【豆苗翻译小组出品】环境与周遭（三）

Environment and surroundings（Three） 环境与周遭（三） One parent who contacted our Helpline suggested that electrical equipment such as televisions and remote controls could be kept inside a cabinet with a plastic front. This can be particularly helpful if your child likes to mess around with the equipment: flicking between channels, or rewinding or fast forwarding. 一位拨打过我们帮助热线的家长告诉我们可以把像电视和远程遥控装置这样的电子设备放在一个有塑料外壳的橱柜里。 如果你的孩子喜欢把这些设备搞得一片狼藉（比如：在电视台之间转换，或者是倒退或快进），这个方法会特别有用。 Radiators can be boxed in to eliminate the risk of people getting burnt and to reduce the amount of noise generated if they are hit. 暖炉可以放在盒子里以免除有人被烫伤，同时也可以减小它们被撞到时产生的噪音。 By law all children up to three years of age have to wear the correct child seat. From three years up to the age of 12, or up to a height of 135cm (4'5") tall, children have to sit in the correct child restraint or booster seat when travelling in a car, van or any other vehicle where seat belts are fitted. If your child refuses to wear a seatbelt or continually escapes from it, you may have to consider getting a disabled person's seat belt or child restraints designed to meet your child's needs. The only way a child can be exempt from wearing a child restraint or seat belt is if a doctor issues an exemption certificate on medical grounds. 根据法律，所有的三岁以上的孩子都必须坐在合适的儿童座椅上。当乘坐汽车、厢式货车或其他有安全带的交通工具时，3到12岁或135厘米以下的孩子必须坐在合适的儿童约束装置或加高座椅上。如果你的孩子拒绝佩戴安全带，或者持续地躲避它，你可能需要考虑安装一个残疾人士的安全带或安装能满足你孩子需要的儿童约束装备。唯一能免除孩子佩戴儿童约束装备或安全带的方法是医生在医学基础上给孩子颁发一个免除证书。 For further details, visit the Department for Transport website athttp://www.dft.gov.uk/think We are often asked for details of companies that sell large pushchairs. Some companies which sell these are listed in the 'Useful products and resources' section. 如需要更多的信息，请访问http://www.dft.gov.uk/think 的交通部门网页。人们常常咨询我们销售大折叠式婴儿车的公司信息，这些公司在“有用的产品和资源”中有所列举。 Running away 逃跑 Some people with autism may run out of their house, school or service, or run away when out in the community. Parents and careers can use equipment to warn them when their child has run away, or sign up to safety schemes which help to reunite children and young people with their families. People with autism can carry an autism information card with emergency contact details, or wear an identity bracelet to use if they become separated from their family or support staff. 一些自闭症患者可能会跑出他们的房子、学校或服务机构，在外时也可能会逃离大众。家长和护理者在他们逃走后可以用一些设备警告他们或申请安全计划，这样的计划可以帮助孩子、年轻人与他们的家庭重聚。自闭症患者可以携带一张有紧急联系号码的信息卡片，或者佩戴一个身份手镯。这个手镯在他们与家里人或监护人员分散时能够用到。 Some families apply for a Blue Badge, which allows people to use parking spaces close to shops and other amenities. For more information, see our information sheet Blue Badge scheme: a guide for parents and careers at http://www.autism.org.uk/a-z 有些家庭申请了蓝色徽章，这允许人们使用商店和其他便利设施附近的停车位。如需要更多信息，请查看我们的信息网页上的蓝色徽章计划：家长和护理人员的指南（网址：http://www.autism.org.uk/a-z）。 Windows 窗户 Our Autism Helpline sometimes receives enquiries about people with autism who enjoy the sound of hitting, or breaking, glass. To reduce the possibility of them causing harm to themselves, ordinary glass can be replaced by strengthened safety glass or covered with plastic. 有时候，我们的自闭症帮助热线会收到关于喜欢听碰撞、打碎玻璃声音的自闭症患者的咨询。为了降低伤害他们自己的可能性，可以将塑料覆盖到正常的玻璃上，或者可以将正常玻璃替换成加固的安全玻璃。 Lighting 照明设备 Fluorescent or harsh lighting can hurt the eyes of a person with autism. Many say that they can see these types of lights flickering or hear them hum, which can be very distracting, possibly even painful. Due to these difficulties, it is best to use soft lighting where possible. Adjustable lighting in some rooms can be calming. 荧光的或刺目的照明设备会伤害到自闭症患者的眼睛。他们之中许多人表示他们会看到这种灯光闪烁不清或听到嗡嗡声，这对他们来说是分散注意力的，甚至可能是痛苦的。基于这些问题，最好在可以使用柔和光的地方使用柔和光。在有些房间，可调节的灯光是能令人平静的。 It has been suggested that it is best to avoid using slatted blinds, particularly vertical ones, as these are distracting and may become the focus of obsessional behavior, such as moving the head to create flickering sunlight. You may choose to use curtains, including blackout curtains, instead. If the person with autism has a tendency to pull on curtain rails, curtains can be held up with Velcro. 有信息表明，能避免使用板条百叶窗是最好的，尤其是垂直板条百叶窗，因为它们会分散人的注意力并且可能成为强迫性行为的焦点，如移动头部来形成闪烁的太阳光。你可以选择使用包括不透光窗罩在内的窗帘来代替板条百叶窗。如果自闭症患者有拉窗帘轨道的倾向，维可牢（魔鬼粘）可以使窗帘不被拉起。 Plastic stick-on covering can also be placed on windows, giving privacy while letting some light in. This product should be available from DIY stores. 塑料的可粘贴遮盖物也可以放在窗户上，这在让光进入房间的同时也提供了一些隐私。这种产品在DIY商店里应该有卖。 Noise 噪声 Children and adults with autism may find it difficult to filter out noises that other people can simply block out or ignore. 患有自闭症的孩童和成人或许会发现过滤出一些其他人很容易就可以排除或忽视的噪声很困难。 Furnishing can help to reduce noise levels in your home. For example, carpet or soft flooring is quieter than laminated flooring which can be noisy to walk or play on. These sound-deadening furnishings can also create a feeling of coziness and safety. 家具能帮助你减小家中的噪音级别。比如地毯或柔软的地板材料比那些在其上行走或玩耍时会发出噪音的叠层地板更加安静。这些消音的家具也可以营造一种舒适和安全的感觉。 For suggestions on how to overcome light and sound processing difficulties outside the home, see our information sheet Shopping: strategies to help, at http://www.autism.org.uk/a-z or request a copy from our Autism Helpline. 如果需要建议以克服家庭以外的光线及声音应对困难，可访问我们的购物信息表：帮助策略（网址： http://www.autism.org.uk/a-z）或通过我们的自闭症热线获取复印件。 Smells 气味 People with autism can become overwhelmed by subtle smells that you may not even notice, such as someones deodorant or perfume, or the smells of fabrics, etc. Clements and Zarkowska (2000) suggest using a background fragrance to block the intrusion of uncontrollable smells. 自闭症患者或许会经受不住一些你从未注意过的细微气味，比如其他人的除臭剂或香水，或纤维织物的气味等等。Clements and Zarkowska（2000）建议使用一种香味作为背景来阻止不受控制的气味的侵入。 Color 颜色 It is generally accepted that low arousal colors such as cream (not yellow or white) should be used for walls and patterned wallpaper should be avoided. Soft furnishings might also be kept fairly plain. Single-color, painted walls can also eliminate the possibility of unplanned wallpaper stripping. Some parents and careers have asked our Autism Helpline about organic and non-toxic paints. These can be particularly appropriate for people with autism who lick surfaces. 把像奶油色（非黄非白）这样低唤醒度的颜色用作墙壁色，避免使用有图案的墙纸，这两种观念已被普遍接受。柔软的装饰品也应保持很朴素简单。单一颜色的墙也能排除计划之外的墙纸剥落事件发生的可能性。一些家长和护理者向我们的自闭症帮助热线咨询过关于有机和无毒颜料的问题。这些有机无毒颜料非常适用于有舔物体表面倾向的孤独症患者。 Patterned floors can be confusing to walk across and may increase anxiety. Some people with autism may become fixated when looking at flooring. 行走在有图案的地板上会使人感到迷惑，也会增加焦虑。一些自闭症患者在注视地板时可能会感到十分依恋。 Room layout and design 房间布局和设计 Some people with autism can find it helpful if furniture is placed at the sides of a room and the central space is kept clear. Using colors that distinguish the walls, floors and furniture makes rooms easier to navigate. 一些自闭症患者会发现房间中家具被放置在边缘、居室中央区保持开阔是有帮助的。用颜色将墙壁、地板和家具分开让患者在房间更易找到方向。 It can be useful to keep children's belongings in big, clear plastic boxes so that they can be easily stored away when not in use: the room will then be less cluttered and your child less likely to be distracted. Storing boxes on high shelves can also teach younger children the importance of communication, such as the need to ask for help to return the boxes to their places. 把孩子的物品放在大而透明的塑料箱里是有用的，当它们不被使用时，这些物品可以被容易地储存在其他地方：这时房间会变得不那么凌乱，并且，你的孩子被分散注意力的可能性也会变小。把箱子保管在高高的架子上也能教会孩子沟通的重要性，比如说为了把箱子放回他们原有位置而请求帮助的需要。 Bedrooms 卧室 Some parents have contacted our Autism Helpline about bedroom equipment such as bed frames and mattresses that are resistant to damage. A company called Kirton sells washable, extra-strength bedding, virtually indestructible mattresses and bed frames that can be fixed to the floor. 有些家长拨打过我们的自闭症热线服务电话咨询关于抗破坏的卧室器材（如床架和床垫）。一个叫Kirton的公司销售可洗且超出一般强度的寝具——真正的不能破坏的床垫和能固定的床架。 ERIC (Education and Resources for Improving Childhood Continence) sells a range of water-resistant, washable but breathable bedding protection. This includes duvets, pillows, mattress covers, sleeping bag liners and absorbent bed pads. A charity called Fledglings also sells a variety of continence products, specialist beds and chairs. Meanwhile, Safespaces sells removable padding that can be placed on floors or walls to minimize injury. ERIC （Education and Resources for Improving Childhood Continence，为改善儿童自制力的教育及资源）销售一系列防水，可清洗但十分透气的床上用品，包括羽绒被，枕头，床罩，睡袋衬垫以及吸附性床垫。一家名为Fledglings的慈善机构也销售一系列改善儿童自制力的产品，特殊用途的床以及桌椅。与此同时， Safespaces销售用于地板或墙壁上的可拆卸衬垫，以减少不必要的伤害。 Bathrooms 浴室 Our Autism Helpline often receives calls about people with autism who have an obsession with water. Many people with autism will go to the bathroom to access it. It may be helpful to have the toilet cistern hidden behind a wall and a lock for the toilet seat so that hands don't go wandering in places where you don't want them to! 我们自闭症帮助热线常常接到关于对水痴迷的自闭症患者的电话。很多自闭症患者会到浴室去接触水。把马桶的水箱藏到墙后面以及锁上马桶座可能会有帮助，因为这样孩子的手就不会去到你不希望它们去的地方。 It is also helpful to adjust your water temperature so that it is not too hot, especially if you know a person with autism who enjoys turning the taps on and off, and could potentially scald themself. This also allows the person to have more independence. 调整水的温度让它不要太热同样会有帮助，特别是当你知道自闭症患者喜欢开关水龙头，这很容易烫伤他们。这同样使他们更加独立。 Sensory rooms 感觉室 Some parents have created a sensory room for their child to retreat to when necessary. A sensory room is a distraction-free area combined with a selection of different equipment including: projection equipment fibre optics bubble tubes mirror balls pinspot and colour wheel sound system to produce music bean bags. 有些家长已经为他们的孩子准备了感觉室供他们在需要的时候躲避。感觉室是一个“无分心”的地方，由一些可选的不同的器材组成，包括： 投射器材 纤维光学材料 水准管 反射球 球瓶标示点和色环 音乐播放器 豆袋坐垫 If you don't have the money or the space to have a sensory room, try creating a sensory corner with a seat that is screened off from the room by hanging a long sheet of dark fabric from the ceiling. A few of the items listed above could be brought into this little corner. 如果你没有钱或者空间来有一个感觉室，试着制造一个感觉角，用一块大黑布从天花板把它和房间隔开来。可以在这个角落里放入以上某些器材。 Godwin Emmons and McKendry Anderson (2005) suggested creating a sensory bag or sensory basket, which could contain a selection of sensory items that can travel around with the child or adult, and possibly help them to manage any stress, anxiety or sensory overload. They suggest that some or all of the following could be kept in the sensory bag: stress balls a whistle with the pea removed for hard blowing unbreakable mirror - for the person with autism to be able to see their emotions two footprints that can be put on the floor for jumping or stomping scented lotions. Godwin Emmons 和 McKendry Anderson (2005) 建议制造一个感觉包或篮子，里面装有可携带的帮助自闭症患者管理压力、紧张或者负担过重的感觉的物品。他们说以下的东西可以放在感觉包里面： 压力球 没有可吹动的豌豆的口哨 不会坏的镜子——让自闭症患者可以看到他们的情绪。 两个在地板上可以用来跳或者踩的脚印 有香味的乳液 Gardens 花园 Gardens can be useful outlets for people with autism: some find running around in the garden an effective way of relieving stress in a safe environment. 花园对自闭症或者来说是很好的发泄口：有些发现在花园里面跑步是在安全的环境里来缓解压力的有效方法。 Some parents also have a trampoline or a punch bag in the garden. These types of equipment do not have to be restricted to the garden; it can be useful to create a space to exercise inside the home as well. 有些父母同样在花园里安了蹦床或者拳击沙袋。这些器材不一定要在花园里，它们在室内一样会有用。 We hope that this booklet has given you some helpful strategies which you can use to make your environment autism-friendly. Every person with autism is different, and will be affected by their environment in different ways. You may be a parent or carer who is able to make small changes to your home to better meet your child's particular sensory needs, or a professional who wants to make a space a bit more autism-friendly in general. Anyone can make some basic adjustments - such as putting in place a routine and creating a low arousal environment - which will be of great benefit to people with autism. 我们希望这个小册子能给您一些有用的技巧，使您的环境更加适于自闭症。每个自闭症患者都是不同的，而且环境对他们的影响也会是不同的。您可能是家长或者监护者，有能力在家里去做一些小小的改变来满足您孩子的感觉需要，或者是想要使空间对自闭症更加友好的专业人士。每个人都能做一些基础的调整——像制造一个低唤醒度的环境——这会给自闭症患者带来很多好处。 对本文的特别申明: 由于我们的医学专业知识和翻译水平有限，译文可能会有瑕疵，欢迎大家提出宝贵的意见和建议，以便帮助豆苗计划翻译小组更好地开展工作。