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电影《The Catcher Was a Spy》背后的故事

业主售房 2024-04-06 12:31:45 北京

如果你知道哈佛毕业的前NBA+CBA球员林书豪，如果你还能想象林书豪成为美国中情局特工并被派往朝鲜去甄别朝鲜是否有原子弹的制造能力，怀揣氰化钾的林书豪还背负着在确认其有原子弹的制造能力时要刺杀该国的首要核武器科学家，那么这个真实的人就是你想象的林书豪：Moe Berg。

一、 More Berg 的传奇

1.A third-string catcher became a first-rate spy

This stranger-than-fiction espionage thriller brings to life the incredible true story of Moe Berg, the professional baseball player who became a World War II spy. A Jewish, a graduate of Princeton University and Columbia Law School, he spoke about 12 languages，catcher for the Boston Red Sox and Brooklyn Dodgers, was enlisted by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency.

1933 baseball card of Berg while he was with the Washington Senators

长得帅的精英

In October 22, 1932, Berg along with other 2 baseball players went to Japan to teach baseball seminars at Japanese universities. 这是他首次付日本打棒球，电影里没有介绍。 When the other Americans returned to the United States after their coaching assignments were over, Berg stayed behind to explore Japan. He then went on to tour Manchuria, Shanghai, and Peking; Indochina, Siam, India, Egypt, and Berlin, Germany. 他是很喜欢旅游世界的，同一般的职业球员是大不同的。

In 1934, although Berg was a mediocre, third-string catcher, he was invited at the last minute to make the second baseball player trip to Japan for exhibition play. Berg had contracted with a New York City newsreel production company, to film sights from his trip; he took a 16-mm Bell & Howell movie camera and a letter from the company attesting to this. When the team arrived in Japan, Berg gave a welcome speech in Japanese。在棒球运动员中他的确是最聪明的，利用去日本的机会还能挣别的钱，一心用、一箭双雕，这种智慧中国人和犹太人都很擅长！

On November 29, 1934, while the rest of the team was playing on court, Berg went to Saint Luke's Hospital , with a bouquet of flowers ostensibly pretending to visit the daughter of American Ambassador who had just given birth. 进了医院后，他 tossed the flowers aside ， sneaked out a side door to the roof. From there, with a commanding view of the city, he captured panoramic shots of the naval base at Tokyo Bay, commercial and industrial centers, and surrounding military targets. Then he quietly returned to his teammates. When the exhibition tour is over in Japan, Berg continued to travel to the Philippines, Korea, and Moscow of the Soviet Union.

His secret video was later shown to U.S. Army Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle before their famous bombing raid on Tokyo in April 1942 in retaliation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. 偷拍日本不是他有同日本开战的先见之明，而是利用访日的机会拍纪录片挣外快之外的一举三得！

On August 2, 1943, Berg accepted a position with the Office of Strategic Services Special Operations Branch for a salary of $3,800 ($64,300 today) a year.

日本轰炸珍珠港后，美国有超过500名大联盟棒球球员在二战期间参军，全美国的棒球球员中，有4076人服过兵役。Berg参军不足为奇。

On orders direct from President Franklin Roosevelt, Berg persuaded Antonio Ferri, who had served as the head of the supersonic research program in Italy, to relocate to the United States and take part in supersonic aircraft development here. When Berg returned with Ferri, Roosevelt commented "I see that Moe Berg is still catching very well".

电影中的主要情节是他被派往苏黎世去接触德国核技术的主要科学家海德堡。His orders are ambiguous: If he believes Heisenberg has embarked on a atomic bomb project, he is to assassinate him before the Germans could develop an atomic bomb. 在苏黎世完成甄别和刺杀任务时，Berg managed to take a walk with Heisenberg after a dinner party, a stroll in which he concluded the scientist still had a long way to go in developing the bomb — and therefore he passed up an ideal opportunity to kill him. 电影里Berg的上级认为，即使海森堡有5%的可能能做出原子弹，也要刺杀他。如何计算海森堡制造原子弹的概率小于5%呢？再聪明的人也不会得出科学的经得起推敲的结论，只能靠当事人的赌博性判断！因此，CIA这次任务布置是犯了愚蠢错误的！军事任务布置就应明确，既然德国5%的可能性能制造原子弹都接受不了，那目的只有一个: 杀掉海森堡。给执行者两种选择，聪明的执行者必然想办法去选择对自己风险最小的那种。

2 精英英雄悲惨的退休生活

历史多次证明智力超群的精英往往离开平台就归于暗淡，Berg离开CIA后的余生又是一次佐证。

After the war, Berg was awarded the Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given to civilians during wartime, from President Harry S. Truman for his service. He declined to accept it without any public explanation。这背后的原因肯定是源于他对CIA的不满或则他同CIA的矛盾。

Berg离开战略服务局可以说是一个丑闻：战略服务局不仅向他索要在国外驻酒店、吃饭时的发票，而且暗示他有经费超标之嫌。Berg一气之下，只留下了一句“沉默有时是最昂贵的”，就选择了离开。莫里斯对战略服务局怨气持续了很长时间，而拒领勋章就是最好的明证。

1951年，他终于忘记了曾经的屈辱，给已经更名为中央情报局的老单位写了一封信，表达了愿意去以色列工作的愿望。中情局非常重视他的建议，但最终的决定却是让他在1952年再次出游欧洲：去探访那些曾经相识的物理学家，从中寻找苏联核物理研究现状的蛛丝马迹。数月之后，花掉了上万美元的他从欧洲归来，带给了中情局许多信息，但就是没有和苏联核武器研究有关的有效信息。于是，他“超级间谍”的职业，再次走到了尽头。

For the next 20 years, Berg had no real job. He lived off friends and relatives who put up with him. Berg陷入了精神性人格障碍的困境。他仍然认为自己是位奉有特殊使命的特工, When they asked what he did for a living, he would reply by putting his finger to his lips, giving them the impression that he was still a spy.。因此，尽管有许多人为他提供担任棒球教练、学校老师或是商务翻译的工作，但他总是一口回绝. 最初，很多人都喜欢和他在一起，听思路清晰、谈吐幽默的他讲这令人目瞪口呆的欧洲名人故事。然而，当一切都开始重复的时候，很多熟人就抛弃了这位每天沉浸在书本中的老人。A lifelong bachelor, he lived with his brother Samuel for 17 years. According to Samuel, Berg became moody and snappish after the war, and did not seem to care for much in life besides his books. Berg usually spent his days reading stacks of newspapers. No one was allowed to touch his papers until he had read them all. If anyone did, he considered the touched papers “dead” and would go out and buy the same ones again. He also wore the same black suit and tie every day and took three baths a day. Samuel finally grew fed up with the arrangement and asked Moe to leave, even having eviction papers drawn up..

二、 刺杀对象海森堡

沃纳·海森堡（Werner Karl Heisenberg），量子力学主要创始人。He was awarded the 1932 Nobel prize in physics “for the creation of quantum mechanics”.

二战期间纳粹核武器计划的首席科学家

他发现了测不准原理，也称为海森堡测不准原理：同时知道某些物理属性对（例如位置和动量）的精度是有限的。换句话说，一个属性测量得越准确，另一属性的了解就越不准确。

如果要想测定一个量子的精确位置的话，那么就需要用波长尽量短的波，这样的话，测量本身对这个量子的扰动也会越大，对它的速度测量也会越不精确；如果想要精确测量一个量子的速度，那就要用波长较长的波，那就不能精确测定它的位置。

Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by 英国人 James Chadwick in 1932, Heisenberg submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. 当时他的研究已经处在核技术的最前沿，但是， After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in the press as a "White Jew" (an Aryan who acts like a Jew). From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics movement Deutsche Physik 认为quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity 是犹太人主导的. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over scholarly ability 。这多像文革时“宁愿无产阶级的草，也不要资产阶级的苗”，集权主义下，政治正确比事实求是重要。由于海森堡的政治不正确，虽然能力上他是最合适的人选，在选择Head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich人选上，他还是输给了Wilhelm Müller. Müller was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental to educating theoretical physicists in Germany.

为了摆脱纳粹对海森堡的政治迫害，Heisenberg's mother visited Himmler's mother （西方人也会走后门）. The two women knew each other, as Heisenberg's maternal grandfather and Himmler's father were rectors and members of a Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler settled the Heisenberg affair by sending two letters, one to SS Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In the letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Germany could not afford to lose or silence Heisenberg, as he would be useful for teaching a generation of scientists. To Heisenberg, Himmler said the letter came on the recommendation of his family and he cautioned Heisenberg to make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal and political attitudes of the involved scientists. 希姆莱无疑是一个会做人的领导，一个高情商的领导，但是在荒谬的制度下，这些能力于事无补！在核武竞赛上，德国痛失好局！

1927年，第五届索尔维会议在比利时布鲁塞尔召开。在本次物理界的豪华聚会上，爱因斯坦、玻尔更是照片的灵魂人物。29位与会者中有17人是诺贝尔奖得主，唯一的女性居里夫人得过两次诺贝尔奖。

照片上一般工科大学生在物理课上知道的人物有：第一排左起第二人开始：马克斯·普朗克、玛丽·居里、亨德里克·洛伦兹、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦、保罗·朗之万；第二排右起第一人尼尔斯·玻尔；第三排右起第六人埃尔温·薛定谔、第三人就是沃纳·海森堡

20世纪初，发明了以他名字命名的制碱法的比利时化学家索尔维创立了索尔维会议。索尔维是一个很像诺贝尔的人，本身既是科学家又是家底雄厚的实业家，万贯家财都捐给科学事业。诺贝尔是设立了以自己名字命名的科学奖金，索尔维则是提供了召开世界最高水平学术会议——“索尔维会议”的经费。

三、 德国为什么没有搞出原子弹

1938年德国的奥托·哈恩在世界上首先“发现了核裂变”，并因此获得 1944 年诺贝尔化学奖。核裂变的意义不仅在于中子可以把一个重核打破，关键的是在中子打破重核的过程中，同时释放出能量。但是哈恩曾讲过这样的话：“我对你们物理学家们，唯一的希望就是，任何时候也不要制造铀弹。如果有那么一天，希特勒得到了这类武器，我一定自杀。”哈恩不愿让纳粹政权掌握原子能技术，拒绝参与任何研究。

The German nuclear weapons program, known as Uranverein, was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began in Europe. The HWA,（Army Ordnance Office）started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices.

On 4 June 1942, Heisenberg was summoned to report to Albert Speer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on the prospects for converting the Uranverein's research toward developing nuclear weapons. During the meeting, Heisenberg told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, because it would require significant monetary resources and number of personnel.

海森堡说过：“我很随意地向元首报告，因为我不想让元首太感兴趣，以至于他会立即下令大力制造原子弹。施佩尔觉得最好整个事情应该被放弃，元首也做出了这样的反应。” 他还说，德国核物理科学家之所以持有这种观点是为了科学家们个人的安全，因为成功的可能性几乎为零，但如果成千上万的人工作后没有任何进展，那可能会“给我们自己带来极其不愉快的后果。”

因此，结论是：德国核武器项目不会在短期内对结束德国战争做出决定性贡献，因此HWA陆军军械办公室放弃了对该项目的控制权。1942 年 7 月，转交给RFR，帝国研究委员会。德国的原子能发展并未超越实验室阶段；主要考虑因素是用于发电而不是炸药

The Germany nuclear power project was broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor. The project was then essentially split up between a number of institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. When the army relinquished its control of the German nuclear weapons program in 1942, it was the zenith of the project. About 70 scientists worked for the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time to nuclear fission research. After 1942, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many of the scientists not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war-related work.

希姆莱的给海森堡写证明信5 年后，In February 1943, Heisenberg was appointed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (今天的洪堡大学). In April, his election to the Preubische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was approved.，终于他成为了德国研制原子弹核武器的领导人，可是5 年的时间被愚蠢的纳粹浪费了！

Even though nuclear fission of uranium was discovered in Germany in 1938, the development of a German atomic bomb was not prioritized because of above reasons.

1945年春海森堡、哈恩等十位核物科学家被送往英国拘禁。他们被关押在英国军情六处的安全屋。拘留期间，他们的谈话被录音。

期间，海森堡告诉其他科学家，他从未考虑过制造炸弹，而只是考虑用原子堆来产生能量。关于德国制造原子弹的核武器计划的失败，海森堡评论说：“我们不会有道德勇气在 1942 年春天向政府建议他们应该雇用 120,000 人”。

1945年8月6日至9日，德国科学家在囚禁期间被告知了美国在广岛和长崎投下原子弹的情况。奥托·哈恩最先得知此事，他感到绝望，因为作为核裂变的发现者，他感到自己对数十万日本平民的死亡和痛苦负有共同责任。维尔纳·海森堡在他的回忆录中写道：“可以理解的是，奥托·哈恩受到的打击最为严重。铀裂变是他最重要的科学发现；这是原子技术中无人预料到的决定性一步。这一步骤现在给一座大城市及其居民带来了可怕的结局，手无寸铁的人们，其中大多数人在战争中感到无辜。哈恩退回到自己的房间，浑身颤抖，心烦意乱，我们非常担心他可能会伤害自己。”

在彼此的谈话中，海森堡提出，制造这种武器需要大量的浓缩铀（“大约一吨”）。为了证明他的推理合理，他简要解释了如何计算原子弹的临界质量。美国科学家后来发现他的计算中存在严重错误。美国科学家的结论是：虽然他们知道一些一般原则——利用分离的U235进行快速裂变以及钚的可能性——但他们没有认真调查任何细节。所有真正困难的问题都没有得到解决。......他们认为在战时德国制造炸弹在技术和经济方面是不可行的。它太大而且成本太高。

1946 年 1 月初，这十名被拘留者被允许返回德国。

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