Theory; Complex Fields and Anti-Particles. 3. The S-Matrix in Quantum Field Theory (5 lectures) Time Evolution of Quantum States and the S-Matrix; Feynman Propagator and Wick's Theorem; Transition Amplitudes and Feynman Rules; Particle Decays and Cross Sections; Unitarity and the Optical Theorem. 4. Quantum Electrodynamics (6 lectures) Dirac Spinors; Quantization of the Fermion Field; Gauge Symmetry; Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field; the Photon Propagator and Gauge Fixing; Feynman Rules for Quantum Electrodynamics. 5. Renormalization (6 lectures) Renormalizability; Dimensional Regularization, Renormalization of a Scalar Theory; Anomalous magnetic moment and the Lamb shift.

评语：Aims To provide a basic knowledge of the physics of atomic nuclei, models of the structure of the nucleus and basic mechanisms of radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion successful students should be able to: 1. Describe and explain the various methods used to determine nuclear shapes and sizes 2. Evaluate Electromagnetic moments in nuclei 3. Describe, explain and categorise the mechanisms behind nuclear decay processes 4. Evaluate the transition rates for nuclear decay processes 5. Describe, categorise and explain the basic properties of excited nuclear states using simple models. Syllabus 1. Basic Concepts in Nuclear Physics: Brief resumé 2. Sizes and Shapes of Nuclei: Measurements of nuclear mass and charge radii: electron scattering, muonic atoms. Electromagnetic moments: hyperfine structure. Nuclear deformation. 3. Mechanisms of Nuclear Decay: α decay: Barrier penetration, Geiger-Nuttall systematics, relationship to proton/ heavy-fragment emission. β decay: Fermi theory, selection rules. γ decay of excited states: multipolarity, selection rules and decay probabilities. 4. Excited States of Nuclei: Description of the properties of excited states using the nuclear shell model. Collective behaviour: rotational and vibrational states. 5. Nuclear Reactions: Cross section. Simple features of nuclear reactions. Direct and compound-nuclear mechanisms. Fusion and fission.

评语：Particle Physics Aims To study the basic constituents of matter and the nature of interactions between them. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion successful students will be able to: 1. understand the principles of the quark model. 2. understand all interactions in terms of a common framework of exchange quanta. 3. represent interactions and decays in terms of Feynman diagrams. 4. apply relativistic kinematics to reaction and decay processes. 5. appreciate the likely direction of new research over the next 10 years. Syllabus 1. Ingredients of the Standard Model Quarks and leptons. Mesons and baryons. Exchange of virtual particles. Strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions. 2. Relativistic kinematics Invariant mass, thresholds and decays. 3. Conservation laws Angular momentum. Baryon number, lepton number. Strangeness. Isospin. Parity, charge conjugation and CP. 4. The quark model Supermultiplets. Resonances; formation, production and decay. Heavy quarks, charm, bottom and top. Experimental evidence for quarks. Colour; confinement and experimental value. 5. Weak interactions Parity violation. Helicity. CP violation, K0 and B0 systems. 6. The Standard Model and beyond Quark-lepton generations. Neutrino oscillations. The Higgs boson. Grand Unified Theories Supersymmetry.

评语：经典天文学教材

评语：Aims To introduce the fundamental ideas of quantum mechanics that are needed to understand atomic physics. Learning outcomes ‘This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates.’ On completion successful students will be able to: 1. Understand how quantum states are described by wave functions. 2. Deal with operators and solve eigenvalue problems in quantum mechanics. 3. Solve the Schrodinger equation and describe the properties of the simple harmonic oscillator. 4. Deal with algebra of angular momentum operators and solve the simple eigenvalue problems of an angular momentum in quantum mechanics. 5. Use quantum mechanics to describe the hydrogen atom. 6. Use quantum mechanics to describe the properities of one-electron atoms. 7. Use quantum mechanics to describe the simple multi-electron systems such as helium atom and hydrogen molecule. Syllabus 1. Basic Elements of Quantum Mechanics Time dependent Schrödinger equation and time evolution. (2 lectures) 2. Commutators and compatibility Operators and quantum states, commutation relations and compatibility of different observables. (2 lectures) 3. The Harmonic Oscillator Stationery states, energy levels of simple harmonic oscillator, vibrational states of a diatomic molecule (2 lectures) 4. Orbital angular momentum Particle in two dimensions (eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of Lz), particle in three dimensions (eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of L2 and Lz), rotational states of a diatmoic molecule. (4 lectures) 5. Particle in a central potential Motion according to classical physics, quantum states with certain E, L2 and Lz and the radial time-indpendent Schrodinger equation, energy levels and eigenfunctions for the Coulomb potential. (2 lectures) 6. Hydrogen Atom Energy levels, size and shape of energy eigenfunctions, effect of finite mass of nucleus, EM spectrum, hydrogen-like systems. (4 lectures) 7. One-electron atoms in more details Electron spin, Sten-Gerlach experiment, magentic moments, orbital and total angular momentum. Spin-orbit interaction, perturbation theory (1st order). Zeeman effect. Parity, radiative transitions and selection rules. (4 lectures) 8. Multi-electron Atoms Wave functions of identical particles. Exchange symmetry. Pauli exclusion principle. Energy states of He atom. Hartree theory. X-ray spectra. Hand's rules. (2 lectures)

评语：Aims To show how many Solar System phenomena may be understood in terms of the physics already known to first year students. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion successful students will be able to: give a qualitative description of the Solar System and to know how the current picture emerged. apply dynamical principles to understand phenomena such as tides and orbits in the Solar System. make simple orbit calculations, based on energy and angular momentum conservation. Understand the basis of Kepler's laws and the Virial Theorem. know what may be deduced about the Sun by considering it as a black body and body in hydrostatic equilibrium. explain the basic principles behind the energy generation in the Sun. gain some knowledge of planetary atmospheres and to understand the origin of the Earth's greenhouse effect. gain some simple knowledge of the internal constitution of the planets. know how planetary ring systems may be formed. know the consequences of impacts in the Solar System. understand in outline how the Solar System is thought to have formed and evolved. Syllabus 1. Overview of the Solar System General description and inventory. Coordinates and time keeping. 2. Gravity Kepler's laws and Newton's law of gravity. Properties of orbits. The virial theorem. Tidal forces and tidal friction. Evolution of the Moon. 3. The Sun Freefall time scale and Kelvin Helmholtz time scale. Hydrostatic equilibrium. Nuclear reactions; Neutrinos. Helioseismology. 4. Planetary atmospheres Albedo and optical depth. Scale height; Escape. Reducing and oxidising atmospheres; Greenhouse effect; Ice ages. 5. Planetary surfaces Impact craters. Isotope dating. 6. Planetary interiors Liquid cores; Heat generation; 7. The formation of the solar system

评语：Aims To show how the properties of macroscopic bodies can be derived from the knowledge that matter is made up from atoms. To develop the ideas of classical thermodynamics. Learning outcomes This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates On completion successful students will be able to: 1. Describe and explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and the concept of entropy; 2. Define and derive the fundamental thermodynamic relation; 3. Use the formalism of thermodynamics and apply it to simple systems in thermal equilibrium; 4. Describe techniques for finding appropriate averages to predict macroscopic behaviour; 5. Apply these techniques to the calculation of the properties of matter. Syllabus 1. Thermodynamics • The First Law: heat, work and internal energy. Functions of state. Reversibility • The Second Law: from heat engines to entropy. • Phase transitions: Gibbs Free energy, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, examples of phase transitions including Van der Waals gas. 2. Solids and liquids • Interactions between atoms: interatomic potentials and bonding. • Introduction to crystal structure and Bragg’s Law. • Elasticity; Young, shear and bulk moduli. • Bernoulli’s equation and incompressible fluid flow. • Liquid surfaces. • Drag: viscose and turbulent drag forces. 3. Kinetic theory of gases • Boltzmann factor. • Ideal gas equation and internal energy, including internal molecular modes. • Maxwell velocity distribution, mean speed. • Gas molecular collisions: mean free path. • Transport properties of gases; viscosity, thermal conductivity and self-diffusion.

评语：Binney, J. & Merrifield, M. Galactic Astronomy (Princeton University Press)

评语：Syllabus 1. Introduction – Our view of galaxies: - Hubble and de Vaucouleurs classification schemes – the distance ladder and methods of measuring distances to Galaxies - luminosity function of galaxies – surface brightness magnitude – galaxy surveys. 2. Our Galaxy – The Milky Way: - principal components and their kinematics – stellar mass function - rotation curve – Oort constants - mass budget and evidence for dark matter – satellite streams – Galactic Centre. 3. Disk galaxies: - surface brightness distribution – Tully-Fisher relation: application as a distance measurement – dynamics of disk galaxies – origin of spiral arms- properties of Galactic bars. 4. Elliptical galaxies: - composition and structure - surface brightness distribution – King models and comparisons with globular clusters – the fundamental plane – black hole mass versus velocity dispersion relation – dynamics of ellipticals galaxies. 5. Groups, clusters and Galaxy formation: membership of galaxy groups and clusters – the Local Group – methods for estimating the mass of groups and clusters – morphology versus density relation for galaxies and for clusters of galaxies – classic and modern views of galaxy formation – open questions.

评语：To understand the observed properties of galaxies in the context of the current hierarchical structure formation theory. Learning outcomes ‘This course unit detail provides the framework for delivery in 20/21 and may be subject to change due to any additional Covid-19 impact. Please see Blackboard / course unit related emails for any further updates.’ On completion of the course, students will be able to: 1. Classify galaxies using the Hubble scheme. 2. Discuss critically methods of distance measurement to galaxies. 3. Describe the properties and main components of the Milky Way and compare its properties to external galaxies. 4. Explain how to determine the mass of a galaxy and discuss the implication of this for the existence of dark matter. 5. Describe the winding dilemma and give simple explanations for spiral arms. 6. Describe the properties of galaxy clusters and groups and discuss the interactions between dark matter, gas and galaxies in clusters and groups. 7. Describe the properties of black holes in the centres of galaxies and their influence on the galaxy. 8. Describe the galaxy and dark matter structures that exist in the Universe and compare models for how the structure forms. Syllabus 1. Introduction – Our view of galaxies: - Hubble and de Vaucouleurs classification schemes – the distance ladder and methods of measuring distances to Galaxies - luminosity function of galaxies – surface brightness magnitude – galaxy surveys. 2. Our Galaxy – The Milky Way: - principal components and their kinematics – stellar mass function - rotation curve – Oort constants - mass budget and evidence for dark matter – satellite streams – Galactic Centre. 3. Disk galaxies: - surface brightness distribution – Tully-Fisher relation: application as a distance measurement – dynamics of disk galaxies – origin of spiral arms- properties of Galactic bars. 4. Elliptical galaxies: - composition and structure - surface brightness distribution – King models and comparisons with globular clusters – the fundamental plane – black hole mass versus velocity dispersion relation – dynamics of ellipticals galaxies. 5. Groups, clusters and Galaxy formation: membership of galaxy groups and clusters – the Local Group – methods for estimating the mass of groups and clusters – morphology versus density relation for galaxies and for clusters of galaxies – classic and modern views of galaxy formation – open questions.

评语：Introduction to Non-linear Physics