【转载】实践|景观设计项目的阶段
2017年8月7日，AEST
景观设计项目的规模和复杂程度不尽相同，但它们分为不同阶段，以便于管理。由于项目类型的差异，景观建筑项目的分期需要灵活的项目管理方法。项目阶段经常遵循类似的模式，但由于各种因素，包括规模，复杂性，客户需求，预算等因素可能会缩短或不缩短。
Landscape architecture design projects differ in scale and complexity, however they are separated into various stages to allow for ease of management. Due to the variation in project types the staging of landscape architecture projects requires a flexible approach to project management. The project stages often follow a similar pattern however, they may be shortened or not undertaken due to various factors including scale, complexity, client requirements, budget and so on.
我希望通过提供有关设计项目阶段的一般信息来协助对景观建筑有兴趣的人士。舞台名称和术语可能因国家和地区而异，但是有一个通过阶段管理项目的共同过程。
之前，景观设计师到设计项目的激动人心的部分，在放笔之前经常出现的阶段很少。客户已经与您联系，并同意为景观设计服务提供费用或建议。
I hope to assist those interested in landscape architecture by providing general information about the stages of design projects. The stage names and terminology may differ from country to country and region to region but there is a common process of managing a project through stages.
Before, the landscape architect gets to the exciting part of designing the project there are few stages that often occur prior to putting pen to paper. The client has contacted you and agree to provide a fee or proposal for landscape architecture services.
1项目启动和启动Project Inception & Initiation
1A初步咨询Initial Consultation
在初步咨询（电话或会议）期间，景观设计师将与客户首次对话，包括位置，大小，初始想法，用途，预算和时间表。对于大型或政府项目，这个阶段可能是一个简短的形式。简要说明是由客户提供的文件，其中包括有关项目的重要信息和涉及的项目
During the initial consultation (phone call or meeting), the landscape architect will have their first conversations with the client about their project including location, size, initial ideas, uses, budget, timeline. For large or government projects this stage may be in the form of a brief. A brief is a document that is provided by the client that includes the important information about the project and those who are involved
1B返回简介/提案Return Brief/Proposal
客户提供信息后，景观设计师随后提供退货简报或建议书。这可以是一到二页，或者可以是100页，具体取决于项目类型和所涉及的预算。
After the client has provided the information the landscape architect then provides a return brief or proposal. This can be one-two pages or it can be 100 pages depending on the type of project and the budget involved.
返回简介/建议阐述了景观设计师了解项目所涉及的内容（想法，使用要求等），景观设计师将提供什么（范围和可交付成果），谁将协助设计项目（团队/人员） ），谁还可能涉及咨询服务（建筑，测量，树木学家，园艺师，工程师，水功能顾问，照明设计师等），费用（服务费用多少）和可能的程序（需要的时间） 。
The return brief/proposal sets out what the landscape architect understands what the project entails (ideas, use requirements, etc), what the landscape architect will provide (scope and deliverables), who will assist in the design of the project (team/people), who else maybe involve consultant services (architecture, surveying, arborist, horticulturalist, engineers, water feature consultant, lighting designer, etc), the fee (how much the services will cost) and the possible program (the time it will take).
1C项目理解和研究Project Understanding and Research
客户端之后已经接受了这个建议并没有签署合同或理解作出（如谅解备忘录或意向书），并打算到现场之前，景观设计师必检项目。这包括最初的咨询说明，简报/建议书，还与建筑师，工程师等相关专业人士进行对话，以了解他们的想法和范围。景观设计师还将进行一些研究，包括政府要求，当地植物区系，相邻区域（用途，街道等）。
After the client has accepted the proposal and there is a signed contract or understanding made (such as M.O.U. or L.O.I.) and prior to going to the site, the landscape architect will review the project. This includes the initial consultation notes, return brief/proposal and also have conversations with allied professionals including architects, engineers to gain an understanding of their ideas and scope. The landscape architect will also undertake some research including government requirements, local flora, adjacent area (uses, streets, etc).
1D现场库存和分析Site Inventory and Analysis
景观设计师通常使用调查计划（由客户或验船师提供）进行现场库存和分析。该阶段涉及定位和植被，查看地形，建筑物，评估当前用途，环境因素（现场定向，太阳，阴凉，噪音，风，水，土壤等）。景观设计师还将围绕周边地区，了解当地的景观（用途，建筑，植被，文化等）。
The landscape architect will undertake a site inventory and analysis usually using a survey plan (provided by the client or surveyor).This stage involves locating site and the vegetation, reviewing the terrain, building/s, evaluating the current uses, environmental factors (site orientation, sun, shade, noise, wind, water, soil, etc). The landscape architect will also walk around the surrounding area to get some understanding of the local area (uses, architecture, vegetation, culture, etc).
2概念设计 Concept Design
概念设计阶段是当景观设计师将笔（或手写笔画）放在笔画上开发项目的初步想法的时候。
The concept design stage is the when the landscape architect puts pen to paper (or stylus to screen) to develop the initial ideas for the project.
从住宅到大型公园到城市总体规划都有不同规模的项目。一个小型住宅项目可能会让客户（业主）和景观设计师参与该项目。该项目的概念阶段有一些重复，然后是最终的概念阶段。而大型区域性公园则可能包括城市规划方案，景观概念总体规划，政府审批，概念设计，概念设计等几个概念阶段。根据资源（时间，人员，金钱），客户的目标，批准时间表和社区参与，这些阶段中的每一个可能会跨越几个月或几年
There are varying scale projects from residential to large parks to urban master plans. A small residential project may have the client (owner) and the landscape architect involved in the project. The project has concept stage with some reiterations and then a final concept stage. Whereas, a large scale regional park may include several concept phases including urban planning plan, landscape concept masterplan, government approval, schematic concept design, concept design. Each of these stages may span months or years depending on the resources (time, people, money), objectives of the client, approval timelines and community involvement
这个阶段的主要目标是制定文件（计划或报告），为客户提供对拟议的空间安排，方案，功能，约束，机会和整体审美的理解。这些文件通常包括计划，分析研究（地形，气候，土地利用，植被，访问等），先例项目图像，渲染（透视，空中等），典型的材料调色板，取决于客户的要求。
在概念开发过程中，景观设计师还可以提供政府规划批准文件（有时称为城镇规划，发展审批，规划审批或政府批准）
The main objective of this stage is to develop documents(plan or report) that provide the client with an understanding of the proposed spatial arrangement, programs, functions, constraints, opportunities and overall aesthetic. These documents often including plans, analysis studies(topographic, climatic, land use, vegetation, access, etc), precedent project images, renders (perspective, aerial, etc), typical material palettes, depending on the clients requirements.During Concept development the landscape architect could also have to provide documents required by government for planning approval (sometimes called town planning, developmental approval, planning approval, or government approval)
3设计开发（详细设计）Design Development (Detailed Design)
开发初始概念为客户更好地理解设计的阶段。这是景观设计师开始更深入地发展思想的阶段，以确保概念设计是可以实现的，并将满足客户的需求。在这个阶段，设计师还决定是否存在任何重大问题（地形，访问，服务，排水，预算），随着设计的发展和相关学科开始更详细地调查和设计自己的设计。
A stage where the initial concept is developed to provide the client with greater understanding of the design. This is the stage when landscape architects start to develop their ideas in more detail to ensure that the concept design is achievable and will meet the client needs. At this stage the designer also determines if there are any major issues (topographic, access, services, drainage, budget) as the design evolves and allied disciplines start to investigate and design their own design with greater detail.
客户通常看到最初的概念，但并不完全明白这是一个概念，需要进一步设计以解决概念，并确保其可行（财务，可构建性等）。
Often clients see the initial concept but don’t fully understand that it is a concept and there needs to be further design undertaken to resolve the concept and ensure it is viable (financially, constructibility, etc).
这个阶段提供的文件和细节水平因国而异。在一些国家，设计开发需要提供颜色计划，部分，材料调色板，具有材料，颜色，高度等等。
The documents and level of detail provided in this stage differ from country to country. In some countries Design Development entails providing colour plans, sections, material palettes with notation about materials, colours, heights and more.
其他国家要求设计开发是为景观建设公司（和/或数量测量师）准备的项目提供初步定价（投标）的高度详细的文件（计划，章节，细节，材料计划）。这通常由初步讨论中的本地实践和客户期望决定。Other countries require Design Development to be highly detailed documents(plans, sections, details, material schedules) ready for landscape construction companies (and/or quantity surveyors) to provide an initial pricing (tender) on the project. This is usually determined by local practice and client expectations during the initial discussions.
4施工文件 Construction Documentation
在此阶段，景观设计师制定了景观建筑公司价格计划，建设项目的计划，章节，时间表，施工细节，数量和规格等文件。
During this stage the landscape architect develops documents including plans, sections, schedules, construction details, quantities and a specification for landscape construction companies to be price and build the project.
这个阶段通常需要与其他顾问协调，以减少施工问题的可能性，并允许解决重叠的设计要素（建筑，景观，照明，工程等）
This stage often requires coordination with other consultants to reduce the possibility for construction issues and also to allow for resolution of overlapping design elements (architecture, landscape, lighting, engineering, etc)
5招标（采购）Tendering (Procurement)
对于投标阶段，施工文件包（图纸，附表，规格）经常发给三个或多个承包商（根据当地法规和客户采购政策）对项目进行定价，并提供基于文件可用。通常这些阶段包括各种承包商的问题，以澄清项目设计和要求（材料，工程，范围等），也可能提出可能为客户节省的替代材料或施工方法。
For the tendering stage the Construction Documentation package(drawings, schedules, specification) is issued to often three or more contractors(dependent on local regulations and client policies on procurement)to price the project and provide a construction program based on the documents available. Often these stages include various contractor questions to clarify the project design and requirements (materials, engineering, scope, etc) and may also be to suggest alternative material or construction methods that may offer savings for the client.
该阶段可能发生在项目的不同点，这通常由客户决定。招标阶段可以在设计开发结束或施工文件结束时发生。发布招标和定价图纸的时间有利有弊。
This stage can occur at different points of the project this is often determined by the client. The Tendering stage can occur at the end of Design Development or during or end of Construction Documentation. There are pros and cons on the timing of releasing drawings for tender and pricing.
6施工Construction
承包商现场建设景观设计的阶段。The stage when the contractor is on site building the landscape design.
施工通常包括以下阶段：
Construction often includes the following stages:
* 拆迁和场地清算Demolition and Site Clearing
* 挖掘和沟渠Excavation and Trenching
* 服务安装（排水，灌溉，电气等）Services Installation (drainage, irrigation, electrical, etc)
* 细分Fine Grading
* Hardscape结构施工（回填，压实，基础，基础，墙壁，建筑物，边缘等）Hardscape Structure Construction (backfilling, compaction, base, footings, walls, buildings, edges, etc)
* 硬景观结构（铺路，包层，无机覆盖物）Hardscape Finishes Construction(paving, cladding, inorganic mulches)
* 种植（树木，植物，有机覆盖物）Planting (trees, plants, organic mulch)
* 最终装置（家具，展馆，照明等）Final Fixtures (furniture, pavilions, lighting, etc)
* 缺陷（身份和修复问题）Defects (identity and fix problems)
* 完成（初始和最终）Completion (Initial and Final)
这些子站发生的顺序取决于项目的大小和类型。住宅项目可以按照上市顺序完成施工。但是，公园项目可能会完成拆迁，挖掘，服务和细分，然后种植树木，因为该项目的剩余时间可能需要6至18个月的时间来建造Hardscape和Fixtures。
The order in which these substages occurs is dependent on the size and type of project. A residential project may complete the construction in the order as listed. However, a park project may complete Demolition, Excavation, Services and Fine grading and then plant trees as the remainder of the project may take 6 to 18 months to build the Hardscape and Fixtures.
7施工管理（施工管理）Construction Management (Construction Administration)
客户可以要求景观设计师对包括全场监理在内的项目进行管理，或者可以进行多次检查，批准建设，批准批准，变更批准。
The client may request that the landscape architect manage the project which can include full site supervision or can be several inspections and approval of construction, approvals of payments, approvals of variations.
根据服务水平，景观设计师可能完全参与项目建设阶段，或者可能只要求批准样品，项目的其余部分由项目经理和建筑公司完成。
Depending on the level of service the landscape architect may be fully involved in the project construction stage or maybe ask to only approval samples and the remainder of the project is completed by a project manager and construction company.
8维护Maintenance
一旦项目完成，承包商通常需要维护项目一段时间。这可能是几个月或几年，这取决于客户的要求。景观设计师经常需要在维护期间或之后提交报告，以确保项目得到维护，并且任何缺陷（死树，物品故障等）都被良好或更换。
Once the project is complete the contractor is often required to maintain the project for a period of time. This can be months or years depending on the client requirements. The landscape architect is often required to attend and submit reports during or at the end of the maintenance periods to ensure that project is being maintained and also that any defects (dead trees, item failures, etc) are made good or replaced.
9职位评估Post Occupancy Evaluation
通常设计公司和客户将进行职位评估。这可以在初始开放期间，然后在接下来的几个月或几年内以不同的间隔发生。这些可以是正式的或轶事，并允许学习和评估各种要素，包括种植，家具，材料，维护，使用，事件管理等。这是阶段，因为景观设计师，我们通常不支付承诺，但往往提供最好的洞察力，我们的设计的弹性和成功。
Often design firms and clients will undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation. This can happen at various intervals during the initial opening and then the following months or years. These can be formalise or anecdotal and allow for learning and to evaluate various elements including planting, furniture, materials, maintenance, uses, event management, and more. This is phase that as landscape architects we are often not paid to undertake but often offers the best insight to the resilience and success of our designs.
如果您想了解有关景观建筑项目和管理的更多信息，那么有各种各样的书籍可以更深入地了解包括
If you would like to read more about landscape architecture projects and management there are various books that provide more insight into the including：
·The Professional Practice of Landscape Architecture: A Complete Guide to Starting and Running Your Own Firm
·Ready, Set, Practice: Elements of Landscape Architecture Professional Practice
·Professional Practice for Landscape Architects
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