纽约

纽约市 纽约市是美国最大都市及第一大港，也是世界第五大都市，位於美國東海岸北部，紐約州东南部。紐約是世界最著名城市之一、是國際經濟、金融、藝術、傳媒之都、联合国总部所在地。纽约市还是众多世界级博物馆、画廊和演艺比赛场地的所在地，使其成为西半球的文化及娱乐中心之一。由于有着超过八百万人口（生活在309平方英里的土地上），和来自180多个国家的大量移民，这个城市常常被亲切地称呼为“大苹果”（the Big Apple）。除了这些海外移民外，这个城市又是许多希望体验一个比美国其它地方更加国际化的生活方式的外地美国人的家。 纽约市座落在一个拥有二千二百万人口、世界上最大的都會區之一——大纽约都會區的心脏地带。该市有曼哈頓区、皇后区、布魯克林區、布朗克斯區、斯塔滕岛區等五个区。 紐約在2003年的区内生产总值估计达到4888亿美元，为全美国各城市之首，如果与美国各州比较则排名第六。如果那是一个国家的GDP，则在全球排名第十六，超过比利时（4330亿美元）。虽然这占美国GDP的10％，但在过去十年都只占大约4.5％，仅在近期有所浮动。紐約與倫敦、東京並稱為世界三大國際都會。 纽约市New York City 别名：大苹果 国家 美国 州份 纽约州 成立日期 1624年 现任市长 麦克尔·布隆伯格 / 彭博 面积 1214.4平方公里 人口－总人口（2000年统计）－人口密度 8,008,2784,074.6/平方公里 时区 UTC -5 位置－经度－纬度 74°0”W106°40”45’N 气温－全年最高－全年平均－全年最低 36°C（7月）°C-12°C（1月） 市花 玫瑰 目录[隐藏]· 1 历史 · 2 地理 o 2.1 河流与港口 · 3 经济 · 4 人口 · 5 文化 · 6 旅游 · 7 其他题目 o 7.1 教育 o 7.2 体育 o 7.3 著名人物 · 8 参看 · 9 友好城市 · 10 外部链接 [编辑] 历史 在歐洲最初殖民北美洲之時，勒納佩族族人一直居住於此區域，1613年荷蘭人於此地建立了新阿姆斯特丹﹙New Amsterdam﹚和新荷兰﹙New Netherland﹚。1640年，彼得·斯特伊弗桑特被任命了州長，1652年，此殖民地被授予自治權。1664年，英國征服了此殖民地和把它改名為新約克﹙New York﹚，因為英國早前就已經有城市被名為約克﹙York﹚。荷蘭人後於1673年8月收復此殖民地，給城市改名"新桔子"﹙New Orange﹚，然後在1674年11月此殖民地就永久地被割讓給英國。 英國重奪此殖民地後，把它再次更名為紐約市﹙City of New York﹚，並且把它包圍著，不許它發展，終於New York Campaign爆發，這是美國革命戰爭早期的一系列的主要爭鬥，以後，紐約市一直續繼被英國管理，直到戰爭結束，是最後一個英國搬離的港口。 根據美國憲法大會，1788年9月13日，紐約市曾是新形成的美國的臨時首都，直到1790年。1825年伊利運河開始運作，紐約市的經濟亦有所增長，成為一個經濟中心。 美國內戰期間，紐約市有不少動亂和混亂的情況出現，如紐約黑幫﹙Gangs Of New York﹚，和1863年的徵兵暴動﹙New York Draft Riots﹚等等。其中一些成了美國史上傷亡最慘重的暴動。 1904年，紐約市的一系列新運輸一一開始運作，最著名的有紐約地鐵，它們幫助鞏固紐約市。歐洲的大量移民為社會帶來大變動，而反資本主義的工會IWW﹙Industrial Workers of the World﹚則被抑制了。後來， 在1920年代，大量非裔美國人從美國南部遷移至紐約市，而一些人開始造摩天大樓。 大萧条期間，紐約市亦有受苦，第二次世界大戰時，紐約市亦起了重大的作用。 大戰以後，紐約市成了主導世界的城市，但1950年起，紐約市衰落，只餘下工業和商業，70年代期間，犯罪率上漲到危險程度。 2001年9月11日，恐怖分子攻擊世界貿易中心，幾乎有3000人遇害。當中有世貿的工作人員，二架商業噴氣式飛機的乘客，和上百名消防員、警察和急救隊員。 [编辑] 地理 纽约市处于纽约州东南部。由於面積廣大，又分為五個區域，分別是曼哈頓，皇后區，布魯克林區，布朗克斯區，斯塔滕岛區。其中曼哈頓，皇后區，布魯克林區和布朗斯區的大眾交通運輸系統有紐約地鐵。 从世贸中心顶上看东河 [编辑] 河流与港口 · 紐約港(New York Harbor) o 上紐約港(Upper New York Harbor) o 下紐約港(Lower New York Harbor) o 韋拉札諾海峽(Verrazano Narrows) o (The Kill Van Kull) o zh-tw:亞瑟溪;zh-ch:阿瑟溪(Arthur Kill) o 瀕紐華克灣(Newark Bay) o Raritan Bay 纽约市政厅 · o 大西洋(The Atlantic Ocean) · 牙買加灣(Jamaica Bay) o Rockaway Inlet · 長島海灣(Long Island Sound) o Eastchester Bay o Throg's Neck o 小頸(Little Neck Bay) o 法拉盛灣(Flushing Bay) · 河(Rivers) o 哈德遜河(Hudson River) o 東河(East River) o 哈林河(Harlem River) o Gowanus Canal [编辑] 经济 纽约市是美国乃至世界财政、贸易交流与合作大都。 从曼哈顿岛帝国大厦上向北俯瞰纽约市（拍摄于2005年） [编辑] 人口 在2000年美国人口综合统计中，纽约人口8,008,278。纽约人口密度为 10,194.2/km²。 种族分类为：白人44.66%、非裔26.59%、亚裔9.83%、与13.42%其他人种、和4.92%多人种/混血种。每家庭大约有3.32人。 纽约市平均人均收入/年是22,402美元。 [编辑] 文化 由于纽约市种族文化较多，纽约市综合文化是非常丰富的。 [编辑] 旅游 時報廣場是多采多姿的紐約生活最重要的象徵之一 · 百老汇(Broadway) · 紐約時報廣場(Times Square and Madison Square Garden (MSG)) · 布朗克斯动物园(The Bronx Zoo) · BAM Brooklyn Academy of Music · Canal Street · 中央公园(Central Park) · 哥伦比亚大学在116街(Columbia University at 116th Street) · George Washington Bridge · Grand Central Station on 42nd Street · 东村(East Village) · 西村(West Village) · 哈林在北曼哈顿(Harlem in North Manhattan) · 纽约草莓场地(Strawberry Fields in Central Park near The Dakota · 帝国大厦(The Empire State Building) · 纽约公共图书馆(The New York Public Library on 42nd Street) · 大都会艺术博物馆（Metropolitan Museum of Art） · 现代艺术博物馆（Museum of Modern Art – MoMA） · 古根海姆美术馆（Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum） · 美国自然历史博物馆（American Museum of Natural History） · 纽约大学区和华盛顿广场公园(New York University Area and Washington Square Park) · NOHO (Area North of Houston) · SOHO (Area South of Houston) · 西班牙的哈林 (Spanish Harlem) · 斯泰滕岛渡轮(The Staten Island Ferry) · Tompkins Square Park · Tribeca (Triangle Below Canal) · 荷兰隧道(Holland Tunnel) · 林肯隧道(Lincoln Tunnel) · 联合国大楼 (The United Nations) · 上西城Upper West Side · 上东城Upper East Side · 華爾街 - zh-ch:道琼斯指数;zh-tw:道瓊指數|NASDAQ (Wall Street) · Whitestone-Flushing, Queens (Koreatown and Chinatown) · 自由女神像(The Statue of Liberty) [编辑] 其他题目 [编辑] 教育 纽约大学列表： · 哥伦比亚大学 Columbia University · 纽约大学 New York University · Fashion Institute of Technology (a State University of New York college) · Pace University · City University of New York System (CUNY) · Queens College · Hunter College · Coopers Union · Fordham University · Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research · Yeshiva University · 普瑞特藝術學院 Pratt Institute Image:NYC.jpg [编辑] 体育 纽约运动队列表： · 紐約人（New York Knickerbockers or New York Knicks NBA） · 紐澤西籃網（New Jersey Nets NBA） · 纽约巡游者队 （New York Rangers NHL） · 纽约岛民队 （New York Islanders NHL） · 紐澤西惡魔New Jersey Devils NHL · 纽约洋基 （New York Yankees MLB (AL)） · 紐約大都會 （New York Metropolitans or New York Mets MLB (NL)） · 纽约巨人队 （New York Giants NFL (NFC)） · 纽约喷气机队 （New York Jets NFL (AFC)） · 纽约地铁明星队 （MLS） [编辑] 著名人物 · 魯道夫·朱利安尼 - 前纽约市市长 [编辑] 参看 · 九一一袭击事件 [编辑] 友好城市 · 日本东京 · 中国北京 · 西班牙马德里 · 埃及开罗 · 多米尼加圣多明各 · 意大利罗马 · 爱尔兰利默里克 · 匈牙利布达佩斯 · 以色列耶路撒冷 · 澳大利亚悉尼 · 英国伦敦 · 南非约翰内斯堡 · 阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜 [编辑] 外部链接 · 纽约市政府官方网站 · 纽约大学 New York University 英文 · CUNY 英文 · 纽约州立大学 SUNY 英文 · 纽约晨报 · The Village Voice 英文報纸 · The World Journal 中文 · 美国第一大都市——新华网资料 · Air visit of all the borough of New York in photographs · 纽约时报 · 纽约地图 - 世界地图 搜索网站 · 纽约華埠 A Journey through Chinatown 您可以在维基共享资源中查找与此条目相关的多媒体资源： New York City 来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E5%B8%82” 页面分类: 紐約市 | 大西洋沿海城市 New York City City of New York Flag Seal Nickname: "Big Apple" Location in the state of New York Coordinates: 40°43′N 74°00′W Country United States State New York Boroughs Bronx (The Bronx)New York (Manhattan)Queens (Queens)Kings (Brooklyn)Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area - City 1,214.4 km² (468.9 sq mi) - Land 785.5 km² (303.3 sq mi) - Water 428.9 km² (165.6 sq mi) - Urban 8,683.2 km² (3,352.6 sq mi) - Metro 17,405 km² (6,720 sq mi) Elevation 10 m (33 ft) Population - City (2004) 8,104,079 - Density 10,316/km² (26,720/sq mi) - Urban 18,498,000 - Metro 18,709,802 Time zone EST (UTC-5) - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4) Website: http://www.nyc.gov "NYC" and "New York, New York" redirect here. For other uses, see NYC (disambiguation) and New York, New York (disambiguation). New York City (officially the City of New York) is the largest city in the United States and one of the world's major global cities. Located in the state of New York, the city has a population of over 8.2 million within an area of 321 square miles (approximately 830 km²),[1] making it the most densely populated major city in North America. With a population of 18.7 million, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the largest urban areas in the world,[2] New York City is an international center for business, finance, fashion, medicine, entertainment, media, and culture, with an extraordinary collection of museums, galleries, performance venues, media outlets, international corporations, and financial markets. The city is also home to the headquarters of the United Nations, and to many of the world's most famous skyscrapers. Popularly known as the "Big Apple" and the "City That Never Sleeps", the city attracts people from all over the globe who come for New York City's economic opportunity, culture, and fast-paced cosmopolitan lifestyle. Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Geography o 2.1 Boroughs o 2.2 Climate o 2.3 Environment · 3 Cityscape · 4 Culture o 4.1 Tourism o 4.2 Sports o 4.3 Media · 5 Economy · 6 Demographics · 7 Government · 8 Education · 9 Transportation · 10 Sister cities · 11 Further reading · 12 Notes · 13 External links [edit] History Main article: History of New York City The region was inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans at the time of its European discovery by Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano. Although Verrazzano sailed into New York Harbor, his voyage did not continue upstream and instead he sailed back into the Atlantic. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, that the area was mapped. He discovered Manhattan on September 11, 1609, and continued up the river that bears his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site where New York State's capital city, Albany, now stands. The Dutch established New Amsterdam in 1613, which was granted self-government in 1652 under Peter Stuyvesant. The British took the city in September 1664, and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany. The Dutch briefly regained it in August 1673, renaming the city "New Orange," but ceded it permanently in November 1674. The Castello Plan depicting New Amsterdam on the southern tip of Manhattan, 1660. Under British rule the City of New York continued to develop, and while there was growing sentiment in the city for greater political independence, the area was decidedly split in its loyalties during the New York Campaign, a series of major early battles during the American Revolutionary War. The city was under British occupation until the end of the war, and was the last port British ships evacuated in 1783. New York City was the seat of the government under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 until 1788, and then the capital of the newly-formed United States from 1788 to 1790. In the 19th century, the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 enabled New York to overtake Boston and Philadelphia in economic importance, and local politics became dominated by a Democratic Party political machine known as Tammany Hall that drew on the support of Irish immigrants. In later years, known as the Gilded Age, the city's upper classes enjoyed great prosperity amid the further growth of a poor immigrant working class. It was also an era associated with economic and municipal integration, culminating in the consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898.[3] Construction of the Empire State Building, 1930 A series of new transportation links, most notably the opening of the New York City Subway in 1904, bound together the newly-enlarged city. The height of European immigration brought social upheaval, and the anticapitalist labor union IWW was fiercely repressed. Later, in the 1920s, the city saw the influx of African-Americans as part of the Great Migration from the American South. The Harlem Renaissance blossomed during this period, part of a larger boom in the Prohibition era that saw the city's skyline transformed by construction of the skyscrapers that have come to define New York. New York overtook London as the most populous city in the world in 1925, ending that city's century-old claim to the title. New York City suffered during the Great Depression, which saw the end of Tammany Hall's eighty years of political dominance with the 1934 election of reformist mayor Fiorello LaGuardia. The city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under LaGuardia and his controversial parks commissioner Robert Moses. Lower Manhattan's skyline with the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center New York City played a major role in World War II as a port and a center of finance and industry. It emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's emergence as the world's dominant economic power, the United Nations headquarters (built in 1952) emphasizing its political influence, and the rise of Abstract Expressionism displacing Paris as the center of the art world.[4] However, the growth of post-war suburbs saw a slow decline in the city's population. A decline in manufacturing, rising crime rates and white flight pushed New York into a social and economic crisis in the 1970s. These problems plagued the city until the 1990s. Racial tensions calmed in these years; a dramatic fall in crime rates, improvements in quality of life, economic growth and new immigration renewed the formerly dying city. The city was one of the sites of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people were killed in the destruction of the city's tallest buildings, the World Trade Center. The Freedom Tower, intended to be exactly 1,776 feet tall (a number symbolic of the year the Declaration of Independence was written), is to be built on the site and is slated for completion by 2012.[5] [edit] Geography Satellite image showing most of the five boroughs, portions of eastern New Jersey, and the important waterways around New York harbor. Main article: Geography and environment of New York City New York City is located in the northeastern U.S., southeastern New York state, and at the mouth of the Hudson River. The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214.4 km²), of which 35.31% is water.[6] The city is situated on the three major islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and western Long Island. The Bronx is the only borough that is part of the mainland United States. New York City's significance as a trading city results from the natural harbor formed by Upper New York Bay, which is surrounded by Manhattan, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and the coast of New Jersey. It is sheltered from the Atlantic Ocean by the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island in Lower New York Bay. The Hudson River flows from the Hudson Valley into New York Bay, becoming a tidal estuary that separates the Bronx and Manhattan from New Jersey. The East River, actually a tidal strait, stretches from the Long Island Sound to New York Bay, separating the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates Manhattan from the Bronx. The city's land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with substantial land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most notable in Lower Manhattan with modern developments like Battery Park City. Much of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, particularly in Manhattan.[7] See also: Geography of New York Harbor [edit] Boroughs The five boroughs: 1: Manhattan, 2: Brooklyn, 3: Queens, 4: Bronx, 5: Staten Island Five boroughs constitute New York City . Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character all their own. If the boroughs were independent cities, each would be among the 50 most populous cities in the United States. Manhattan (New York County, pop. 1,593,200[8]) is the business center of the city, and the most superlatively urban of the boroughs. It is the most densely populated, and the home of most of the city's skyscrapers. It is loosely divided into downtown, midtown, and uptown regions. The Bronx (Bronx County, pop. 1,357,589[8]) is known as the birthplace of hip hop culture[9], as well as the home of the New York Yankees and the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City. Excluding its minor islands, the Bronx is the only borough of the city that is on the mainland of the United States. Brooklyn (Kings County, pop. 2,486,235[8]), the most populous borough, was until 1898 an independent city and has a strong native identity. It ranges from a modern business district downtown to large historic residential neighborhoods in the central and south-eastern areas. It also features a long beachfront and Coney Island, famous as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country. Queens (Queens County, pop. 2,241,600[8]) is geographically the largest borough and, according to the US census, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States.[10] Prior to consolidation with New York City it was composed of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch. It is home to the New York Mets, two of the region's three major airports, and Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, site of the 1939 and 1964 World's Fairs and tennis' US Open. Staten Island (Richmond County, pop. 464,573[8]) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs, but has gradually integrated with the rest of the city since the opening of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964, an event that caused controversy and even an attempt at secession. Until 2001, Staten Island was the home of the infamous Fresh Kills Landfill, formerly the largest landfill in the world, and now being reconstructed as one of the largest urban parks in the United States. [edit] Climate Although located at a more southern latitude than Italian Tuscany or the French Riviera, New York has a humid continental climate resulting from prevailing wind patterns that bring cool air from the interior of the North American continent. New York winters are typically cold and can be snowy. Snowfall varies from year to year, but usually averages about 2 feet (60 cm) in total. The Atlantic Ocean helps keep temperatures warmer in the city than in the interior Northeast, however, there has never been a winter since records began in 1869 in which enough snow to cover the ground did not fall at least once. Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Avg high °F (°C) 38(3) 40(4) 50(10) 61(15) 72(22) 80(27) 85(30) 84(29) 76(24) 65(18) 54(12) 42(6) 62(17) Avg low temperature °F (°C) 25(-4) 27(-3) 35(2) 44(7) 54(12) 63(17) 68(20) 67(19) 60(16) 50(10) 41(5) 31(-1) 47(8) Rainfall in. (mm) 3.4(86) 3.3(84) 3.9(99) 4.0(102) 4.4(112) 3.7(95) 4.4(112) 4.1(104) 3.9(99) 3.6(91) 4.5(127) 3.9(99) 46.7(1124) Source: Weatherbase [edit] Environment Main article: Environmental issues in New York City New York's population density has environmental benefits and dangers. It facilitates the highest mass transit use in the United States, but also concentrates pollution. Although gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s,[11] New York City has some of the dirtiest air in the United States. Pollution varies greatly from borough to borough, and residents of Manhattan face the highest risk in the country of developing cancer from chemicals in the air.[12] Recently, the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.[13] New York has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis.[14] The city is also a leader in energy-efficient "green" office buildings, such as Hearst Tower and 7 World Trade Center.[15] The city is supplied with water by the vast Catskill Mountains watershed, one of the largest protected wilderness areas in the United States. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration process, New York City drinking water does not require purification by water treatment plants, and only chlorination is necessary to ensure its purity at the tap.[16] [edit] Cityscape The Flatiron Building is a famous example of Beaux-Arts architecture. Main article: Buildings and architecture of New York City See also: Tallest buildings in New York City The skyline of New York is one of the most recognizable in the world. New York actually has three separately recognizable skylines: Midtown Manhattan, Lower Manhattan, and Downtown Brooklyn. New York City has architecturally important buildings in a variety of styles, including French Second Empire (The Kings County Savings Bank Building), gothic revival (the Woolworth Building), Art Deco (the Empire State Building and Chrysler Building), international style (the New School, Seagram Building and Lever House), and post-modern (the AT&T Building). The Condé Nast Building is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers.[15] The residential parts of the city have a distinctive character from the skyscrapers of the commercial cores that is defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and apartment buildings which were built during the city's rapid expansion from 1870–1930. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues.[17] [edit] Culture The Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of the largest art museums in the world. Main article: Culture of New York City Writer Tom Wolfe said of New York that "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather." Many major American cultural movements began in the city. The Harlem Renaissance established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was the epicenter of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. Punk rock developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has also been a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that became internationally established. Artists are drawn to the city by opportunity, as well; there are 2,000 arts and cultural non-profits and 500 art galleries of all sizes, and the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.[18] The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began showcasing a new stage form that came to be known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, these productions used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Today these productions are a mainstay of the New York theatre scene. The city's 39 largest theatres (with more than 500 seats) are collectively known as "Broadway," after the major thoroughfare through the Times Square theatre district. The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, which includes Jazz at Lincoln Center, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Opera, the New York Philharmonic and the New York City Ballet, is the largest performing arts center in the United States. See also: Broadway theatre, Music of New York City, and List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City [edit] Tourism The farmer's market at Union Square. Main article: Tourism in New York City 40 million foreign and American tourists visit New York City each year.[19] Major destinations include the Empire State Building, Broadway productions, scores of museums from the El Museo del Barrio to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, the Bronx Zoo and New York Botanical Garden, luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues, and events like the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village and the Tribeca Film Festival. Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as Jackson Heights, Flushing, and Brighton Beach are major shopping destinations for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast. New York City has 28,000 acres (113 km²) of parkland and 14 miles (22 km) of public beaches. Manhattan's Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, is the most visited city park in the United States.[20] Prospect Park in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90 acre (360,000 m²) meadow. Flushing Meadows Park, the city's third largest, was the setting for the 1939 and 1964 World's Fair in Queens. New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Jewish and Italian immigrants made the city famous for bagels and New York style pizza. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafels and kebabs standbys of contemporary New York street food. The city is also home to many of the finest haute cuisine restaurants in the United States.[21] [edit] Sports Main article: Sports in New York City The New York Marathon is the largest marathon in the world. New York is home to teams in each of the major American professional sports leagues. Baseball is the city's most closely followed sport. There have been fourteen World Series championship series between New York City teams; such matchups are called Subway Series. The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Yankees and the New York Mets, which enjoy a fierce rivalry. The New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers were each originally based in New York City before relocating to California prior to the addition of the Mets. Today they compete as the San Francisco Giants and the Los Angeles Dodgers, respectively. New York City is also home to two minor league baseball teams, the New York-Penn League's Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees, which are affiliated with the Mets and Yankees, respectively. In American football the city's teams are the NFL's New York Giants and New York Jets, who share a stadium outside the city limits in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The New York Rangers represent the city in ice hockey, although two other teams are in close proximity of the city, namely the New York Islanders and New Jersey Devils. The National Hockey League is headquartered in Manhattan. New York has a rich basketball history. New York has two NBA teams: the New York Knicks and the New Jersey Nets. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. As a global city, New York supports many events outside the big four American sports. Examples are the U.S. Tennis Open, the New York City Marathon, and many amateur leagues in sports such as soccer, cricket and stickball. The New York Cosmos (1971-1985) was a former franchise in the North American Soccer League, renowned for signing the great Brazilian player Pelé. Red Bull New York, formerly known as the MetroStars, is a professional soccer club based in New Jersey that participates in Major League Soccer. [edit] Media Times Square is home to many of the city's media corporations. New York's use of mass transit gives the city a large newspaper readership base.[22] Main article: Media of New York City New York is often called "the media capital of the world". It is home to several of the largest media conglomerates in the world, including Time Warner, News Corporation, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Three of the "Big Four" record labels have their headquarters in the city. One-third of all independent films in the world are produced in New York. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city. The book-publishing industry alone employs about 13,000 people.[23] The city is home to two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States: The New York Times (circulation 1.1 million), and the The Wall Street Journal (circulation 2.1 million). Aside from the Times, the other leading papers are New York Daily News (circulation 730,000), the New York Post (circulation 650,000), which was founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton, and Newsday (circulation 1 million, and New York Newsday, which serves the other 4 boroughs) , which is a Long Island based paper that serves Nassau, Suffolk, and Queens, but is distributed throughout the 5 boroughs and the New York metropolitan area. The city also has a large ethnic press with newspapers in over twenty languages; El Diario La Prensa (circulation 265,000) is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.[24] New York City is the nation's largest metropolitan media market, comprising about 7% of American television-viewing households. The city is the national headquarters of the four major American broadcast television networks, ABC, CBS, FOX and NBC. It is also the home of many large cable television channels, including MTV, Fox News, HBO and Comedy Central. In 2005 there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City.[25] Radio broadcasting in the city is equally varied. Presently the city is home to shock jocks Howard Stern and Opie and Anthony, conservative talk hosts Sean Hannity and Rush Limbaugh, and the Sirius Satellite Radio network. WQHT ("Hot 97"), claims to be the nation's premier hip-hop station, while the morning radio program El Vacilón de la Mañana on WSKQ is the highest-rated Spanish-language radio show in the United States. Public access television got its start in New York, and WNET, the city's major public television station, is a primary national provider of PBS programming. WNYC is the most listened-to public radio station in the United States.[26] New York City is also the home of NY1, a 24-hour news channel owned by Time Warner and broadcast on Time Warner Cable and Cablevision. [edit] Economy Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the United States. Main article: Economy of New York City New York City is a major center for international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the global economy (along with London and Tokyo).[27] The city is widely regarded as a financial capital of the world and is a major center for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. Other important sectors include the city's television and film industry, second largest in the country after Hollywood; medical research and technology; non-profit institutions and universities; and fashion. The New York metropolitan area had an estimated gross metropolitan product of $901.3 billion in 2004, the largest in the United States. The city's economy accounts for the majority of the economic activity in the states of New Jersey and New York.[28] The city's stock exchanges are among the most important in the world. The New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest stock exchange by dollar volume, while the NASDAQ is the world's largest by number of listings. Many major corporations have headquarters in New York, including more Fortune 500 companies than any other city.[29] New York is unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of every ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.[30] Creative industries, like new media, advertising, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment. High-tech industries like software development, game design, and Internet services are also growing; because of its position at the terminus of the transatlantic fiber optic trunk line New York City is the leading Internet gateway in the United States.[31] Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.[32] International shipping has always been a major part of the city's economy because of New York's natural harbor, but with the advent of containerization most cargo shipping has moved from the Brooklyn waterfront across the harbor to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey. Some cargo shipping remains; for example, Brooklyn still handles the majority of cocoa bean imports to the United States.[33] See also: List of major corporations based in New York City [edit] Demographics The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, a World Heritage Site, has greeted millions of immigrants Main article: Demographics of New York City City of New YorkPopulation by year [1] 1790 33,131 1900 3,437,202 1950 7,891,957 1970 7,894,862 1980 7,071,639 1990 7,322,564 2004 8,168,338 According to 2004 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 8,143,197 people (up from 7.3 million in 1990), 2,984,544 households, and 1,802,009 families residing in the city.[8] This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. New York is by far the largest city in the United States, with a population more than double that of second-place Los Angeles. New York practically stands alone among major northeastern United States cities in that it actually has to worry about population growth. According to Census Bureau numbers for 2005, revised upwards because of protests by the city government, the population is estimated at 8,213,839.[34] Over the last decade the city has been growing rapidly. Demographers estimate New York's population will reach 9.4 million by 2025.[35] The two key demographic features of the city are its density and diversity. The city has an extremely high population density of 26,402.9/mi² (10,194.2/km²), about 10,000 more people per square mile than the next densest American city, San Francisco. Manhattan's population density is 66,940.1/mi² (25,845.7/km²).[36] New York City is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for immigrants; the term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side, and according to some estimates as many as one out of every four Americans trace their ancestry roots back to New York City. In 2000, 36% of the city's population was foreign-born. Among American cities this proportion was higher only in Los Angeles and Miami.[36] While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, such as Mexicans, Central Americans, and East Asians in Los Angeles or Cubans and other Latin Americans in Miami, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. New York City Compared 2000 Census NY City NY State U.S. Total population 8,008,278 18,976,457 281,421,906 Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000 +9.4% +5.5% +13.1% Population density 26,403/mi² 402/mi² 80/mi² Median household income (1999) $38,293 $43,393 $41,994 Bachelor's degree or higher 27% 27% 24% Foreign born 36% 20% 11% White 45% 62% 69% Black 27% 16% 12% Hispanic (any race) 27% 15% 13% Asian 10% 6% 4% The five largest countries of origin are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Russia and Italy The city and its metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside of Israel. It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's Indian-Americans, and the largest African American community of any city in the country. The Irish also have a notable presence; according to a 2006 genetic survey by Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, about one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the fifth century A.D.[37] New York City has long had a large gay community, estimated to be between 360,000 and 500,000 people.[38] Since 1991, New York City has seen a continuous fifteen-year trend of decreasing crime; it is now the safest city in the United States with a population greater than 1,000,000 and the fourth safest among cities with populations over 500,000.[39] In 2004 New York City had a rate of 2,800 crimes per 100,000, compared with 8,959.7 in Dallas; 7,903.7 in Detroit; and 7,402.3 in Phoenix. While many credit the continuous drop in crime to innovations implemented by the NYPD in the 1990s, such as CompStat, economist Steven Levitt and others have pointed instead to broader social and economic trends. See also: Crime in New York City [edit] Government The Manhattan Municipal Building, which houses many city agencies, is one of the largest government buildings in the world. Main article: Government of New York City Since its consolidation in 1898, New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a "strong" mayor-council form of government. The mayor and councillors are elected to four-year terms. The New York City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. The mayor and councilmembers are limited to two four-year terms. City Council offices are located at 250 Broadway, adjacent to City Hall. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. 66% of registered voters in the city are Democrats.[40] The party platform centers on affordable housing, education and economic development. Labor politics are important in the city. The city, however, is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and John Kerry.[41] According to the city government it has a strong imbalance of payments with the state government. New York City receives 63 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the state government in taxes and other revenue (or annually sends $7 billion more than it receives back [42]). The mayor is Michael Bloomberg, a former Democrat elected as a Republican in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 with 59% of the vote.[43] He is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy. In his second term he has made school reform and strict gun control central priorities of his administration. As the host of the United Nations, New York City is also home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates.[44] [edit] Education Main article: Education in New York City Education in New York City is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. The city's public school system, the New York City Department of Education, is the largest in the United States, and New York is home to some of the most important libraries, universities, and research centers in the world. The city is particularly known as a center for research in medicine and the life sciences. Fordham University's Keating Hall in the Bronx. New York has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions. The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities.[45] It also struggles with disparity in its public school system, with some of the best and worst performing public schools in the United States. Under Mayor Michael Bloomberg the city has embarked on major school reform efforts. The City University of New York is the third-largest public university system in the United States. Columbia University is an Ivy League university established in 1754, the oldest institution in the state, and New York University is the largest private, non-profit university in the United States. The New York Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in the United States. Its Library for the Humanities research center has 39 million items in its collection, among them the first five folios of Shakespeare's plays, ancient Torah scrolls, and Alexander Hamilton's handwritten draft of the United States Constitution. [edit] Transportation The Brooklyn Bridge, the world's first steel wire suspension bridge New York is home to the two busiest rail stations in the country, including Grand Central Terminal seen here. Main article: Transportation in New York City New York City is home to the most complex and extensive transportation network in the United States, with more than 12,000 iconic yellow cabs,[46] 120,000 daily bicyclists,[47] subway, bus and railroad systems, immense airports, landmark bridges and tunnels, ferry service and even an aerial commuter tramway. While nearly 90% of Americans drive to their jobs, only about 30% of New Yorkers do; about one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.[48][49] Data from the 2000 U.S. Census reveals that New York City is the only major city in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).[36][49] New York's high rate of public transit use and its pedestrian-friendly character makes it one of the most energy-efficient cities in the country. A study by the environmental organization SustainLane found New York to be the city in the United States best able to endure an oil crisis with an extended gasoline price shock in the range of US$3 to US$8 per gallon.[50] The New York City Subway is the largest subway system in the world when measured by track mileage (656 miles or 1,056 km of mainline track) and the world's fifth largest when measured by annual ridership (1.4 billion passenger trips in 2004). New York City's public bus fleet and vast commuter rail network are the largest in North America. The rail network, which connects the suburbs in the tri-state region to the city, has more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.[51] The commuter rail system converges at the two busiest rail stations in the United States, Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, both in Manhattan.[52] Long-haul buses depart from the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the nation's busiest bus station.[53] Three major airports serve New York City and its surrounding suburbs: John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) and LaGuardia Airport (LGA), both in Queens, and Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) in nearby Newark, New Jersey. About 100 million travelers used these New York-area airports in 2005 as the metropolitan region surpassed Chicago to become the busiest air gateway in the nation.[54] See also: Mass transit in New York City, New York City Subway, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and Long Island Rail Road [edit] Sister cities New York's sister cities are: · Amsterdam, Netherlands · Beijing, China · Budapest, Hungary · Cairo, Egypt · Casablanca, Morocco · Jerusalem, Israel · Johannesburg, South Africa · Limerick, Ireland · London, United Kingdom · Madrid, Spain · Rome, Italy · Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic · Sydney, Australia · Tokyo, Japan · Toronto, Ontario (Canada) see under http://www.nyc.gov Preceded by:Trenton Capital of the United States of America1785–1790 Succeeded by:Philadelphia [edit] Further reading · National Geographic Traveler's Guide to New York City · Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace (1998), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, Oxford University Press. · Anthony Burgess (1976). New York, Little, Brown & Co. · Federal Writers Project (1939). The WPA Guide to New York City, The New Press (1995 reissue). · Kenneth T. Jackson (ed.) (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale University Press. · Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (eds.) (2005), Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, Columbia University Press. · E. B. White (1949). Here is New York, Little Bookroom (2000 reissue). · Colson Whitehead (2003). The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts, Doubleday. · E. Porter Belden (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of its Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase, New York, G.P. Putnam. from Google Books [edit] Notes 1. ^ New York City Land Use - New York City's total area is 468.9 mi². 159.88 mi² of this is water and 321 mi² is land. 2. ^ U.S. Census Bureau, "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2004" (Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005) Retrieved on 2006-08-31. 3. ^ Burrows and Wallace (1998). 4. ^ Burns, Ric (2003-08-22). “Transcript”, The Center of the World - New York: A Documentary Film. PBS. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. 5. ^ Dunlap, David W.. "Blocks; Capturing the Spirit of 1776, but With a Different Number", New York Times, 2004-01-01. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 6. ^ 7. ^ Lopate, Phillip (2004). Waterfront: a walk around Manhattan. Anchor Press. 8. ^ a b c d e f 9. ^ Toop, David (1992). Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop. Serpents Tail. 10. ^ O'Donnell, Michelle. "In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th...", New York Times, 2006-07-04. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 11. ^ Jervey, Ben (2006). The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City. Globe Pequot Press. 12. ^ "1999 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment", Environmental Protection Agency, 2006-02. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 13. ^ Depalma, Anthony. "It Never Sleeps, but It's Learned to Douse the Lights", New York Times, 2005-12-11. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 14. ^ Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Different Buses for Different Jobs, retrieved on 2006-07-19 and "New York City’s Yellow Cabs Go Green", Sierra Club press release, 2005-07-01. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 15. ^ a b Pogrebin, Robin. "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers", New York Times, 2006-04-16. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 16. ^ "2005 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report", City of New York Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 17. ^ B. Diamonstein–Spielvoegel (2005). The Landmarks of New York. Monacelli Press. See also the WPA Guide to New York City. 18. ^ "Creative New York", Center for an Urban Future, 2005-12. Retrieved on 2006-06-19. 19. ^ "NYC Statistics", NYC & Company. Retrieved on 2006-08-03. 20. ^ "City Park Facts", The Trust for Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence, June 2006. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 21. ^ Bleyer, Jennifer. "Kebabs on the Night Shift", The New York Times, 2006-05-14. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. Collins, Glenn. "Michelin Takes On the City, Giving Some a Bad Taste", New York Times, 2005-11-03. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 22. ^ Ivry, Sara. "Since Riders Had No Subways, Commuter Papers Struggled, Too", New York Times, 2005-12-26. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 23. ^ "Media and entertainment", New York City Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 24. ^ "eCirc", Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 25. ^ "2005 is banner year for production in New York", The Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting, 2005-12-28. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 26. ^ WNYC. "WNYC, New York Public Radio: An Overview". Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 27. ^ Sassen, Saskia (2001). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press. 28. ^ "The role of metro areas in the U.S. economy", Global Insight, 2006-01-13. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 29. ^ McGeehan, Patrick. "Top executives return offices to Manhattan", New York Times, 2006-07-03. Retrieved on 2006-07-12. 30. ^ "Keeping the Economy Growing", Gotham Gazette, 2006-01-23. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 31. ^ "Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City: A Plan for Action", New York City Economic Development Corporation, 2005-03. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 32. ^ "Protecting and growing New York City's industrial job base", The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business, 2005-01. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 33. ^ Century, Douglas. "My Brooklyn; Still a Contender on the Waterfront", New York Times, 1999-03-12. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 34. ^ "New York Population Revised to Record 8.2 Million," Goldman, Henry; Bloomberg News; October 3, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-04. 35. ^ Roberts, Sam. "By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City", New York Times, 2006-02-19. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 36. ^ a b c "Census 2000 Data for the State of New York", U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 37. ^ Wade, Nicholas. "If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve", New York Times, 2006-01-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-16. 38. ^ The 2000 U.S. Census recorded 25,906 gay households in New York City, or about 52,000 people, three times larger than was reported in 1990 but significantly less than other estimates. Demographers suggest Census methodology undercounts the actual number. Beveridge, Andrew. "Counting Gay New York", Gotham Gazette, 2001-07. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 39. ^ 2005 Ten Safest Big Cities 40. ^ "County enrollment totals", New York State Board of Elections, 2006-04-01. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 41. ^ "2006 election overview: top zip codes", opensecrets.org. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 42. ^ New York City Finance Division. "A Fair Share of State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?", 2005-03-11. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 43. ^ "Statement and return report for certification: General Election 2005", New York City Board of Elections, 2005-11-08. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 44. ^ Society of Foreign Consuls, About us. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 45. ^ "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan", New York City press release, 2004-11-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 46. ^ "The State of the NYC Taxi", New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. 47. ^ Schaller, Bruce. "Biking It", Gotham Gazette, 2006-06. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. 48. ^ "The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region", Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. 49. ^ a b (2001) Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. 50. ^ "U.S. Cities’ Preparedness for an Oil Crisis", SustainLane, 2006-03. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. 51. ^ "The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region", Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. "About the MTA Long Island Rail Road", Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. In addition to the MTA lines, NJ Transit also operates four lines terminating in New York City. 52. ^ More than half a million people pass through Grand Central, the main terminus for the Metro North rail system, each day. Grand Central Terminal Page. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. Penn Station, the main station for New York's intercity trains and the regional Long Island Railroad, is Amtrak's busiest station. nationalatlas.gov Amtrak facts. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 53. ^ "Port Authority Bus Terminal", Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 54. ^ "Port Authority Airports set all-time Record for Passenger Traffic in 2005", NYC & Company, 2006-01-06. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 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Coordinates: 40°43′N 74°00′W Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" Categories: 2008 Democratic National Convention | Birthplaces of United States presidents | Birthplaces of United States vice-presidents | Coastal cities | Former U.S. capitals | Former U.S. state capitals | Metropolitan areas of the United States | New York City | Port cities | Alpha world cities 曼哈頓 紐約市五個區地圖，中間紅色的為曼哈頓區 曼哈頓（Manhattan）是美國東部哈得孙河下游的一座島嶼，构成紐約市的中心城区。曼哈頓區與紐約郡（New York County）邊界線相同，包括曼哈頓島、一些其他小島和陸地的一部分。2000年，紐約郡人口為153萬7195人；面積上來說此郡是紐約州最小的郡。但此區是紐約市乃至全美國、全世界最繁華的地方之一，極多影視文藝作品的背景選在這裡。 目录[隐藏]· 1 地理 o 1.1 標誌 · 2 河流與港口 · 3 主要街道 · 4 公园 · 5 建築 · 6 桥和地道 o 6.1 東西部分 o 6.2 上下 · 7 歷史 · 8 法律與政府 · 9 人口 · 10 其它 · 11 外部鏈接 o 11.1 地圖 [编辑] 地理 紐約市是由五個區（boroughs）組成，然而從另一個行政角度劃分的話，市下又分五個郡（和五個區的邊界分別相同），這點和美國其他地方“郡大於市”的情況不同： · 紐約郡（New York County）－－曼哈頓區 · 布朗克斯郡（Bronx County）－－布朗克斯區（The Bronx） · 國王郡（Kings County）－－布魯克林區（Brooklyn） · 皇后郡（Queens County）－－皇后區（Queens） · 瑞奇蒙郡（Richmond County）－－史泰登島（Staten Island） 紐約郡和曼哈頓區的邊界相同，為紐約市的下屬，此郡下沒有進一步的政治區域劃分。面積包括整個曼哈頓島(Manhattan Island)，被東河（East River）、哈林河（Harlem River）與哈得孫河(Hudson River)環繞。也包括一些小島，如羅斯福島(Roosevelt Island以前叫做“Welfare島”，再之前叫做“Blackwell島”）、吳丹島（U Thant Island，官方名字為“Belmont島”）以及北美大陸的一小部分（Marble Hill），和布朗克斯區接壤。Marble Hill原來是曼哈頓島的一部分，不過在19世紀末期，為了改善哈萊姆河航運修建了哈萊姆運河，將這個地區與曼哈頓島分離開來。最後，原來在這部分和布朗克斯之間的渠道也被填平，使其和大陸相連。 曼哈頓島長21.5千米，最寬處為3.7千米。美國人口調查局數據表明，紐約郡（即曼哈頓區）總面積為87.5平方千米：59.5平方千米為土地，28.0平方千米為水域；水域佔全部面積的32.01%。 曼哈頓西鄰新澤西州，東北方是布朗克斯區，東面和南面的布魯克林區和皇后區均位於長島；它通過橋梁和隧道等與這些地方相連。曼哈頓和史泰登島之間唯一的直接連接是經由渡輪完成。 [编辑] 標誌 · 帝國大廈（The Empire State Building) · 百老匯戲劇中心 (Broadway and Theatre District) · 紐約大學(New York University) · 哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University) · 華爾街金融中心 (Wall Street and Financial Center) · 卡內基音樂廳(Carnegie Hall) · 林肯表演藝術中心 (Lincoln Center For The Performing Arts) · 哈林區 (Harlem) · Spanish Harlem · 美國自然歷史博物館，Museum Of Natural History · The Whitney Museum · 古根海姆博物馆，The Guggenheim Museum · 纽约现代艺术博物馆，The Museum Of Modern Art - MOMA · 纽约广播博物馆，Museum of Broadcasting · 紐約唐人街 · 中央公園 Central Park · 格林威治村， Greenwich Village · 上西区Upper West Side · 上东区Upper East Side · 下东区Lower East Side · 联合广场，Union Square · Herald Square · 麦迪逊广场花园，Madison Square Garden · 时代广场，Times Square · 哥伦布环岛，Columbus Circle [编辑] 河流與港口 · New York Harbor o Upper New York Harbor o Lower New York Harbor o Verrazano Narrows · Hudson River · East River · Harlem River [编辑] 主要街道 Avenues · (FDR Drive) · 第一大道(1st Avenue) · 第二大道(2nd Avenue) · 第三大道(3rd Avenue) · 萊辛頓大道(Lexington Avenue) · 公園大道(Park Avenue) · 麥迪遜大道(Madison Avenue) · 第五大道(5th Avenue) · 第六大道(6th Avenue,Avenue of the Americas) · 第七大道(7th Avenue) · 百老匯大道(Broadway) · 第八大道(8th Avenue) · Central Park West · Amsterdam Avenue · Columbus Avenue · 第九大道(9th Avenue) · 第十大道(10th Avenue) · 第十一大道(11th Avenue ) · 第十二大道(12th Avenue) · West End Avenue · Riverside Drive · West Side Highway North of the Park · Lenox Avenue · Frederick Douglass Boulevard · Morningside Avenue · St Nicholas Avenue Streets · Wall Street · Canal Street · Chambers Street - City Hall · Delancey Street · Houston Street · 14街(14th Street - Union Square) · 23街(23rd Street - Herald Square) · 34街(34th Street - Madison Square Garden) · 42街(42nd Street - Times Square, Grand Central Station, The U.N.) · 59街(59th Street - Columbus Circle - Central Park South) · 72街(72nd Street - Crosses Central Park) · 79街(79th Street - Crosses Central Park) · 86街(86th Street - Crosses Central Park) · 96街(96th Street - Crosses Central Park - East Side Harlem Border) · 110街(110th Street - Cathedral Parkway - Central Park North) · 116街(116th Street - Columbia University) · 125街(125th Street - West Side Harlem Border) · 135街(135th Street) · 145街(145th Street) · 155街(155th Street) · 179街(179th Street - George Washington Bridge) · 242街(242nd Street) [编辑] 公园 · 巴特里公园(Battery Park) · 紐約市政府City Hall - Chambers Street · Tompkins Square Park · Washington Square Park · 中央公園(Central Park) · Gracie Mansion · Riverside Park [编辑] 建築 · Urban Canyon o 下城Downtown o 中城Midtown · Salomon Brothers Building · World Trade Center · 1 Police Plaza · 帝国大厦，Empire State Building · 克莱斯勒大厦，Chrysler Building · Grand Central Station/PanAm Building · 联合国 · Jets Stadium (2011) · Columbia University · Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center and Teaching Hospital [编辑] 桥和地道 东方 · 布鲁克林巴特里地道(Brooklyn Battery Tunnel) · 布鲁克林桥(Brooklyn Bridge) · 曼哈顿桥(民鐵吾橋)(Manhattan Bridge) · Williamsburg Bridge · 皇后中市地道(Queens Midtown Tunnel) · Roosevelt Island Tram · 三区桥(曼哈顿，皇后， 布朗克斯)Triborough Bridge (Manhattan, Queens, The Bronx) 西方 · 史泰登岛渡船(Staten Island Ferry - Battery Park) · PATH Tunnel - WTC · 荷兰地道(Holland Tunnel - Canal Street) · 林肯地道(Lincoln Tunnel - 39th Street) · George Washington Bridge - 179th Street [编辑] 東西部分 第五大道（Fifth Avenue）將曼哈頓分為東區和西區。“東”或“西”的名稱在東西走向的街道中能夠用到，如東27街(East 27th Street)，西休斯頓街(Houston Street)等。曼哈頓街道命名體系在西布朗克斯區也採用。 [编辑] 上下 在曼哈頓，“上下城”的用法和其他美國城市有區別。在這裏，上城（uptown）指的是北部，下城（downtown）指的是南部，如“上城列車”的意思是駛往北部的列車。休斯頓街以北，幾乎所有東西走向的街道用數字標記，從南往北遞增（反映岀當時的擴展是從南往北）。“上城”和“下城”一般指南北，不過“上城”有時候也特指曼哈頓島北部（第59街以北），“下城”特指南部（第23或14街以南）。第23街和59街中間的部分稱作中城（midtown）。 在美國其他城市，“下城”（downtown）一般指商業中心區或鬧市區。而曼哈頓有兩個商業區，一個是南部的金融區，另一個是新的中城商業區。 在“下城”中，也包括“下曼哈頓”地區（Lower Manhattan）。此地區包括巴克利街和布魯克林橋以南的所有地點。著名建築有市政廳、華爾街、世界貿易中心原址等。 同樣的，“上城”的最北部叫做“上曼哈頓”地區（Upper Manhattan）。由於距中城較遠，此地區不及其他地方熱鬧，經常被視為和南布魯克林一般的偏僻遠郊。 雖然曼哈頓只是紐約市的一個區（或紐約郡），但很多本地人在提到曼哈頓的時候都會用“城市”（The City）來稱呼。 [编辑] 歷史 曼哈頓這個名字（意為“多丘之島”或“陶醉之地”）來自於阿爾岡昆語，這族人是已知最早居住在此島上的部落。傳說此島是用總價24美元的念珠和其他小玩意兒買下的。1624年，荷蘭人在這裏定居。 紐約郡這個名字，來自於紀念英國的約克郡公爵，此人後來成為詹姆斯二世國王。紐約市和紐約州的名字也是因此而來。紐約郡是紐約州1683年成立時候的十二個郡之一。此郡一開始的領土面積和今日一樣。1873年，現在的布朗克斯地區的西部被劃分進紐約郡；1895年其餘部分也划入。1898年，五個區組成了紐約市；雖然在“區”上來講，曼哈頓和布朗克斯是不同的，但從“郡”上來講雙方仍然屬於同一個紐約郡。1914年，之前從威斯徹斯特郡中分離出來的那一片地方重新命名為“布朗克斯郡”，紐約郡的面積也再一次減少到如今的大小。 [编辑] 法律與政府 紐約市的這五個郡一樣，都沒有郡政府，但是都擁有郡法院和郡地方檢察官等等。紐約市這五個區都有自己的區長，但今日已經沒有任何重大權力。 曼哈頓官方上是紐約郡的郡政府所在地，但實際上沒有意義，因為紐約郡的邊界和曼哈頓一樣，並不包括其他的地區。 [编辑] 人口 紐約郡是全美國人口密度最高的郡。 2000年美國人口普查顯示，全郡共有153萬7195人，73萬8644戶，及30万2105個常住家庭。人口密度是每平方千米25849.9人。79万8144套住房的平均密度為13,421.8每平方千米。紐約郡的種族構成為：白人54.36%，黑人17.39%，印第安人0.50%，亞洲裔9.40%，大洋洲裔0.07%，其他種族14.14%，還有4.14%混血。其中，27.18%的人口是拉丁美洲裔。45.8%的人口是非拉美裔的白種人。 歐洲裔居民的一些構成如下（2000）： · 愛爾蘭：7.48% · 意大利：7.10% · 德國：6.63% · 英格蘭：5.43% 據美國人口調查局估測，2003年紐約郡的人口已經增長到156万4798人。 下曼哈頓區（休斯敦街以南）的種族構成與其他地方有很大差距。2000年普查顯示，41%人口為亞裔，32%為非拉美裔的白種人，19%拉美裔和6%黑人；43%的人口為移民。原因是唐人街的人口佔到了下曼哈頓區的55%。 一共有73万8644戶，其中17.1%有18嵗以下兒童；25.2%是配偶二人居住；12.6%是沒有丈夫的女性戶；59.1%不是家庭。48.0%戶是單人居住；10.9%是65嵗及以上老人獨居。平均每戶2人，每個家庭2.99人。 18嵗以下人口佔16.8%；18-24嵗是10.2%；25-44嵗是28.3%；45-64是22.6%；65嵗及以上是12.2%。平均年齡是36嵗。男女比例是90.3：100；男性比18嵗及以上女性是87.9：100。 紐約郡戶均年收入是47030美元；家庭平均年收入是50229美元。男性為51856美元；女性為45712美元。人均年收入則是42922美元。20.0%的總人口和17.6%的家庭生活在貧困線以下。31.8%的18歲以下人口和18.9%的65歲及以上人口生活在貧困線以下。 [编辑] 其它 见曼哈顿计划。 [编辑] 外部鏈接 · 有關購買曼哈頓的信件 · 1661年地圖 · 曼哈頓公交地圖（pdf文件） · 曼哈頓故事Charles Hemstreet編寫。 · 曼哈頓照片 · air visit of all the districts of Manhattan in photographs [编辑] 地圖 · 紐約地圖指南 · 曼哈頓街道 来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A0%93” 页面分类: 曼哈頓 | 美国岛屿 | 紐約州行政區劃 Manhattan For other senses of this name, see Manhattan (disambiguation). The Borough of Manhattan, highlighted in yellow, lies between the East River and the Hudson River. Manhattan refers the Island of Manhattan and encompasses most of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the five boroughs of New York City. The commercial, financial, and cultural center of the city, Manhattan has many famous landmarks, tourist attractions, museums and universities. It is also home to the headquarters of the United Nations and the seat of city government. The borough of Manhattan is coterminous with New York County, which is also the most densely populated county in the United States.[1] Postal addresses within the borough are designated as "New York, NY." Manhattan has the largest central business district in the United States and is the site of most of the city's corporate headquarters, as well as both the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Although its population is third largest of the five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, and it is geographically the smallest, Manhattan is the borough that many visitors most closely associate with New York City. Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Geography o 2.1 Neighborhoods o 2.2 Adjacent Counties · 3 Government o 3.1 Politics · 4 Demographics · 5 Culture o 5.1 Media o 5.2 Landmarks · 6 Transportation · 7 Education · 8 See also · 9 References · 10 External links o 10.1 Manhattan local government and services o 10.2 Maps, streets, and neighborhoods o 10.3 Historical references o 10.4 Manhattan guides o 10.5 Photographs and videos of Manhattan [edit] History Lower Manhattan in 1660, when it was part of New Amsterdam. The large structure towards the tip of the island is Fort Amsterdam. An 1807 version of the Commissioner's Grid plan for Manhattan, a few years before it was adopted in 1811. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata so written earliest in the 1609 logbook (Record of October 2) of Robert Juet, an officer of the Dutch East India Company yacht Halve Maen or Half Moon.[2] The ship was captained by Henry Hudson, who, in the service of the Dutch Republic, was covertly commissioned to seek a Northwest Passage to China. The Half Moon first entered Upper New York Bay on September 11, 1609, and sailing up the lower Hudson River, anchored off the tip of northern Manhattan that night. As emissary of Holland’s Lord-Lieutenant Maurits he named the river he discovered after him; the Mauritius River. A manuscript map of 1610 depicts the name Manahata twice, on the west as well as the east side of the Mauritius River, later named Hudson River, thereby referring to the tribes that dwelled at the mouth of the river as the Manahata Indians (later historians supposed that these people would have been the Lenape). In 1625, Johannes de Laet, Director of the Dutch West India Company wrote in his “New World”: “The great North River of New-Netherland is called by some the Manhattas River from the people who dwell near its mouth; but by our countrymen it is generally called the Great River”. In the 1630 edition he continues to write of “another fort of greater importance at the mouth of the same North River, upon an island which our people call Manhattas or Manhattans Island, because of this nation of Indians happened to possess the same, and by them it has been sold to the company”. He thus confirmed that the island had been purchased in 1626 by Peter Minuit, the third director of New Netherland from the native Lenapes for 60 guilders worth of trade goods (translated to about $24, which according to the Oregon State University website's estimated conversion factors, is about the equivalent of $500-$700 American in today's currency.[3] It is generally assumed that the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazano explored New York Harbor in 1524 and that a few months later the Portuguese Esteban Gómez did the same. However, there is no evidence of any exploration, latitude calculations, surveying or mapping. There is only a vague textual description of having seen an estuary that may perhaps resemble Hudson’s river. None of those navigators from other nations had penetrated well into the bay or explored the chief river substantiated with textual and visual evidence until the Dutch did so in 1609. The province of New Netherland was settled in 1624 at Governors Island (the birth date of New York State), whereas the town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island was founded in 1625 (the birth date of New York City) by New Netherland's second director, Willem Verhulst, who, together with his council, had selected Manhattan as the optimal place for permanent settlement. That year, in 1625, military engineer and surveyor Cryn Fredericksz van Lobbrecht laid out a citadel with Fort Amsterdam as centerpiece. In 1664, King Charles II, had resolved to annex New Netherland and consolidate it with his North American possessions in order “to install one form of government, both in church and state... to install the Anglican government as in Old England”. He sent an expeditionary force composed of New Englanders and “reinforced by four royal ships crammed full with an extraordinary amount of men and warlike stores” and demanded New Netherland’s surrender. Director General Peter Stuyvesant and his council negotiated 24 articles of provisional transfer which gave New Netherlanders liberties and freedoms unlike those available to New Englanders and Virginians. In October 1665, Stuyvesant reported that “many verbal warnings came from diverse country people on Long Island, who daily noticed the growing and increasing strength of the English, and gathered from their talk that their business was not only with New Netherland but with the booty and plunder, and for these were they called out and enrolled. Which was afterwards confirmed not only by the dissolute English soldiery, but even by the most steady officers and by a striking example exhibited to the colonists of New Amstel on the South Delaware River, who, notwithstanding they had offered no resistance, but requested good terms, could not obtain them, but were invaded, stripped, utterly plundered and many of them sold as slaves to Virginia”. Consequently, the negotiations assured that the legal and political tradition of tolerance as the basis of cultural diversity and pluralism since 1624 was perpetuated by the Articles of Transfer under English authority. Thus safeguarded, the notion of tolerance endured after conclusive jurisdictional establishment of English dominion over New Netherland in 1674, and through the formation of the United States of America, when it was reintroduced as a constitutional right under the Bill of Rights in 1791. New Amsterdam’s significance, therefore, lies in the fact that it gave rise to what would become the most diverse city in the world, and the nation’s largest municipality ― itself a legal concept introduced, in 1653, in New Amsterdam. Having so saved the New Netherland culture from destruction, the political power of a minority among the majority was soon to transform, over time, the region from a utilitarian community based on the values of a republic and the Dutch language to a class society based on royal values and the English language. Hence, New York County is named in honor of the Royal Majesty of Great Britain, the Duke of York, later to become the Catholic James II of England after whom the City and State of New York were also named. In 1691, however, the Catholic religion was outlawed in New York by an act of parliament. This ban technically remained in effect until the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Lower Manhattan in 1942 . Manhattan skyline with the Twin Towers. From January 11, 1785 to Autumn 1788, New York City was the fifth of five capitals under the Articles of Confederation, with the Continental Congress residing at New York City Hall then at Fraunces Tavern. New York was the first capital of the country under the newly enacted Constitution of the United States from March 4, 1789 to August 12, 1790 at Federal Hall.[4] New York City, surrounded by two brackish rivers, had a limited supply of fresh water available on the island, which dwindled as the city grew rapidly after the American Revolutionary War. To supply the needs of the growing population, the city acquired land in Westchester County and constructed the Croton Aqueduct system, which went into service in 1842. The system took water from a dam at the Croton River, and sent it down through the Bronx, over the Harlem River via the High Bridge, to storage reservoirs in Central Park and at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue, and through a network of cast iron pipes on to consumer's faucets. In the early twentieth century, the existing water supply system was supplemented with much larger reservoirs in the Catskill Mountains, connected to the city by a series of mammoth water tunnels.[5] At the time of creation of New York County, its territory consisted of Manhattan Island, and occupied the same area which it occupies today. In 1873, the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. In 1898, when New York City was constituted as five boroughs, the separate boroughs of Manhattan and of the Bronx were formed, though both remained within the single County of New York. In 1914, those parts of the then New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County were constituted the new Bronx County, and New York County was reduced again to its present boundaries. From the latter half of the 1960s through most of the 1970s, Manhattan suffered from urban flight as the middle-class fled to the outer boroughs and suburbs due to an increase in crime. However, as with many other American cities, there was an increase in population growth in the latter part of the century due to a renewed interest in the urban lifestyle, a trend which began in the late 1980s and has continued to present day. It was thought that the September 11, 2001 attacks would initiate a new exodus from the City due to a fear of terrorism, but this has not occurred. See also: History of New York City [edit] Geography Central Park is visible in the center of this satellite image. Manhattan is bound by the Hudson River to the west and East River to the east. Manhattan Island is bound by the Hudson River to the west and the East River to the east. To the north, the Harlem River divides Manhattan from The Bronx and the mainland United States. The island is 20 mi² (51.8 km²) of land measuring 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.3 miles (3.7 km) across at its widest point. The borough of Manhattan includes both Manhattan Island and several small islands, including Randall's Island, Ward's Island, and Roosevelt Island to the east and Ellis Island, Liberty Island, and Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor. The borough has an area of 33.8 mi² (87.5 km²), of which 32.01% is water. One Manhattan neighborhood is actually contiguous with The Bronx. Marble Hill at one time was part of Manhattan Island, but the Harlem River Ship Canal, dug in 1895 to improve navigation on the Harlem River, separated it from the remainder of Manhattan.[6] Eventually the part of the original Harlem River channel separating Marble Hill from The Bronx was filled in, and Marble Hill became part of the mainland. Marble Hill is one example of how Manhattan's land has been considerably altered by human intervention. The borough has seen substantial land reclamation along its waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most notable in Lower Manhattan with modern developments such as Battery Park City, created from land excavated during the construction of the World Trade Center. Much of the natural variations in topography have been evened out. One possible meaning for "Manhattan" is "island of hills"; in fact, the island was quite hilly before European settlement. Manhattan is loosely divided into downtown, midtown, and uptown regions, with Fifth Avenue demarcating Manhattan's east and west sides. Manhattan is connected by bridges and tunnels to New Jersey to the west, and three New York City boroughs: the Bronx to the northeast; Brooklyn and Queens on Long Island to the east and south. Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough is the Staten Island Ferry across New York Harbor, which is free of charge. Its terminal is located at Battery Park at its southern tip. It is possible to travel to Staten Island via Brooklyn, using one of the Brooklyn's bridges, and then the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. A consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan, and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees, is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as Manhattanhenge (by analogy with Stonehenge). On separate occasions in late May and early July (for 2006 the exact dates are May 28 and July 12), the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines, with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level.[7] A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise in January and December (January 11 and December 2 in 2006). The Wildlife Conservation Society, which operates the zoos and aquariums in the city, is currently undertaking The Mannahatta Project, a computer simulation to visually reconstruct the ecology and geography of Manhattan when Henry Hudson first sailed by in 1609, and compare it to what we know of the island today.[8] For economic geography, see the map links to radicalcartography at the bottom of the page. See also: Geography and environment of New York City [edit] Neighborhoods Greenwich Village The Yorkville section of the Upper East Side. Main article: List of Manhattan neighborhoods Manhattan's many neighborhoods are not named according to any particular convention. Some are geographical (the Upper East Side), ethnically descriptive (Chinatown), or abbreviations (TriBeCa, which stands for "Triangle Below Canal Street"). Harlem is a name from the Dutch colonial era after Haarlem, a city in the Netherlands. Some neighborhoods, like SoHo (South of Houston), are commercial in nature and known for upscale shopping. Others, like the Lower East Side and East Village, are associated with Bohemian subculture. Chelsea is a neighborhood with a large gay population, and also a center of New York's art industry and nightlife. Washington Heights is a vibrant neighborhood of immigrants from the Dominican Republic. Manhattan's Chinatown is the largest in the Western hemisphere. The Upper West Side is often characterized as a liberal and family-friendly alternative to the Upper East Side, one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the United States. In Manhattan, uptown means north and downtown means south. (Though even north and south here are relative - north in Manhattan is a logical north, determined by the main axis of the island, and corresponding to the direction of the avenues of the street grid. Uptown is actually more like north-by-northeast.) This usage differs from that of most American cities, where downtown refers to the central business district. Manhattan has two central business districts, the Financial District at the southern tip of the island, and the business district in Midtown. The terms uptown and downtown can also refer to the northern part of Manhattan (generally speaking, above 59th Street) and downtown to the southern portion (typically below 23rd Street or 14th Street), respectively. Fifth Avenue roughly bisects Manhattan Island and acts as the demarcation line for east/west designations (e.g., East 27th Street, West 42nd Street). South of Waverly Place in Manhattan, Fifth Avenue terminates and Broadway becomes the east/west demarcation line. North of 14th Street nearly all east-west streets use numeric designations, which increase from south to north to 220th Street, the highest numbered street on the island. Manhattan Skyline from Brooklyn Promenade [edit] Adjacent Counties · Bronx County, New York - east · Queens County, New York - east · Kings County, New York - south · Bergen County, New Jersey - west · Hudson County, New Jersey - west [edit] Government Main article: Government of New York City Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Manhattan. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[9] Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Manhattan's Borough President is Scott Stringer, elected as a Democrat in 2005. Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Robert M. Morgenthau, a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of New York County since 1974. Manhattan has 10 City Council members, the third largest number among the five boroughs. It also has 12 administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents. Presidential elections results Year Reps Dems 2004 16.7% 107,405 82.1% 526,765 2000 14.2% 79,921 79.8% 449,300 1996 13.8% 67,839 80.0% 394,131 1992 15.9% 84,501 78.2% 416,142 1988 22.9% 115,927 76.1% 385,675 1984 27.4% 144,281 72.1% 379,521 1980 26.2% 115,911 62.4% 275,742 1976 25.5% 117,702 73.2% 337,438 1972 33.4% 178,515 66.2% 354,326 1968 25.6% 135,458 70.0% 370,806 1964 19.2% 120,125 80.5% 503,848 1960 34.2% 217,271 65.3% 414,902 As the host of the United Nations, the borough is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates.[10] It is also the home of New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council. The mayor's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, one of the largest governmental buildings in the world. [edit] Politics The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. Registered voters of the Republican Party are a small minority in the borough; they constitute more than 20% of the electorate only on the Upper East Side and the Financial District. Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in Manhattan include development, noise, and the cost of housing. Manhattan has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since 1924. In the 2004 presidential election Democrat John Kerry received 82.1% of the vote in Manhattan and Republican George W. Bush received 16.7%. The borough is the most important source of funding for presidential campaigns in the United States; it is home to four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions. The top zip code, 10021, is on the Upper East Side and generated the most money for the United States presidential election for all presidential candidates, including both Kerry and Bush during the 2004 election.[11] See also: Community Boards of Manhattan [edit] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Manhattan Manhattan Compared 2000 Census Manhattan NY City NY State Total population 1,537,195 8,008,278 18,976,457 Population density 66,940.1/mi² 26,403/mi² 402/mi² Median household income (1999) $47,030 $38,293 $43,393 Per capita income $42,922 $22,402 $23,389 Bachelor's degree or higher 49% 27% 24% Foreign born 29% 36% 20% White 56% 45% 62% Black 17% 27% 16% Hispanic (any race) 27% 27% 14% Asian 9% 10% 6% Manhattan population trend, 1790-2000. According to 2005 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 1,593,200 people (up from 1.4 million in 1990) 738,644 households, and 302,105 families residing in Manhattan.GR2 Counted on its own, Manhattan would be the fifth largest city in the United States, after New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston. The population density was 66,940.1/mi² (25,849.9/km²), the highest population density of any county in the United States. In 1910, at the height of a wave of European immigration to New York, Manhattan's population density reached a peak of 46,428.9/km². There were 798,144 housing units in 2000 at an average density of 34,756.7/mi² (13,421.8/km²). In 2000 56.4% of people living in Manhattan were White, 27.18% were Hispanic of any race, 17.39% were Black, 14.14% were from other races, 9.40% were Asian, 0.5% were Native American, and 0.07% were Pacific Islander. 4.14% were from two or more races. 24.93% reported speaking Spanish at home, 4.12% Chinese, and 2.19% French.[1] There were 738,644 households. 25.2% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 59.1% were non-families. 17.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 48.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.99. Manhattan's population was spread out with 16.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 38.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males. Manhattan is one of the highest-income places in the United States with a population greater than 1 million. The Manhattan zipcode 10021, on the Upper East Side, is home to more than 100,000 people and has a per capita income of over $90,000. It is one of the largest concentrations of extreme wealth in the United States. Most Manhattan neighborhoods are not as wealthy. The median income for a household in the county was $47,030, and the median income for a family was $50,229. Males had a median income of $51,856 versus $45,712 for females. The per capita income for the county was $42,922. About 17.6% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over. Lower Manhattan (Manhattan south of Houston street) has a sharply different population than the rest of the borough. According to the 2000 census, the neighborhood was 41% Asian, 32% non-Hispanic white, 19% Hispanic and 6% black. 43% of residents were immigrants. These figures are affected by the demographic weight of Chinatown, which accounts for 55% of the population of Lower Manhattan. Manhattan is a religiously diverse community. The largest religious affiliation is the Roman Catholic Church, whose adherents constitute 564,505 persons (more than 36% of the population) and maintain 110 congregations. Jews comprise the second largest religious group, with 314,500 persons (around 20.5%) and have 102 congregations. Other large denominations include Protestants (139,732 adherents) and Muslims (37,078).[12] See also: Demographics of New York City [edit] Culture Times Square is the center of the city's theater district. Manhattan has been the scene of many important American cultural movements. In 1912, about 20,000 workers, a quarter of them women, marched on Washington Square Park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which killed 146 workers on March 25, 1911. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, a clothing style that became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of female independence, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements. The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s established the African-American literary canon in the United States. Manhattan's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s defined the American pop art movement, which gave birth to such giants as Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein. Perhaps no other artist is as associated with the downtown pop art movement of the late 1970s as Andy Warhol, who socialized at clubs like Serendipity 3 and Studio 54 and was shot in the chest in 1968 by the radical feminist Valerie Solanas, founder of the group "Society for Cutting Up Men" (S.C.U.M.) and author of the S.C.U.M. Manifesto. A popular haven for art, the downtown neighborhood of Chelsea is widely known for its galleries and cultural events. Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. Plays and musicals are staged in one of the thirty-nine larger professional theatres located in Manhattan, with 500 seats or more, that appeal to the mass audience. The majority of Broadway theatres are in Midtown, in and around Times Square. Broadway theatres are usually run by a producing organization or another theatre group. A short stroll from Times Square will take you to the Lincoln Center, home to one of the world's most prestigious opera houses, that of the Metropolitan Opera. Manhattan is also home to some of the most extensive art collections, both contemporary and historical, in the world including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Guggenheim Museum. The borough has a place in several American idioms. The phrase "a New York minute" is meant to convey a very short period of time, sometimes in hyperbolic form, as in "perhaps faster than you would believe is possible". It refers to the rapid pace of life in Manhattan.[13] The term "melting pot" was first popularly coined to describe the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot, which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet set by Zangwill in New York City in 1908. [edit] Media Manhattan is served by the major New York City dailies, including The New York Times, New York Daily News, and New York Post, which are all headquartered in the borough. Other daily newspapers include The Greenwich Village Gazette and The Villager. The New York Amsterdam News, based in Harlem, is one of the leading African American weekly newspapers in the United States. The Village Voice is a leading alternative weekly with emphasis on arts coverage in the borough. Manhattan is home to several major radio stations. In 1971, WLIB became New York's first black-owned radio station and the crown jewel of Inner City Broadcasting Corporation. A co-founder of Inner City was Percy Sutton, a former Manhattan borough president and long one of the city’s most powerful black leaders. WLIB began broadcasts for the African-American community in 1949 and regularly interviewed civil rights leaders like Malcolm X and aired live broadcasts from conferences of the NAACP. Influential WQHT, also known as Hot 97, claims to be the premier hip-hop station in the United States. WNYC, comprising an AM and FM signal, has the largest public radio audience in the nation and is the most-listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan. WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, well known for its eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming. Another notable channel in the borough is NY1, Time Warner Cable's first local news channel, known for its beat coverage of City Hall and state politics that is closely watched by political insiders. [edit] Landmarks View of Midtown from the Empire State Building. The Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, the theater district around Broadway, New York University, Columbia University, Baruch College, the financial center around Wall Street, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Harlem, the American Museum of Natural History, Chinatown, and Central Park are all located on this densely populated island. The city is a leader in energy-efficient "green" office buildings, such as Hearst Tower and the rebuilt 7 World Trade Center.[14] Main article: Central Park Central Park is bordered on the north by West 110th Street, on the west by Eighth Avenue, on the south by West 59th Street, and on the east by Fifth Avenue. Along the park's borders, these streets are usually referred to as Central Park North, Central Park West, and Central Park South, respectively. (Fifth Avenue retains its name along the eastern border.) The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. The park offers extensive walking tracks, two ice-skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, and grassy areas used for various sporting pursuits, as well as playgrounds for children. The park is a popular oasis for migrating birds, and thus is popular with bird watchers. The 6-mile (10 km) road circling the park is popular with joggers, bicyclists and inline skaters, especially on weekends and in the evenings after 7:00 p.m., when automobile traffic is banned.[15] While much of the park looks natural, it is in fact almost entirely landscaped and contains several artificial lakes. The construction of Central Park in the 1850s was one of the era's most massive public works projects. Some 20,000 workers crafted the topography to create the English-style pastoral landscape Olmsted and Vaux sought to create. Workers moved nearly 3 million cubic yards of soil and planted more than 270,000 trees and shrubs.[16] [edit] Transportation Grand Central Terminal The New York City Subway is the primary means of travel in Manhattan. Manhattan is unique in the United States for its intense use of public transportation and lack of private car ownership. While nearly 90% of Americans drive to their jobs, public transit is the overwhelmingly dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan.[17] According to the 2000 U.S. Census, more than 75% of Manhattan households do not own a car (car ownership is greater in the other boroughs, but New York City as a whole is the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car).[17] The New York City Subway, the largest subway system in the world by track mileage,[18] is the primary means of travel in the city. It connects to every borough except Staten Island. A second subway, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) system, connects Manhattan to northern New Jersey. There is also The Long Island Rail Road, which connects Manhattan and other New York City boroughs to Long Island and the Metro North Rail Road which connects Manhattan to Westchester County and Southwestern Connecticut. Transit passengers tender their fares with pay-per-ride MetroCards, which are valid on all city buses and subways, as well as on PATH trains. A single fare on the bus or subway is $2.00,[19] and PATH costs $1.50.[20] Daily, weekly and monthly MetroCards allow unlimited trips on all MTA bus routes and train lines, and 11, 20, and 40-trip QuickCards offering discounted rides on the PATH system. Manhattan's transportation system is dense and varied. New York's iconic yellow cabs, which number 12,778 city-wide and must have the requisite medallion authorizing the pick up of street hails, are ubiquitous in the borough.[21] Manhattan also sees tens of thousands of bicycle commuters. The Roosevelt Island Tramway whisks commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes. The Staten Island Ferry, which runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2 mile (8.4 km) run between Manhattan and Staten Island. Each day approximately five boats transport almost 65,000 passengers during 104 boat trips. The fare has been free since 1997. The metro region's commuter rail lines converge at Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan, respectively. They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States. About one in every three users of mass transit in the country and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.[22] Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C.; Upstate New York, New England and Montreal, Canada; and destinations in the South and Midwest. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles per day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Manhattan, is the world's busiest vehicular tunnel. It was built instead of a bridge to allow for the free passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson to Manhattan's piers. The Queens Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-Federal project of its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The FDR Drive and Harlem River Drive are two limited-access routes that skirt the East Side of Manhattan along the East River, designed by controversial New York master planner Robert Moses. Manhattan has three public heliports. US Helicopter offers regularly-scheduled helicopter service connects the Downtown Manhattan Heliport with John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens. New York has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis, most of which operate in Manhattan.[23][24] See also: Transportation in New York City [edit] Education See also: Education in New York City Education in Manhattan is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are operated by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States,[25] serving 1.1 million students.[26] Some of the best-known New York City public high schools, such as Stuyvesant High School, High School of Fashion Industries and Hunter College High School, are located in Manhattan. It also hosts a new hybrid school, Bard High School Early College, which serves students from around the city. Manhattan has various colleges and universities (see List of colleges and universities in New York City). The list includes the famous Columbia University of the Ivy League as well as New York University (NYU) and Fordham University. Other schools include New York Institute of Technology, Pace University and The New School. The world-renowned City University of New York (CUNY), is the municipal college system of New York City. The City University is the largest urban university system in the United States as well as the third largest system in terms of enrollment. A third of college graduates in New York City graduate from CUNY, with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. CUNY senior colleges located in Manhattan include: Baruch College, City College of New York, Hunter College, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and the CUNY Graduate Center (graduate studies and doctoral granting institution). The only CUNY community college located in Manhattan is the Borough of Manhattan Community College. [edit] See also · Midtown · Sawing off of Manhattan Island [edit] References 1. ^ Federal Reserve Bank of New York District Profile: New York City, accessed September 4, 2006 2. ^ Full Text of Robert Juet's Journal: From the collections of the New York Historical Society, Second Series, 1841 log book 3. ^ Historical Inflation Data according Oregon State UniversityObviously, it is the matter of common sense, that it is virtually impossible to make more or less exact comparison of societies, values and price structures dated back to 1626, and 2006. The source warns that data of 1913 and earlier are highly approximative. Besides, the data, which had been tabulated, based on John J. McCusker's article How much is that in real money (Processing American Antiquarian Society 2001 ISBN 1-929545-01-1) started from 1665 - 40 years after the time, when the trade was settled. However, these numbers give the feeling of the price, which was paid for Manhattan 4. ^ The Nine Capitals of the United States. United States Senate Historical Office. Accessed June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert, The Nine Capitals of the United States, York, PA: Maple Press, 1948. 5. ^ New York City's Water Supply System: History, accessed September 5, 2006 6. ^ New York Times - Streetscapes: Spuyten Duyvil Swing Bridge; Restoring a Link In the City's Lifeline 7. ^ Sunset on 34th Street Along the Manhattan Grid, Natural History (magazine) Special Feature — City of Stars, accessed September 4, 2006 8. ^ The Mannahatta Project. Wildlife Conservation Society (January 1st, 2006). Retrieved on 2006-09-03. 9. ^ Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006 10. ^ Society of Foreign Consuls: About us. Retrieved on 2006-07-19 11. ^ Big Donors Still Rule The Roost, accessed July 18, 2006 12. ^ New York County, New York, Association of religion data archives, accessed September 10, 2006 13. ^ New York Minute. Dictionary of American Regional English (1984-01-01). Retrieved on 2006-09-05. 14. ^ Pogrebin, Robin. "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers", New York Times, 2006-04-16. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 15. ^ Central Park General Information, accessed September 21, 2006 16. ^ Central Park History, accessed September 21, 2006 17. ^ a b Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation, accessed May 21, 2006 18. ^ World's Largest Subway Systems, Infoplease, accessed September 4, 2006 19. ^ History. Subway Web News (January 1st, 2004). Retrieved on 2006-09-05. 20. ^ PATH Rapid-Transit System: Fares and QuickCard, accessed September 10, 2006 21. ^ About the NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission, accessed September 4, 2006 22. ^ The MTA Network, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, accessed May 17, 2006 23. ^ Metropolitan Transportation AuthorityDifferent Buses for Different Jobs, retrieved on 2006-07-19 24. ^ "New York City’s Yellow Cabs Go Green", Sierra Club press release, 2005-07-01. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 25. ^ New York: Education and Research, accessed September 10, 2006 26. ^ Back to School in a System Being Remade, The New York Times, September 5, 2006 [edit] External links [edit] Manhattan local government and services · Manhattan Borough President official site · Manhattan District Attorney official site · New York City Transit Bus Map of Manhattan (PDF file) [edit] Maps, streets, and neighborhoods · Aerial view of all bridges in Manhattan · New York City subway and road map · Maps of Building Heights and Land Value, plus theoretical and zoning-based maps of underdevelopment, all from http://www.radicalcartography.net · air visit of all the districts of Manhattan in photographs · Avenues + streets of Manhattan (translated from French) · Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 40.704234° -73.917927° o Street map from Google Maps, or Yahoo! Maps, or Windows Live Local o Satellite image from Google Maps, Windows Live Local, WikiMapia o Topographic map from TopoZone o Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA · Interactive Manhattan Map [edit] Historical references · New York and its origins · Letter of 1626 stating that Manhattan Island had been purchased for the value of 60 guilders (PD) · Map of Mannados or Manhattan in 1661 (PD) · 1729 map of Manhattan · The Story of Manhattan, by Charles Hemstreet. 1901 publication from Project Gutenberg · The log book of Robert Juet. The earliest written information on Manhattan. [edit] Manhattan guides · Randall's Lost New York City · New York City Walk [edit] Photographs and videos of Manhattan · NewYorkDailyPhoto · Photographs of Manhattan · Forgotten New York · gallery ' Manhattan' in Black and White · Manhattan Skyline Panoramas New York City v·d·e History · Government · Geography · Demographics · Economy · TransportationCulture · Media · Music · Sports · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · EducationNew York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island Neighborhoods in the New York City Borough of Manhattan v·d·e Community Boards: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 Alphabet City · Ansonia · Battery Park City · Bowery · Carnegie Hill · Chelsea · Chinatown · Civic Center · Columbus Circle · Cooperative Village · Diamond District · East Village · Financial District · Five Points · Flatiron District · Garment District · Governors Island · Gramercy · Greenwich Village · Hamilton Heights · Harlem · Hell's Kitchen · Herald Square · Hudson Heights · Inwood · Kips Bay · Koreatown · Lincoln Square · Little Germany · Little Italy · Loisaida · Lower East Side · Lower Manhattan · Madison Square · Manhattan Valley · Manhattanville · Marble Hill · Meatpacking District · Midtown · Morningside Heights · Murray Hill · NoHo · NoLIta · Peter Cooper Village · Radio Row · Randall's Island · Roosevelt Island · San Juan Hill · SoHo · Spanish Harlem · Stuyvesant Town · Sugar Hill · Sutton Place · Tenderloin · Times Square · TriBeCa · Tudor City · Turtle Bay · Union Square · Upper East Side · Upper Manhattan · Upper West Side · Ward's Island · Washington Heights · West Village · Yorkville v·d·eIslands of New York City Barren Island · The Blauzes · Broad Channel Island · Chimney Sweeps · City Island · Coney Island · Ellis Island · Governors Island · Hart Island · High Island · Hoffman Island · Hunters Island · Isle of Meadow · Liberty Island · Long Island · Manhattan · Mill Rock · North Brother Island · Prall's Island · Randall's Island · Rat Island · Rikers Island · Roosevelt Island · Shooters Island · South Brother Island · Staten Island · Swinburne Island · Twin Island · U Thant Island · Ward's Island State of New York Topics History | Education | Politics | People | Transportation (High-speed rail) | Authorities | Administrative divisions | Towns | Villages Capital Albany Regions Adirondack Mountains | Capital District | Catskill Mountains | Central | City of New York | Finger Lakes | The Holland Purchase | Hudson Valley | Long Island | Mohawk Valley | North Country | Saint Lawrence Seaway | Shawangunks | Southern Tier | Thousand Islands | Upstate | Western Metros Albany/Schenectady/Troy | Binghamton | Buffalo/Niagara Falls | Elmira/Corning | Glens Falls | Jamestown | New York | Newburgh/Middletown | Poughkeepsie | Rochester | Syracuse | Utica/Rome Counties Albany | Allegany | Bronx | Broome | Cattaraugus | Cayuga | Chautauqua | Chemung | Chenango | Clinton | Columbia | Cortland | Delaware | Dutchess | Erie | Essex | Franklin | Fulton | Genesee | Greene | Hamilton | Herkimer | Jefferson | Kings (Brooklyn) | Lewis | Livingston | Madison | Monroe | Montgomery | Nassau | New York (Manhattan) | Niagara | Oneida | Onondaga | Ontario | Orange | Orleans | Oswego | Otsego | Putnam | Queens | Rensselaer | Richmond (Staten Island) | Rockland | Saint Lawrence | Saratoga | Schenectady | Schoharie | Schuyler | Seneca | Steuben | Suffolk | Sullivan | Tioga | Tompkins | Ulster | Warren | Washington | Wayne | Westchester | Wyoming | Yates Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" Categories: Boroughs in New York | Islands of New York City | Manhattan | New York City | New York counties | New York metropolitan area Queens This article is about the borough in New York City. For other uses, see Queen (disambiguation) and Queens (disambiguation) Queens Borough in New York City, in yellow Queens is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Geographically the largest borough in the city, Queens is home to many immigrants and two of New York's major airports. The borough of Queens is coterminous with Queens County, which is also the most ethnically diverse county in the United States. An estimated 44% of its residents are foreign born.[1] With a population of 2.2 million it is the second most populous borough in New York City and the tenth most populous county in the United States. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and was named for the then-queen consort, Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. The borough is often considered one of the more suburban boroughs of New York City. Neighborhoods in eastern Queens have a look and feel similar to the bordering suburbs of western Nassau County. In its western and central sections, however, Queens is home to many urban neighborhoods and several central business districts. Long Island City, on the Queens' waterfront across from Manhattan, is the site of the Citicorp Building, the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan. Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Geography o 2.1 Neighborhoods o 2.2 Adjacent Counties · 3 Government · 4 Economy · 5 Demographics · 6 Culture o 6.1 Sports · 7 Transportation · 8 Education · 9 References · 10 External links [edit] History European colonization brought both Dutch and English settlers. As a part of the New Netherlands colony, towns such as Flushing (English corruption of the Dutch town name Vlissingen), Maspeth, Newtown (now Elmhurst), Jamaica and others were founded. However, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island (Suffolk County) subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the area (and all of Long Island) became known as Yorkshire. The borough of Queens was originally named after Catherine of Braganza, the Portuguese wife of King Charles II of England. Originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was an original county of New York State, one of twelve created in 1683. By 1870, Queens County consisted of six towns: Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica, North Hempstead, Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. In 1870, the city of Long Island City was incorporated, consisting of what had been the Village of Astoria and some unincorporated areas in the Town of Newtown. As a result of a referendum, Long Island City, Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica, and the Rockaway Peninsula of the Town of Hempstead became the Borough of Queens in New York City on January 1, 1898. The part of Queens County that was not consolidated into New York City, consisting of the towns of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay and all of the Town of Hempstead, except the Rockaway Peninsula, was constituted as the new Nassau County in 1899. See also: History of New York City [edit] Geography Queens County is in the western part of Long Island and includes a few smaller islands, most of which are in Jamaica Bay and form part of Gateway National Recreation Area. The Rockaway Peninsula sits between Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The tallest tree in the New York metropolitan area, called the Queens Giant, is also the oldest living thing in the New York metro area. It is located in northeastern Queens, and is 450 years old and 134 feet tall as of 2005. According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 461.7 km² (178.3 mi²); 282.9 km² (109.2 mi²) of it is land and 178.8 km² (69.0 mi²) of it (38.73%) is water. See also: Geography and environment of New York City [edit] Neighborhoods A typical residential street in Jackson Heights. The United States Postal Service divides the borough into five "towns" based roughly on those in existence at the time of the consolidation of the five boroughs into New York City: Long Island City, Jamaica, Flushing, Far Rockaway, and Floral Park. These ZIP codes do not necessarily reflect actual neighborhood names and boundaries; "East Elmhurst," for example, was largely coined by the United States Postal Service and is not an official community. Most neighborhoods have no solid boundaries. The Forest Hills and Rego Park neighborhoods, for instance, overlap. Residents of Queens often closely identify with their neighborhood rather than with the borough or city as a whole. Postal addresses are written with the neighborhood, state, and then zip code rather than the borough or city. The borough is a patchwork of dozens of unique neighborhoods, each with its own distinct identity. Howard Beach and Middle Village are home to large Italian-American populations, Rockaway Beach has a large Irish-American population, Astoria, in the northwest, is traditionally home to one of the largest Greek population outside of Greece, and is home to a growing population of young professionals from Manhattan. Maspeth is home to many European immigrants, including a large Polish population, as well as a large Hispanic population. Long Island City is a major commercial center and the home of the Queensbridge housing project. Jackson Heights, Elmhurst, and Corona make up an enormous conglomeration of Hispanic and Asian American communities. Richmond Hill, in the south, has the largest population of Sikhs outside of India; Forest Hills and Kew Gardens, in central Queens, have traditionally large Jewish populations (many of these communities are Jewish immigrants from Israel, Iran and the former Soviet Union) while Jamaica is home to large African American and Caribbean populations. There are also middle-class African-American, Filipino American, Latino and Caribbean neighborhoods such as Saint Albans, Cambria Heights, Queens Village, Rosedale and Laurelton along east and southeast Queens. Together, these neighborhoods comprise the most diverse county in the United States. Some Queens neighborhoods, such as Ozone Park, Bayside, Maspeth, Kew Gardens and Woodside are home to a very diverse mix of many different nationalities. See also: List of Queens neighborhoods [edit] Adjacent Counties · Bronx County, New York - north · Nassau County, New York - east · New York County, New York - west · Kings County, New York - west [edit] Government Main article: Government of New York City Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Queens has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a strong mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Queens. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[2] Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Queens' Borough President is Helen Marshall, elected as a Democrat in 2001 and re-elected in 2005. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. 63% of registered Queens voters are Democrats. Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in Queens include development, noise, and the cost of housing. Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Richard A. Brown, a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of Queens County since 1991. Queens has 12 City Council members, the second largest number among the five boroughs. It also has 14 administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents. The Queens county seat is the district of Jamaica. Although it is heavily Democratic, Queens is considered a swing county in New York politics. Republican political candidates who do well in Queens usually win citywide or statewide elections. Republicans such as former Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and current Mayor Michael Bloomberg won majorities in Queens. Republican State Senator Serphin Maltese represents a district in central and southern Queens. In 2002, Queens voted against incumbent Republican Governor of New York George Pataki in favor of his Democratic opponent, Carl McCall. Queens has not voted for a Republican candidate in a presidential election since 1972, when Queens voters chose Richard Nixon over George McGovern. In the 2004 presidential election Democrat John Kerry received 71.7% of the vote in Queens and Republican George W. Bush received 21.4%. [edit] Economy John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens is a major entry point for international arrivals in the United States. The economy of Queens is based on tourism, industry, and trade. Queens has two of the busiest airports in the world, John F. Kennedy International Airport, located in Jamaica, and La Guardia Airport, in Flushing. Queens is increasingly attracting film studios — a return of an industry that had departed decades earlier — notably the Kaufman Studios in Astoria, where a number of television shows are made. The Queens Museum of Art and the New York Hall of Science are further east, in Flushing Meadows Park — site of both the 1939 New York World's Fair, the 1964 New York World's Fair and the annual US Open tennis tournament. Shea Stadium, home of the New York Mets baseball team, is just north of the park. The park is also the third largest park in New York City at 1,255 acres, making it 412 acres larger then Central Park in Manhattan. Several large companies have their headquarters in Queens, including Bulova, Glacéau and JetBlue. Long Island City is a major manufacturing and commercial center. Flushing, in the north-central part of the borough, is a major commercial hub for Chinese American and Korean American businesses, while Jamaica is a major business and transportation hub for the borough. See also: Economy of New York City [edit] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Queens Queens Compared 2000 Census Queens NY City NY State Total population 2,229,379 8,008,278 18,976,457 Population density 20,409.0/mi² 26,403/mi² 402/mi² Median household income (1999) $37,439 $38,293 $43,393 Per capita income $14,222 $22,402 $23,389 Bachelor's degree or higher 23% 27% 24% Foreign born 44% 36% 20% White 44% 45% 62% Black 20% 27% 16% Hispanic (any race) 25% 27% 14% Asian 18% 10% 6% As of the census2(gr) Geographic references. of 2000, there were 2,229,379 people, 782,664 households, and 537,690 families residing in the county. The population density was 7,879.6/km² (20,409.0/mi²). There were 817,250 housing units at an average density of 2,888.5/km² (7,481.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the county was 44.08% White, 20.01% Black or African American, 0.50% Native American, 17.56% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 11.68% from other races, and 6.11% from two or more races. 24.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Some main European ancestry in Queens, 2000: · Italian : 8.99% · Irish : 7.05% · German : 4.74% · English : 1.32% According to the Census Bureau, the population increased to 2,241,600 in 2005. The 2000 census show also that the borough is home to one of the most important concentration of Indian-Americans in the nation, with a total population of 129,715 (5,79% of the borough population) ([2], as well as of Pakistani-Americans who numbers 15,604[3]. Queens has the second largest Sikh population in the nation after California. There were 782,664 households out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.39. In the county the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males. The median income for a household in the county was $37,439, and the median income for a family was $42,608. Males had a median income of $30,576 versus $26,628 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,222. About 16.9% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the median income among black households in Queens was close to $52,000 a year, surpassing that of whites. No other county in the country with a population over 65,000 can make that claim.[3] The Top Ten Languages Spoken in Queens according to the NY State Comptroller:[4] 1. English 2. Spanish 3. Chinese 4. Italian 5. Gujarati 6. Punjabi 7. Russian 8. Korean 9. French 10. Greek [edit] Culture The Unisphere, unofficial symbol of Queens Queens was an epicenter of jazz in the 1940s. Jazz greats likes Louis Armstrong, Count Basie and Ella Fitzgerald found refuge from segregation in the mixed communities of the borough, while a younger generation — Charlie Parker, Sonny Rollins, Thelonious Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, and others — were developing bebop in the clubs of Harlem. Western Queens is becoming an artistic hub, including the Noguchi Museum, Socrates Sculpture Park, Museum for African Art, and the American Museum of the Moving Image. The current poet laureate of Queens is Ishle Yi Park. Queens is home to many cultural institutions, including: · American Museum of the Moving Image · Jamaica Performing Arts Center · New York Hall of Science · Noguchi Museum · Queens Botanical Garden · Queens Theatre in the Park See also: List of people from Queens, Culture of New York City, and Music of New York City [edit] Sports Queens is the home of the New York Mets baseball team. The U.S. Open tennis tournament, and Aqueduct Racetrack are also found here. Just over the Queens line (in Nassau County) is Belmont Park Race Track, the home of the Belmont Stakes. In the past, Extreme Championship Wrestling has been held at an Elks lodge in Elmhurst. [edit] Transportation Queensboro Bridge facing the Queens neighborhood of Long Island City. Twelve New York City subway routes traverse Queens, serving 81 stations on seven main lines. About 100 local bus routes move people around within Queens, and another 15 express routes shuttle commuters between Queens and Manhattan. A commuter train system, the Long Island Rail Road, operates 20 stations in Queens with service to Manhattan and Long Island. Jamaica Station is a hub station where all the lines in the system but one converge. It is the busiest commuter rail hub in the United States. Sunnyside Yard is used as a staging area by Amtrak and New Jersey Transit for intercity and commuter trains from Penn Station in Manhattan. Queens has crucial importance in international and interstate air traffic. Two of New York City's three major airports are located there; LaGuardia Airport is in northern Queens, while John F. Kennedy International Airport is to the south on the shores of Jamaica Bay. AirTrain JFK provides a rail link between JFK and local rail lines. A third airport, Flushing Airport, only a mile east of LaGuardia, was closed in the early 1980s. Queens is traversed by three trunk east-west highways. The Long Island Expressway, also known as Interstate 495, runs from the Queens Midtown Tunnel on the west through the borough to Naussau County on the east. The Grand Central Parkway, whose western terminus is the Triborough Bridge, extends east to the Queens/Nassau border, where its name changes to the Northern State Parkway. The Belt Parkway begins at the Gowanus Expressway in Brooklyn, and extends east into Queens, past Aqueduct Racetrack and JFK Airport. On its eastern end at the Queens/Nassau border, it splits into the Southern State Parkway which continues east, and the Cross Island Parkway which turns north. There are also several major north-south highways in Queens, including the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278), the Van Wyck Expressway (Interstate 678), the Clearview Expressway (Interstate 295), and the Cross Island Parkway. The streets of Queens are laid out in a semi-grid system, with a numerical system of street names (similar to Manhattan and the Bronx). Nearly all roadways oriented north-south are streets, while east-west roadways are avenues, beginning with the number 1 (west to east with streets and north to south with avenues). In some parts of the borough, several consecutive streets may share numbers (for instance, 72nd Street followed by 72nd Place, or 52nd Avenue followed by 52nd Road, 52nd Drive, and 52nd Court), often causing confusion for non-residents. In addition, conflicting sections of street grids, unusual street paths due to geography, or other circumstances often lead to the skipping of numbers (for instance, on Ditmars Blvd. 70th Street is followed by Hazen Street which is followed by 49th Street). Numbered roads tend to be residential, although there are many notable exceptions throughout the borough. A fair number of streets (especially major thoroughfares such as Northern Boulevard, Queens Boulevard, and Jamaica Avenue) carry names rather than numbers. The Rockaway Peninsula does not follow the same system as the rest of the borough and has its own numbering system. Streets are numbered in ascending order heading west from near the Nassau County border, and are prefixed with the word "Beach." Streets at the easternmost end, however, are nearly all named. Another deviance from the norm is Broad Channel; it maintains the north-south numbering progression but uses only the suffix "Road," as well as the prefixes "West" and "East," depending on location relative to Cross Bay Boulevard, the neighboorhood's major through street. Queens is connected to the Bronx by three bridges: the Bronx Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge and the Triborough Bridge. Queens is connected to Manhattan by two bridges and one tunnel: the Triborough Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens Midtown Tunnel. While most of the Queens/Brooklyn border is on land, the Kosciuszko Bridge (I-278) crosses the Newtown Creek connecting Maspeth, Queens to Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The Pulaski Bridge connects McGuinness Boulevard of Greenpoint to 11th Street, Jackson Avenue, and Hunters Point Avenue of Long Island City. The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge connects Greenpoint and Long Island City Avenues of the same name. East of Queens Boulevard (NY-25), Greenpont Avenue becomes Roosevelt Avenue. The Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge connects the Rockaway Peninsula to the rest of Queens. There is currently only one year-round scheduled ferry service connecting Queens and Manhattan. New York Water Taxi operates service across the East River from Hunters Point in Long Island City to Manhattan at 34th Street and south to Pier 11 at Wall Street. During baseball season, NY Waterway ferries operate to Shea Stadium for New York Mets weekend home games[5]. See also: Transportation in New York City [edit] Education Powdermaker Hall at Queens College. Education in Queens is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States. LaGuardia Community College, part of the City University of New York (CUNY), is known as "The World's Community College" for its diverse international student body representing more than 150 countries and speaking over 100 languages. The college has been named a National Institution of Excellence by the Policy Center on the First Year of College and one of the top three large community colleges in the United States.[6]. Queensborough Community College, originally part of the State University of New York, is in Bayside and is now part of CUNY. It prepares students to attend senior colleges mainly in the CUNY system. Queens College is one of the elite colleges in the CUNY system. Established in 1937 to offer a strong liberal arts education to the residents of the borough, Queens College has over 16,000 students including more than 12,000 undergraduates and over 4,000 graduate students. Students from 120 different countries speaking 66 different languages are enrolled at the school, which is located in Flushing. Ranked eighth in the United States by The Princeton Review in its 2006 edition of "America's Best Value Colleges," Queens College is also the host of CUNY's law school. York College is one of CUNY's leading general-purpose liberal arts colleges, granting bachelor's degrees in more than 40 fields, as well as a combined BS/MS degree in Occupational Therapy. Noted for its Health Sciences Programs York College is also home to the Northeast Regional Office of the Food and Drug Administration. St. John's University is a private, coeducational Roman Catholic university founded in 1870 by the Vincentian Fathers. With over 19,000 students, St. John's is known for its medical, pharmacy and law programs as well as its men's basketball and soccer teams. The Queens Borough Public Library is the public library system for the borough and one of three library systems serving New York City. Dating back to the foundation of the first Queens library in Flushing in 1858, the Queens Borough Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in the United States. Seperate from the New York Public Library, it its comprised of 63 branches throughout the borough. In fiscal year 2001, the Library achieved a circulation of 16.8 million. First in circulation in New York State since 1985, the Library has maintained the highest circulation of any city library in the country since 1985 and the highest circulation of any library in the nation since 1987. The Library maintains collections in many languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Russian, Hatian Creole, Polish, and six Indic languages, as well as smaller collections in 19 other languages. See also: Education in New York City [edit] References 1. ^ In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th..., The New York Times, July 4, 2006 2. ^ Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006 3. ^ "Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens." The New York times. 1 Oct 2006.[1] 4. ^ http://queens.about.com/od/queensalmanac/f/languages.htm 5. ^ Ferry Services to Shea Stadium, accessed May 16, 2006 6. ^ "Top 3 Large Community Colleges in the U.S." Community College Survey of Student Engagement, 2002 [edit] External links · Queens Borough President's Official Website · Queens Council on the Arts · Queens Neighborhoods · Map of Queens neighborhoods · Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 40.704234° -73.917927° o Street map from Google Maps, or Yahoo! Maps, or Windows Live Local o Satellite image from Google Maps, Windows Live Local, WikiMapia o Topographic map from TopoZone o Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA · Air visit of all the districts of Queens in photographs · 1910 map of Queens (west) · 1910 map of Queens (east) · 1898 map of southwestern Queens · 1891 map of southwestern Queens New York City v·d·e History · Government · Geography · Demographics · Economy · TransportationCulture · Media · Music · Sports · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · EducationNew York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island v·d·eNeighborhoods in the New York City Borough of Queens Arverne · Astoria · Auburndale · Bayside · Bayswater · Belle Harbor · Bellerose · Breezy Point · Briarwood · Broad Channel · Cambria Heights · College Point · Corona · Douglaston · East Elmhurst · Edgemere · Elmhurst · Far Rockaway · Floral Park · Flushing · Forest Hills · Forest Hills Gardens · Fresh Meadows · Glendale · Hamilton Beach · Hillcrest · Hollis · Howard Beach · Howard Park · Hunters Point · Jackson Heights · Jamaica · Jamaica Estates · Kew Gardens · Kew Gardens Hills · Laurelton · LeFrak City · Lindenwood · Little Neck · Locust Manor · Long Island City · Malba · Maspeth · Middle Village · Murray Hill · Neponsit · Old Howard Beach · Ozone Park · Pomonok · Queensbridge · Queens Village · Ramblersville · Rego Park · Richmond Hill · Ridgewood · Rochdale · Rockaway · Rockaway Beach · Rockaway Park · Rockwood Park · Rosedale · St. Albans · South Jamaica · South Ozone Park · Springfield Gardens · Sunnyside · Sunnyside Gardens · Utopia · Whitestone · Willets Point · Woodhaven · Woodside State of New York Topics History | Education | Politics | People | Transportation (High-speed rail) | Authorities | Administrative divisions | Towns | Villages Capital Albany Regions Adirondack Mountains | Capital District | Catskill Mountains | Central | City of New York | Finger Lakes | The Holland Purchase | Hudson Valley | Long Island | Mohawk Valley | North Country | Saint Lawrence Seaway | Shawangunks | Southern Tier | Thousand Islands | Upstate | Western Metros Albany/Schenectady/Troy | Binghamton | Buffalo/Niagara Falls | Elmira/Corning | Glens Falls | Jamestown | New York | Newburgh/Middletown | Poughkeepsie | Rochester | Syracuse | Utica/Rome Counties Albany | Allegany | Bronx | Broome | Cattaraugus | Cayuga | Chautauqua | Chemung | Chenango | Clinton | Columbia | Cortland | Delaware | Dutchess | Erie | Essex | Franklin | Fulton | Genesee | Greene | Hamilton | Herkimer | Jefferson | Kings (Brooklyn) | Lewis | Livingston | Madison | Monroe | Montgomery | Nassau | New York (Manhattan) | Niagara | Oneida | Onondaga | Ontario | Orange | Orleans | Oswego | Otsego | Putnam | Queens | Rensselaer | Richmond (Staten Island) | Rockland | Saint Lawrence | Saratoga | Schenectady | Schoharie | Schuyler | Seneca | Steuben | Suffolk | Sullivan | Tioga | Tompkins | Ulster | Warren | Washington | Wayne | Westchester | Wyoming | Yates Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens" Categories: Boroughs in New York | Long Island | New York City | New York counties | New York metropolitan area | Queens, New York City | Queens neighborhoods 布鲁克林区 1890年的布魯克林大橋 布魯克林(Brooklyn)是美國紐約州紐約市五大區中，人口最多的一區﹙有250萬居民﹚。位於美國東北部，紐約曼哈頓島的東南邊。如該區是一所城市，單以人口比較，會是美國第四大城。它也是紐約州人口最多的區。 布魯克林在19世紀時有許多暱稱，其中有｢樹之城｣﹙City of Trees﹚｢家之城｣﹙City of Homes﹚和｢教堂之城｣﹙City of Churches﹚，今日則綜合稱為｢家與教會的自治市｣﹙Borough of Homes and Churches﹚ 在1980年代及1990年代，以治安不良聞名於世。自紐約市長朱利安尼上任之後，治安大為改善，居住品質也逐漸變好。 目录[隐藏]· 1 簡史 · 2 交通運輸 · 3 地標 · 4 學校 · 5 外部链接 [编辑] 簡史 布魯克林是由荷蘭人先住在這裏的，一開始只有6個荷蘭小村莊建在東河邊，並有小荷蘭的稱呼。在1664年成成紐約屬地的一部份。1898年正式劃入紐約市，成爲五大區之一。原名是荷蘭文Breuckelen。此命名早於同名的荷蘭布根市。 [编辑] 交通運輸 一輛前往布魯克林的地鐵灰色線L車 大多數的紐約地鐵路線都途經布魯克林區，包括有: # 服務路線 A系統（IRT） 2 第七大道快車 3 第七大道快車 4 萊辛頓大道快車 5 萊辛頓大道快車 B系統（BMT∕IDT） A 第八大道快車 B 第六大道快車 C 第八大道慢車 D 第六大道快車 F 第六大道慢車 G 布魯克林-皇后跨區慢車 J 納蘇街快車 L 14街-卡納西線 M 納蘇街慢車 N 百老匯快車 Q 百老匯快車 R 百老匯慢車 各地鐵路線貫穿Jay St/Borough Hall、大西洋大道及迪卡布大道。地鐵全日24小時，一星期七天運作。92.8%的居民以地鐵作為主要的交通公具前往曼哈頓。 巴士網絡覆蓋整個布魯克林區，每日都有特快班次前往曼哈頓。而紐約著名的黃色的士亦覆蓋本區，但的士數目卻不夠曼哈頓多。布魯克林有三個鐵路轉線站，包括: · 東紐約站 · 諾斯特蘭大道站 · 長島鐵路大西洋大道支線總站—平灌大道站。 本區有三條大橋和一條隧道連接曼哈頓，分別是威廉博格橋、曼哈頓橋、布魯克林大橋和布魯克林炮台隧道。布魯克林-皇后區快速道則連接布魯克林和皇后區的公路，它亦是I-278州際高速公路的一部分。布魯克林炮台隧道的南端亦連接通往史泰登岛的范拉薩諾峽口大橋 ，此段道路稱為格灣納斯快速通道。 [编辑] 地標 布魯克林著名的地標為布魯克林大橋。此外，全美最著名的起士蛋糕店「Junior's」也位於布魯克林。美國著名導演伍迪·艾倫也住在布魯克林。 [编辑] 學校 布魯克林最有名的藝術學校為普瑞特藝術學院，是一所百年老校。 [编辑] 外部链接 您可以在维基共享资源中查找与此条目相关的多媒体资源： Category:Brooklyn, New York · 布魯克林的官方網站 · 布魯克林在線－英文 · to visit all the districts of Brooklyn in photographs 页面分类: 翻譯請求 | 紐約市 | 紐約州行政區劃 Brooklyn Brooklyn Location Brooklyn shown within New York City Government County: Kings Borough president: Marty Markowitz Demographics Population: 2,465,326 Population density: 34,920/mi² Geography Area: 251.0 km² (96.9 mi²) Land: 182.9 km² (70.6 mi²) Water: 68.1 km² (26.3 mi²) Coordinates: {74}° 42′ 15.24″ N 73° 55′ 4.54″ W This article is about the borough of New York City. For other uses, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). Brooklyn (named for the Dutch city Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York's most populous borough, with nearly 2.5 million residents. As an independent city Brooklyn would rank as the fourth most populous in the United States. The borough of Brooklyn is coterminous with Kings County, which is also the most populous county in New York State. In spite of its consolidation with New York, Brooklyn maintains a strongly distinct character of its own. Variously called the "City of Trees," "City of Homes," or the "City of Churches" in the 19th century, Brooklyn is now often styled the "Borough of Homes and Churches". As a promotional gesture by the current borough administration, distinctive traffic signs are posted along major traffic arteries at Brooklyn’s border crossings. They incorporate colorful expressions associated with Brooklyn, including: "Fugheddaboudit," "Oy Vey!," and "How Sweet It Is." One sign identifies the borough as: "Home to Everyone From Everywhere!" Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Geography o 2.1 Neighborhoods · 3 Government · 4 Economy · 5 Demographics · 6 Culture o 6.1 Media o 6.2 Tourism o 6.3 Sports · 7 Transportation · 8 Education · 9 References · 10 External links [edit] History Main article: History of Brooklyn Currier & Ives print of the Brooklyn Bridge (1877) The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle the area in the 1620s on the western edge of Long Island, which was then largely inhabited by the Canarsie Native American tribe. The Village of Breuckelen, which preceded the City of New Amsterdam (which became New York City) by some 7 years, was authorized by the Dutch West India Company in 1646 and became the first municipality in what is now New York State. At the time Breuckelen was part of New Netherland. The Dutch lost Breuckelen in the British conquest of New Netherland in 1664. In 1683, the British reorganized the Province of New York into 12 counties, each of which was sub-divided into towns. Kings County was one of the original 12 counties, and Brooklyn, the Anglicized name of Breuckelen, was one of the original six towns within Kings County. The county was named in honor of King Charles II of England. In August and September 1776 the Battle of Brooklyn (also known as the Battle of Long Island) was fought in Kings County. It was the first major battle in the American Revolutionary War following the Declaration of Independence, and the largest battle of the entire conflict. New York, and Brooklyn along with it, gained independence from the British with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The first half of the 19th century saw urban areas grow along the economically strategic East River waterfront, across from New York City. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, however, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems. The two cities were the City of Brooklyn and the City of Williamsburgh. Brooklyn annexed Williamsburgh in 1854, which lost its final "h." It took until 1896 for Brooklyn to annex all other parts of Kings County. Brooklyn's skyline as seen from the East River The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded explosive growth, and in the space of a decade the City of Brooklyn annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, and the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County. The question was now whether it was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation now developing throughout the region. In 1898, Brooklyn residents voted by a slight majority to join with Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens and Richmond (later Staten Island) as the five boroughs to form modern New York City. Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties. [edit] Geography Satellite image showing Brooklyn, center. Manhattan is visible upper left. Staten Island is seen lower left, linked by the Verrazano Narrows Bridge. Brooklyn is located on the westernmost point of Long Island and shares its only land boundary with Queens to the northeast. The westernmost section of this boundary is defined by Newtown Creek, which flows into the East River. Brooklyn's waterfront faces different bodies of water. Northern Brookyn's coast is defined by the East River, while middle Brooklyn adjoins Upper New York Bay. This area of the waterfront features the Red Hook peninsula and the Erie Basin. Buttermilk Channel separates this part of the waterfront from Governors Island. Southwest is Gowanus Bay, connected to the Gowanus Canal. At its south westernmost section, Brooklyn is separated from Staten Island by the Narrows, where Upper and Lower New York Bay meet. Brooklyn's southern coast includes the peninsula on which stretch Coney Island, Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach. The southeastern coast lies on island-dotted Jamaica Bay. The highest point in Brooklyn is the area around Prospect Park and Green-Wood Cemetery, rising approximately 200 feet above sea level. There is also a minor elevation in Downtown Brooklyn known as Brooklyn Heights. According to the United States Census Bureau, the County has a total area of 251.0 km² (96.9 mi²). 182.9 km² (70.6 mi²) of it is land and 68.1 km² (26.3 mi²) of it is water. 27.13% of the total area is water. Populations of wild Monk Parakeets, also known as the Quaker Parrot, live in Greenwood Cemetery, Marine Park, Bensenhurst, and Bay Ridge. See also: Geography and environment of New York City [edit] Neighborhoods A typical Park Slope block. Brooklyn, which developed from distinct towns and villages from its founding in the Dutch colonial era, has many well-defined neighborhoods. Many are architectually and ethnically distinct, after growing rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th century as upwardly-mobile immigrants moved out of tenement buildings in Manhattan neighborhoods like the Lower East Side. Borough Park is largely Orthodox Jewish; Bedford-Stuyvesant is one of New York City's most notable African-American neighborhoods; Bensonhurst historically is Italian-American; Fort Greene is home to many middle-class black professionals. Since 1990, Brooklyn has seen a rise in new immigration to neighborhoods like Sunset Park, home to flourishing Hispanic and Chinese American communities. Downtown Brooklyn is the third-largest central business district in New York City, after Midtown Manhattan and Lower Manhattan. It has many commercial towers with lower rents than comparable office space in Manhattan, and is home to growing numbers of smaller firms, as well as residential buildings. Most districts in Brooklyn are residential. The northwestern neighborhoods between DUMBO, by the Brooklyn Bridge, to Park Slope, adjacent to Prospect Park, are characterized by many gracious 19th century brownstone houses. Neighborhoods to the south and especially to the east often have detached single- and multi-family homes with yards resembling older suburban neighborhoods in Queens. Recently the city has completed an extensive rezoning of the Brooklyn waterfront. Neighborhoods along the East River north of Downtown Brooklyn, such as Williamsburg, are beginning to see high-rise development in abadonded industrial zones. In recent years a series of artists' colonies have developed along the East River as artists have left their traditional, more expensive Manhattan neighborhoods. Gentrification has rapidly transformed much of Williamsburg, DUMBO, and Red Hook. Redevelopment has moved eastward away from the waterfront along the L 14th Street subway line, which has come to be known colloquially as the Hipster Express([11]). See also: List of Brooklyn, New York neighborhoods [edit] Government Main article: Government of New York City Brooklyn Borough Hall. The scaffolding is part of a roof renovation project. Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Brooklyn. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[1] Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn's Borough President is Marty Markowitz, elected as a Democrat in 2001 and re-elected in 2005. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. 69.7% of registered voters in Brooklyn are Democrats. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. The most controversial political issue is over the proposed Brooklyn Nets Arena, a large development project. Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Charles J. Hynes, a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of Kings County since 1989. Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. It also has 18 administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents. Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election in the last 50 years. In the 2004 presidential election Democrat John Kerry received 74.9% of the vote in Brooklyn and Republican George W. Bush received 24.3%. The 11th Congressional District encompassing Park Slope, Crown Heights, Flatbush, Brownsville and Prospect Heights was created by the 1965 Voting Rights Act with the intention of increasing African-American representation in the United States Congress. In 1968 the district elected Shirley Chisholm, the first African-American woman to hold a seat in the Congress and a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus. The district's population of 654,361 is 57% black, 24% white, and 12% Latino.[2] Brooklyn's official motto is Een Draght Mackt Maght. Written in the Dutch language, it is inspired by the motto of the United Dutch Provinces and translated as In Unity, There is Strength. The motto is displayed on the borough seal and flag, which also feature a young robed woman bearing fasces, a traditional emblem of republicanism.[3] Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.[4] [edit] Economy Downtown Brooklyn is the third largest business district in New York City. Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national/city economy, population flows, and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.[5] Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.[6] In recent years Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech/entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies and computer services firms.[7] Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.[8] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer has a manufacturing plant in Brooklyn that employs 990 workers. Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors.[9] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.[10] The unemployment rate in Brooklyn in March 2006 was 5.9%. See also: Economy of New York City [edit] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn Brooklyn Compared 2000 Census Brooklyn NY City NY State Total population 2,465,326 8,008,278 18,976,457 Population density 34,920/mi² 26,403/mi² 402/mi² Median household income (1999) $32,135 $38,293 $43,393 Per capita income $16,775 $22,402 $23,389 Bachelor's degree or higher 22% 27% 24% Foreign born 38% 36% 20% White 41% 45% 67% Black 36% 27% 16% Hispanic (any race) 20% 27% 15% Asian 8% 10% 6% Brooklyn has been the city's largest borough since the mid-1920s. (Key: Each borough's historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island) According to 2005 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,486,235 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), 880,727 households, and 583,922 families residing in Brooklyn.GR2[11] Were it still a separate city and not a borough, Brooklyn would be the fourth largest city in the United States after New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago. The population density was 13,480/km² (34,920/mi²). There were 930,866 housing units at an average density of 5,090/km² (13,180/mi²). In 2000, 41.20% of Brooklyn residents were white; 36.44% were black; 7.54% were Asian; 0.41% were Native American; 0.06% Pacific Islander; 10.05% were of other races; and 4.27% were from two or more races. People of Hispanic or Latino origin, who may be of any race, comprised 19.79% of the population. 18.00% of the population reported speaking Spanish at home, 5.95% Russian, 4.19% French or a French-based creole, 3.92% Chinese, 3.10% Yiddish, 2.10% Italian, 1.42% Polish, 1.13% Hebrew, and 1.09% Arabic.[12] Of the 880,727 households in Brooklyn, 38.6% were married couples living together, 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households 27.8% are made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.41. In Brooklyn the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. Brooklyn has more women, with 88.4 males for every 100 females. The median income for households in Brooklyn was $32,135, and the median income for a family was $36,188. Males had a higher median income of $34,317 than females, whose median income was $30,516. The per capita income was $16,775. About 22% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over. Brooklyn has long been a magnet for immigrants, and presently has substantial populations from many countries, including China, Jamaica, Pakistan and Russia. The borough also attracts people previously residing in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, San Francisco, Washington DC/Baltimore, Boston, and Seattle. An overwhelming majority of those who leave Brooklyn go to the Broward, Dade, Palm Beach, and Orange Counties of Florida. The Brooklyn population continues to grow because there is more in-migration than out-migration.[12] Residents of Brooklyn are known as Brooklynites, and their sometimes distinctive Brooklyn accent is colloquially known as Brooklynese. [edit] Culture Brooklyn has played a major role in American letters. Walt Whitman wrote of the Brooklyn waterfront in his classic poem Crossing Brooklyn Ferry. Betty Smith's 1943 book A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, and the 1945 film based on it, are among the best-known early works about life in Brooklyn. William Styron's novel Sophie's Choice is set in Flatbush, just off Prospect Park, during the summer of 1947. Arthur Miller's 1955 play A View From the Bridge is set in Brooklyn. More recently, Brooklyn-born author Jonathan Lethem has written several books about growing up in the borough, including Motherless Brooklyn and The Fortress of Solitude. The neighborhood of Park Slope is home to many contemporary writers, including Jonathan Safran Foer, Jhumpa Lahiri, Jonathan Franzen, Rick Moody, Jennifer Egan, Kathryn Harrison, Paul Auster, Nicole Krauss, Colson Whitehead, Darin Strauss, Siri Hustvedt and Suketu Mehta, among others. So many writers live in the area that Brooklyn-based band One Ring Zero released an album with lyrics written mainly by Brooklyn-based writers. The Discovery Kids show Time Warp Trio is also set in Brooklyn. The borough has had a part in theater and film as well. Lynn Nottage's play Crumbs from the Table of Joy is set in post-World War II Brooklyn and deals with the hopes and frustrations of an African American family recently arrived from Florida. The John Travolta movie Saturday Night Fever was set in Bay Ridge, an Italian neighborhood in south Brooklyn. In the late 1980s Brooklyn achieved a new cultural prominence with the films of Spike Lee, whose She's Gotta Have It and Do The Right Thing were shot in Brooklyn neighborhoods. The 2005 film The Squid and the Whale, by Noah Baumbach, the son of novelist Jonathon Baumbach and Village Voice film critic Georgia Brown, examined the family life of the Park Slope intelligentsia. The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is among the world's premier art institutions with a permanent collection that includes more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM), a complex including the 2,109-seat Howard Gilman Opera House, the 874-seat Harvey Lichtenstein Theater, and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas are notable venues. BAM is recognized internationally as a progressive cultural center well known for The Next Wave Festival, which began in 1983. Artists who have presented their works there include Philip Glass, Peter Brook, Laurie Anderson, Lee Breuer, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Steve Reich, Robert Wilson, Ingmar Bergman, The Whirling Dervishes and the Kirov Opera directed and conducted by Valery Gergiev among others. Brooklyn has a rich African-American cultural history. The Weeksville Heritage Center in Bedford-Stuyvesant was an important 19th century free black community, whose residents established schools, churches and benevolent associations and were active in the abolitionist movement. The Heritage Center focuses on tours, arts and crafts, literacy and historical preservation programs. The Museum of Contemporary African Diasporan Arts (MoCADA) in Fort Greene presents work by contemporary black artists. See also: Culture of New York City [edit] Media Brooklyn has three local newspapers, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, the Brooklyn Paper and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers, with a weekly readership exceeding more than one million. Courier-Life publishes newspapers reaching every sector of the borough, in addition to its myriad supplements. Bay Currents is a bi-weekly newspaper published in south Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Rail is a glossy monthly magazine emphasizing arts and literary criticism and winner of the Utne Independent Press Award in 2002 and 2003 for Best Local/Regional Coverage. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, The New York Daily News, and The New York Post. Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, as well as several Hatian newspapers including The Haitian Times, Haiti Observateur, and Haiti Progress. Many nationally-distributed ethnic newspapers are based out of offices in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. The City of New York also has an official television station, run by the NYC Media Group, which features programming based in Brooklyn. There is also Brooklyn Cable Access Television, the borough's public access channel. See also: Media of New York City [edit] Tourism The rose garden at the Brooklyn Botanical Garden. Southern Brooklyn was once the premier resort destination for New York City. Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, when wealthy New Yorkers would bet on horses at the racetracks in Sheepshead Bay and Gravessend and dined at high class restaurants and seaside hotels. The introduction of the subway made Coney Island a vacation destination for the masses, and it evolved into one of America’s first amusement grounds. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1950s, but is undergoing a renaissance. The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade is a hipster costume-and-float parade which honored David Byrne, pre-punk music guru, as the head merman in 1998. Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest. Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepoint in 1838, is both one of the most significant cemeteries in the United States and an expansive green space encompassing 478 acres of rolling hills and dales, several ponds, and a baroque chapel. Still in use, the cemetery is the burial ground of some of the most famous New Yorkers, including Albert Anastasia (1903-1957), mobster, "Lord High Executioner" for "Murder Inc."; Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960-1988), artist; Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990), composer; Laura Jean Libbey (1862-1924), best-selling "dime-store" novelist; Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872), inventor of the telegraph; Edward R. Murrow (1908-1965), journalist; Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (1834-1884), mother of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt; Margaret Sanger (1879-1966), birth control advocate; F.A.O. Schwarz (1836-1911), toy store founder; William M. "Boss" Tweed (1823-1878), notorious boss of the New York political machine. The New York Transit Museum is a museum which displays historical artifacts of the New York City Subway and bus systems; it is located in the unused Court Street subway station in Brooklyn Heights. The Brooklyn Children's Museum was the world's first museum for children and has many exhibits on culture and zoology. The 52 acre (210,000 m²) Brooklyn Botanic Garden includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one acre (4,000 m²) rose garden, a Japanese hill and pond garden, a fragrance garden for the blind, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits. Brooklyn's rich African American history can be seen at the Weeksville]] Houses, where the first freed black community was formed in the early 1800s, and the Simmons African Arts Museum. See also: Tourism in New York City [edit] Sports Main article: Sports in Brooklyn Brooklyn has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Joe Torre, Larry Brown, Mike Tyson, Paul Lo Duca, Michael Jordan and Vince Lombardi. Parks throughout the borough such as Prospect Park, Marine Park, and the community sports complex at Floyd Bennett Field provide residents an opportunity to practice and hone their sports skills and talents. Brooklyn's most famous team, the Dodgers, played at Ebbets Field and was named for "trolley dodgers," a reference to the many streetcar lines that once criss-crossed the borough. The Dodgers greatest achievement came in 1947 when Jackie Robinson took the field in a Dodgers uniform, the first Major League African American player of the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers won their first and only World Series in Brooklyn against their rival, the New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations all over Brooklyn. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles, causing a widespread sense of betrayal. After a 43-year hiatus, pro baseball returned to the borough in 2001 in the form of the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that began playing in Coney Island. Developer Bruce Ratner announced in 2004 that he had purchased the New Jersey Nets basketball team. He hopes to move the Nets to a proposed 20,000-seat Brooklyn Nets Arena as part of a controversial housing and office development. An American Basketball Association (ABA) expansion team was announced in 2005. The team, the Brooklyn Wonders will begin their 36-game season in November of 2006. [edit] Transportation A Brooklyn-bound train on the L subway service. Brooklyn is well served by public transit. Many New York City Subway lines run through the borough, including the 2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, B, D, F, J, M, N, R, Q, L, and G (running from Brooklyn to Queens) trains. Lines intersect at Jay St/Boro Hall, Atlantic Avenue-Pacific St and DeKalb Avenue. The subway, which runs 24 hours a day 7 days per week, is the primary mode of travel for 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan.[13] The public bus network covers the entire borough. There is daily express bus service into Manhattan. New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in Brooklyn than in Manhattan. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn, including East New York station, Nostrand Avenue station, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus station of the Atlantic Avenue Branch of the Long Island Railroad. Atlantic Terminal is a major intermodal transit hub with several connecting subway lines. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by the Williamsburg Bridge, Manhattan Bridge, Brooklyn Bridge and the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel. The Brooklyn-Queens Expressway runs from southern Brooklyn to Queens and is a portion of US Interstate 278. The portion of the highway running through the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and south to the Verrazano Narrows Bridge (which connects Brooklyn to Staten Island) is known as the Gowanus Expressway. Belt Parkway as its name implies runs around the Brooklyn's South and Southeast Shores, which is very convenient to automobilists. Historically Brooklyn's waterfront was a major shipping port, especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the city has recently built a new cruise ship terminal in Red Hook that is to become a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The Queen Mary 2, the world's largest passenger ship, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazano Bridge, itself the longest suspension bridge in the United States. The Queen Mary 2 makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic runs from Southampton, England. See also: Transportation in New York City [edit] Education Higgins Hall at the Pratt Institute. Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States. Private schools range from the elite Poly Prep Country Day School to religious schools run by Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn and Jewish organizations. The Satmar Jewish community of Brooklyn operates its own network of schools, which is the fourth largest school system in New York state. Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public co-ed liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second generation immigrants. Emblematic of its students’ potential is Eugene Shenderov, the son of Russian immigrants who received a 2005 Rhodes Scholarship before graduating from the College's B.A.-M.D. program in June 2005. Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for quality of students.[14] SUNY Downstate Medical Center, originally founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center is comprised of the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, University Hospital of Brooklyn, and the School of Graduate Studies, where Nobel Prize-winner Dr. Robert F. Furchgott is a member of the faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. Long Island University is a private university in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. In Fort Greene/Clinton Hill, the Pratt Institute is one of the leading art schools in the United States and offers programs in art, architecture, fashion design, design, creative writing, library science, and other area disciplines. As an independent system, separate from the New York City and Queens libraries, the Brooklyn Public Library offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Kreyol, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building just off Grand Army Plaza and is undergoing extensive renovations and an underground expansion. There are 58 branches located within a half mile of every Brooklyn resident and a significant business library in Brooklyn Heights. The Library is preparing to construct the new Visual and Performing Arts Library, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities. See also: Education in New York City [edit] References 1. ^ Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006 2. ^ "'Black seat' threatened by Yassky’s congressional run, big money support." 1 June 2006.[1] 3. ^ http://fotw.vexillum.com/flags/us-ny-bk.html 4. ^ Borough of Brooklyn.[ blue and gold. 5. ^ New York State Department of Labor Brooklyn Report, April 2006. [2] 6. ^ New York State Department of Labor Brooklyn Report, April 2006. [3] 7. ^ New York State Department of Labor Brooklyn Report, April 2006. [4] 8. ^ New York City Economic Development Corporation, Brooklyn Borough Update March 2004.[5] 9. ^ New York State Dept of Labor [6] 10. ^ U.S. Census Bureau, 2001 County Business Patterns. [7] 11. ^ U.S. Census Bureau, "Residential Population and Components of Change New York State and Counties, April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005." Retrieved on 2006-08-04.[8] 12. ^ Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation. Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Report, 2002.[http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domestic_migration.htm 13. ^ [9] 14. ^ Leiter's Law School Rankings. [10] [edit] External links · Official site of the Brooklyn Borough President · Brooklynx: Information and Culture · Air visit of all the districts of Brooklyn in photographs · Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 40.704234° -73.917927° o Street map from Google Maps, or Yahoo! Maps, or Windows Live Local o Satellite image from Google Maps, Windows Live Local, WikiMapia o Topographic map from TopoZone o Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA New York City v·d·e History · Government · Geography · Demographics · Economy · TransportationCulture · Media · Music · Sports · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · EducationNew York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island v·d·eNeighborhoods in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn Barren Island · Bath Beach · Bay Ridge · Bedford · Bedford-Stuyvesant · Bensonhurst · Boerum Hill · Borough Park · Brighton Beach · Brooklyn Heights · Brownsville · Bushwick · Cadman Plaza · Canarsie · Carroll Gardens · City Line · Clinton Hill · Cobble Hill · Coney Island · Crown Heights · Ditmas Park · Downtown · DUMBO · Dyker Heights · East Flatbush · East New York · East Williamsburg · Fiske Terrace · Flatbush · Flatlands · Fort Greene · Fort Hamilton · Fulton Ferry · Georgetown · Gerritsen Beach · Gowanus · Gravesend · Greenpoint · Homecrest · Kensington · Little Poland · Manhattan Beach · Marine Park · Midwood · Mill Basin · Navy Yard · New Lots · New Utrecht · Ocean Hill · Ocean Parkway · Park Slope · Pigtown · Prospect Heights · Prospect Park South · Red Hook · Seagate · Sheepshead Bay · South Brooklyn · Starrett City · Sunset Park · Vinegar Hill · Williamsburg · Windsor Terrace State of New York Topics History | Education | Politics | People | Transportation (High-speed rail) | Authorities | Administrative divisions | Towns | Villages Capital Albany Regions Adirondack Mountains | Capital District | Catskill Mountains | Central | City of New York | Finger Lakes | The Holland Purchase | Hudson Valley | Long Island | Mohawk Valley | North Country | Saint Lawrence Seaway | Shawangunks | Southern Tier | Thousand Islands | Upstate | Western Metros Albany/Schenectady/Troy | Binghamton | Buffalo/Niagara Falls | Elmira/Corning | Glens Falls | Jamestown | New York | Newburgh/Middletown | Poughkeepsie | Rochester | Syracuse | Utica/Rome Counties Albany | Allegany | Bronx | Broome | Cattaraugus | Cayuga | Chautauqua | Chemung | Chenango | Clinton | Columbia | Cortland | Delaware | Dutchess | Erie | Essex | Franklin | Fulton | Genesee | Greene | Hamilton | Herkimer | Jefferson | Kings (Brooklyn) | Lewis | Livingston | Madison | Monroe | Montgomery | Nassau | New York (Manhattan) | Niagara | Oneida | Onondaga | Ontario | Orange | Orleans | Oswego | Otsego | Putnam | Queens | Rensselaer | Richmond (Staten Island) | Rockland | Saint Lawrence | Saratoga | Schenectady | Schoharie | Schuyler | Seneca | Steuben | Suffolk | Sullivan | Tioga | Tompkins | Ulster | Warren | Washington | Wayne | Westchester | Wyoming | Yates Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" Categories: Boroughs of New York City | Boroughs in New York | Brooklyn | New York City | New York counties | New York metropolitan area Category:New York counties Subcategories There are 62 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). A· [+] Albany County, New York· [+] Allegany County, New YorkB· [+] The Bronx· [+] Broome County, New YorkC· [+] Cattaraugus County, New York· [+] Cayuga County, New York· [+] Chautauqua County, New York· [+] Chemung County, New York· [+] Chenango County, New York· [+] Clinton County, New York· [+] Columbia County, New York· [+] Cortland County, New YorkD· [+] Delaware County, New York· [+] Dutchess County, New YorkE· [+] Erie County, New York· [+] Essex County, New YorkF· [+] Franklin County, New York· [+] Fulton County, New YorkG· [+] Genesee County, New York· [+] Greene County, New York H· [+] Hamilton County, New York· [+] Herkimer County, New YorkJ· [+] Jefferson County, New YorkK· [+] BrooklynL· [+] Lewis County, New York· [+] Livingston County, New YorkM· [+] Madison County, New York· [+] Monroe County, New York· [+] Montgomery County, New YorkN· [+] Nassau County, New York· [+] Manhattan· [+] Niagara County, New YorkO· [+] Oneida County, New York· [+] Onondaga County, New York· [+] Ontario County, New York· [+] Orange County, New York· [+] Orleans County, New York· [+] Oswego County, New York· [+] Otsego County, New YorkP· [+] Putnam County, New YorkQ· [+] Queens, New York City R· [+] Rensselaer County, New York· [+] Staten Island· [+] Rockland County, New YorkS· [+] St. Lawrence County, New York· [+] Saratoga County, New York· [+] Schenectady County, New York· [+] Schoharie County, New York· [+] Schuyler County, New York· [+] Seneca County, New York· [+] Steuben County, New York· [+] Suffolk County, New York· [+] Sullivan County, New YorkT· [+] Tioga County, New York· [+] Tompkins County, New YorkU· [+] Ulster County, New YorkW· [+] Warren County, New York· [+] Washington County, New York· [+] Wayne County, New York· [+] Westchester County, New York· [+] Wyoming County, New YorkY· [+] Yates County, New York Pages in category "New York counties" There are 64 pages in this section of this category. *· List of counties in New York · List of New York county seats · List of New York county name etymologiesA· Albany County, New York · Allegany County, New YorkB· The Bronx · Broome County, New YorkC· Cattaraugus County, New York · Cayuga County, New York · Chautauqua County, New York · Chemung County, New York · Chenango County, New York · Clinton County, New York · Columbia County, New York · Cortland County, New YorkD· Delaware County, New York · Dutchess County, New YorkE· Erie County, New York · Essex County, New YorkF· Franklin County, New York · Fulton County, New York G· Genesee County, New York · Greene County, New YorkH· Hamilton County, New York · Herkimer County, New YorkJ· Jefferson County, New YorkK· BrooklynL· Lewis County, New York · Livingston County, New YorkM· Madison County, New York · Monroe County, New York · Montgomery County, New YorkN· Manhattan · Niagara County, New YorkO· Oneida County, New York · Onondaga County, New York · Ontario County, New York · Orange County, New York · Orleans County, New York · Oswego County, New York · Otsego County, New YorkP· Putnam County, New YorkQ· Queens R· Rensselaer County, New York · Staten Island · Rockland County, New YorkS· St. Lawrence County, New York · Saratoga County, New York · Schenectady County, New York · Schoharie County, New York · Schuyler County, New York · Seneca County, New York · Steuben County, New York · Suffolk County, New York · Sullivan County, New YorkT· Tioga County, New York · Tompkins County, New YorkU· Ulster County, New YorkW· Warren County, New York · Washington County, New York · Wayne County, New York · Westchester County, New York · Wyoming County, New YorkY· Yates County, New York Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_York_counties" Categories: Counties of the United States | Geography of New York Category:New York metropolitan area Subcategories There are 5 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). N · [+] Nassau County, New York · [+] New York City · [+] Newark, New Jersey S · [+] Suffolk County, New York W · [+] Westchester County, New York Pages in category "New York metropolitan area" There are 39 pages in this section of this category. *· New York metropolitan areaB· Bergen County, New Jersey · BrooklynC· Colgate ClockD· Dutchess County, New YorkE· Edison, New Jersey · Essex County, New JerseyF· Fairfield County, ConnecticutG· Getty SquareH· Hudson County, New Jersey · Hunterdon County, New JerseyJ· Jersey City, New JerseyL· Litchfield County, Connecticut M· Manhattan · Mercer County, New Jersey · Middlesex County, New Jersey · Monmouth County, New Jersey · Morris County, New JerseyN· Nassau County, New York · New Haven County, Connecticut · Greater New Haven · Newark, New JerseyO· Ocean County, New Jersey · Orange County, New York · Oxford, ConnecticutP· Passaic County, New Jersey · Pike County, Pennsylvania P cont.· Putnam County, New YorkQ· QueensR· Rockland County, New YorkS· Somerset County, New Jersey · Staten Island · Suffolk County, New York · Sussex County, New JerseyT· The BronxU· Ulster County, New York · Union County, New JerseyW· Warren County, New Jersey · Wayne, New Jersey Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_York_metropolitan_area" Categories: New York | New Jersey | Connecticut | Metropolitan areas of the United States Fifth Avenue (Manhattan) Fifth Avenue and 5th Avenue redirect here. For the candy bar, see 5th Avenue (candy). Fifth Avenue looking south from 38th Street From The Wickedest Woman in New York: Madame Restell, the Abortionist Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the center of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA. It runs through the heart of Midtown and along the eastern side of Central Park, and because of the expensive park-view real estate and historical mansions along its course, it is a symbol of wealthy New York. It is one of the best shopping streets in the world, often paired with London's Oxford Street and the Champs Elysées in Paris. It is one of the most expensive streets in the world, on a par with Paris, London and Tokyo lease prices. The "most expensive street in the world" moniker changes depending on currency fluctuations and local economic conditions from year to year. [1] It is the dividing line for the east-west streets in Manhattan, (for example, demarcating the line separating East 59th Street from West 59th Street) as well as the zero-numbering point for street addresses (numbers increase in both directions as one moves away from Fifth, with 1 East 59th Street on the corner at Fifth Avenue, and 300 East 59th Street located several blocks to the East). Fifth Avenue is a one-way street and carries southbound ("downtown") traffic. Fifth Avenue extends from the north side of Washington Square Park through Greenwich Village, Midtown, and the Upper East Side Fifth Avenue, which was two-way over most of its course until the early 1960s, now allows two-way traffic north of 135th Street only. South of 135th Street, Fifth Avenue allows one-way southbound traffic only while northbound traffic may take Madison Avenue. From 124th Street to 120th Street, Fifth Avenue is cut off by Marcus Garvey Park, with southbound traffic diverted around the park via Mount Morris Park West. Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Notable sights o 2.1 Parade route o 2.2 Bicycling route · 3 See also · 4 References · 5 External links · 6 Further reading [edit] History Originally a narrower thoroughfare, much of Fifth Avenue south of Central Park was widened in 1908 to accommodate the increasing traffic. The midtown blocks, now famously commercial, were largely a residential district until the turn of the 20th Century. Fifth Avenue is the central scene in Edith Wharton's Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Age of Innocence (1920). The novel describes New York's social elite in the 1870s and provides historical context to Fifth Avenue and New York's aristocratic families. After becoming a naturalized United States citizen, Nikola Tesla established his laboratory at 35 South Fifth Avenue in 1891. [edit] Notable sights The Guggenheim Museum on 89th Street Many landmarks and famous buildings are situated along Fifth Avenue in Midtown and the Upper East Side. In Midtown are the Empire State Building, the New York Public Library, Rockefeller Center, and St. Patrick's Cathedral. The stretch of Fifth Avenue from the 80s through the 90s (i.e., from 82nd Street to 105th Street) has enough museums to have acquired the nickname Museum Mile and includes such institutions as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. That area was known in the early 20th century as Millionaire's Row after the many mansions built there as the richest New Yorkers moved their residences north to face Central Park. Earlier, several opulent Vanderbilt houses and other mansions were built in the 50s and in even earlier times further south. Between 34th Street and 60th Street, Fifth Avenue is a popular retail center, with various luxury stores facing that street, most notably F.A.O. Schwarz on 58th Street. Located on 720 Fifth Avenue is the Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store. Between East 58th and East 59th Street is Apple Computer's 32-foot glass cube, which serves as an entrance for Apple's completely underground flagship retail store. [edit] Parade route Fifth Avenue is the traditional route for many celebratory parades in New York City; thus, it is closed to traffic on numerous Sundays in warm weather. These are distinct from the ticker-tape parades held on the "Canyon of Heroes" on lower Broadway, and the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade held on Broadway from the Upper West Side downtown to Herald Square. [edit] Bicycling route Bicycling on Fifth Avenue ranges from safe with a bike lane south of 23rd Street [1] to scenic along Central Park to dangerous through Midtown with very heavy traffic during rush hours. [edit] See also · Transportation in New York City · List of upscale shopping districts · Madison Avenue · Park Avenue [edit] References 1. ^ New York City Cycling Map [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fifth Avenue · Virtual Fifth Avenue (online from Q4 2006) [edit] Further reading · Steven S. Gaines, The Sky's the Limit: Passion and Property in Manhattan 2005. editMajor Avenues of Manhattan To the west(varies by location)Sixth AvenueCentral ParkLenox Avenue Fifth Avenue To the eastMadison Avenue WSH (12) | 11 | 10 | Dyer | 9 | 8 (CPW) | 7 | 6 (Lenox) | 5 | Madison | Park (4) | Lexington | 3 | 2 | 1 | A (York) | B (EEA) | C | D | FDR Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29" Categories: Streets in Manhattan | Shopping districts and streets 第五大道 第五大道街景 第五大道（Fifth Avenue），是美国纽约市曼哈顿一条重要的南北向干道，南起华盛顿广场公园，北抵第138街。由于第五大道位于曼哈顿岛的中心地带，因此曼哈顿岛上东西走向的街道有时会以这条街道为界而加以东西的称呼。（例如第五大道以西的十街，就称为西十街）。第五大道上景点众多，游南至北有帝国大厦、纽约公共图书馆、洛克菲勒中心、圣帕特里克教堂以及中央公园等。 此外，由于中央公园附近有大都会博物馆、惠特尼美术馆、古根哈姆美术馆、库珀·休伊特设计博物馆等著名的美术博物馆等，因此被称为“艺术馆大道”（Museum Mile）。在60街到34街之间的第五大道，则被称为“梦之街”，因为这里聚集了许多著名的品牌商店，是高级购物场所。据英国一家咨询公司对全球45个国家所做的年度调查显示，第五大道仍是全球租金最贵的零售业场所。第五大道商铺的年租金可超过每平方英尺1000美元（1平方米=10.764平方英尺）。 第五大道也是纽约市民举行庆祝活动的传统途径路线，在夏季的星期日是禁止汽车通行的步行街。 第五大道在19世纪初不过是片空旷的农地，经过扩建后，逐渐变成纽约的高级住宅区及名媛仕绅聚集的场所，高级购物商店也开始出现。进入20世纪后，第五大道变成了摩天大楼“争高”的场所，其中以1934年落成的帝国大厦为最高楼。 [编辑] 外部链接 · 美国第五大道介绍 · 第五大道租金居全球榜首 · 第五大道橱窗秀图片 纽约市南北向大道列表 罗斯福路 Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive 第一大道 1st Ave. 第二大道 2nd Ave. 第三大道 3rd Ave. 莱辛顿大道 Lexington Avenue 公园大道 Park Ave. 麦迪逊大道 Madison Ave. 第五大道 5th Ave. 第六大道（美洲大道） 6th Ave.（American Ave.） 第七大道 7th Ave. 第八大道 8th Ave. 第九大道 9th Ave. 第十大道 10th Ave. 第十一大道 11th Ave. 西侧高速公路 West Side Highway（12th Ave.） 取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%93&variant=zh-cn" 页面分类: 扩充中的条目 | 纽约街道 | 曼哈顿 | 美国交通 Template:纽约市市区主要大道 纽约市南北向大道列表 罗斯福路 Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive 第一大道 1st Ave. 第二大道 2nd Ave. 第三大道 3rd Ave. 莱辛顿大道 Lexington Avenue 公园大道 Park Ave. 麦迪逊大道 Madison Ave. 第五大道 5th Ave. 第六大道（美洲大道） 6th Ave.（American Ave.） 第七大道 7th Ave. 第八大道 8th Ave. 第九大道 9th Ave. 第十大道 10th Ave. 第十一大道 11th Ave. 西侧高速公路 West Side Highway（12th Ave.） 取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%82%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%80%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%93&variant=zh-cn" 页面分类: 纽约街道 | 曼哈顿 | 美国交通 Madison Avenue (Manhattan) Madison Avenue, looking north from 40th Street Madison Avenue is a north-south avenue in the borough of Manhattan in New York City that carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square (at 23rd Street) to the Madison Avenue Bridge at 138th Street. In doing so, it passes through Midtown, the Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill), Spanish Harlem, and Harlem. It is named for and arises from Madison Square, which is itself named for James Madison, the fourth President of the United States. Madison Square Garden takes its name from the former location on the north east corner of Madison Square at 26th Street and Madison Avenue. (The New York Life Insurance Building now occupies that entire city block.) It was designed by Stanford White and had a bronze statue of the Roman goddess Diana on the tower of the sports arena. When it moved to a new building at 50th Street and Eighth Avenue in 1925 it kept its old name. (Madison Square Garden is now located at Eighth Avenue between 31st Street and 33rd Street). Between 57th Street and 85th Street, Madison Avenue is identified as “the fashionable road”. In this area is where most of the very well known fashion designers and upper class hair salons are located. Madison Avenue was not part of the original New York City street grid established in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, and was carved between Park Avenue (formerly Fourth) and Fifth Avenue in 1836, due to the effort of lawyer and real estate developer Samuel B. Ruggles, a graduate of Yale University who had previously purchased and developed New York's Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square, and who also named Lexington Avenue. The term "Madison Avenue" serves as a symbol or metaphor for advertising, and Madison Avenue became identified with the advertising industry after the explosive growth in this area in the 1920s. According to "The Emergence of Advertising in America," an online exhibit at the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History at Duke University, by the year 1861 there were twenty advertising agencies in New York City, and in 1911, the New York City Association of Advertising Agencies was founded, predating the establishment of the American Association of Advertising Agencies by several years. Madison Avenue is served by the M1, M2, M3, and M4 NYCT Buses, and the BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4, and BQM1 express buses. [edit] See also · List of words derived from toponyms · Fleet Street [edit] External links · http://www.madisonavenuebid.org/ · http://www.thecityreview.com/madison.html · http://www.aviewoncities.com/nyc/madisonsquare.htm · http://www.madisonsquarepark.org/about.asp · http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/eaa/timeline.html · http://www.olr.com/newolr/timeline/1811_1869.asp · http://home.nyc.rr.com/jkn/nysonglines/madison.htm#26st · http://www.virtualology.com/samuelbulkleyruggles/ editMajor Avenues of Manhattan To the westFifth Avenue Madison Avenue To the eastPark Avenue WSH (12) | 11 | 10 | Dyer | 9 | 8 (CPW) | 7 | 6 (Lenox) | 5 | Madison | Park (4) | Lexington | 3 | 2 | 1 | A (York) | B (EEA) | C | D | FDR Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29" Categories: Streets in Manhattan | Shopping districts and streets Park Avenue (Manhattan) Main article: Transportation in New York City Park Avenue in the Upper East Side (2004) This article is about the major avenue in New York City. For other uses, see Park Avenue (disambiguation). Park Avenue (formerly Fourth Avenue) is a wide boulevard that carries traffic north and south in Manhattan in New York City. Throughout most of its duration, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east. The thoroughfare is noted for its perennially high real estate prices and affluent reputation, especially as it runs through the Upper East Side. The flowers and greenery in the median of Park Avenue are maintained by the Fund for Park Avenue. Begonias are a flower of choice for the Funds gardeners because there is no automatic watering system and they can cope with hot sun.[1] The road that becomes Park Avenue originates as the Bowery. From 8th Street to 14th Street, it is known as Fourth Avenue. Above 14th Street, it becomes a north-south thoroughfare. From 14th Street to 17th Street, it forms the eastern boundary of Union Square and is known as Union Square East; its southbound lanes merge with Broadway for this distance. From 17th Street to 32nd Street, it is known as Park Avenue South, and, for the remainder of its distance, it is known as Park Avenue. Between 33rd Street and 40th Street, its two center lanes, one in each direction, descend into the Murray Hill Tunnel. Immediately across from 40th Street, these center lanes rise onto an elevated structure that goes over and around Grand Central Terminal, carrying each direction on opposite sides of the building, which takes up the space formerly occupied by Park Avenue from 42nd Street to 45th Street. The bridge, one of two structures in Manhattan known as the Park Avenue Viaduct, returns to ground level at 46th Street after going through the Helmsley Building (also referred to as the New York Central Building or by its address, 230 Park Avenue). As Park Avenue enters Midtown north of Grand Central, it is distinguished by many glass-box skyscrapers that serve as headquarters for corporations such as JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, and MetLife. From Grand Central to 97th Street, Metro-North Railroad tracks (formerly of the New York Central Railroad) run in a tunnel underneath Park Avenue (the Park Avenue Tunnel). At 97th, the tracks come above ground, rising onto the other Manhattan structure known as the Park Avenue Viaduct. The first street to pass under the viaduct is 102nd Street; from there to the Harlem River the railroad viaduct runs down the middle of Park Avenue. Park Avenue ends north of 132nd Street, with connections to the Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive. The name is continued on the other side of the river in the Bronx by the street just east of the railroad; see Park Avenue (Bronx). The following institutions are headquartered on Park Avenue: · Altria · Bankers Trust · Bloomberg L.P. · Bristol Myers Squibb · Citigroup · Colgate-Palmolive · Hunter College · JPMorgan Chase & Co. · Major League Baseball · MetLife · Mutual of America · ING Clarion · Needham & Company · Vivendi SA · Seligman · Consulate General of Japan [edit] History The railroad tunnel in 1941 Park Avenue was originally known as Fourth Avenue and carried the tracks of the New York and Harlem Railroad starting in the 1830s. The railroad originally built an open cut through Murray Hill, which was covered with grates and grass between 34th and 40th Street in the early 1850s. A section of this "park" was renamed Park Avenue in 1860. In 1867, the name applied all the way to 42nd Street. When Grand Central Depot was opened in the 1870s, the railroad tracks between 56th and 96th Streets were sunk out of sight, and, in 1888, Park Avenue was extended to the Harlem River. In 1936, an elevated structure was built around Grand Central Terminal to allow automobile traffic to pass the station unimpeded. In October 1937, a part of the Murray Hill Tunnel was reopened for road traffic. In 1959, the City Council changed the name of Fourth Avenue between 17th and 32nd Streets to Park Avenue South. In 1963, the Pan Am Building was built straddling Park Avenue atop Grand Central Terminal, with a tunnel through it to accommodate the automobile bridge. editMajor Avenues of Manhattan To the westMadison Avenue Park Avenue To the eastLexington Avenue WSH (12) | 11 | 10 | Dyer | 9 | 8 (CPW) | 7 | 6 (Lenox) | 5 | Madison | Park (4) | Lexington | 3 | 2 | 1 | A (York) | B (EEA) | C | D | FDR Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29" Category: Streets in Manhattan Lexington Avenue (Manhattan) View of Lexington Avenue facing South from 50th street. The Chrysler Building rises in the background. Lexington Avenue is an avenue on the East Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that carries southbound one-way traffic from East 131st Street to Gramercy Park at East 21st Street. Along its 5.5 mile (8.9 km), 110-block route, Lexington Avenue runs through Harlem, Carnegie Hill, the Upper East Side, Midtown, and Murray Hill to a point of origin that is centered on Gramercy Park. South of Gramercy Park, the axis continues as Irving Place to East 14th Street. Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Public transportation · 3 See also · 4 External links [edit] History Lexington Avenue was NOT one of the streets included in the 1811 street grid, and thus does not also have a numerical designation, and the addresses for cross streets do not start at an even Hundred number. The portion of Lexington Avenue below 42nd Street dates from 1832, when Samuel Ruggles, a lawyer and real estate developer, established Gramercy Park, and established the street to provide north-south access. The portion north of 42nd Street dates from the building of the Lexington Avenue Subway, and opened to traffic when that line did in 1917. This was not coincidental. The street was established to both service and be serviced by the Subway. · Sources: The Street Book: An Encyclopedia of Manhattan's Street Names and Their Origins; and MTA New York City Transit. Parallel to Lexington Avenue lie Park Avenue to its west and Third Avenue to its east. New Yorkers often abbreviate Lexington Avenue as "Lex." The avenue is largely commercial at ground level, with offices above. There are clusters of hotels on Lexington Avenue in the "30s" and "40s" (from Lexington's intersection with 30th Street through to its intersection with 49th Street, roughly) and apartment buildings farther north. Lexington Avenue is named for the 1775 Battle of Lexington, the first battle of the American Revolutionary War. [edit] Public transportation Above ground General cab service is available for hailing. The following buses use Lexington Avenue (northbound buses run along 3rd Avenue): · M98 Limited: To East 34th Street · M101 Limited: To East 6th Street · M102: To East 6th Street · M103: To City Hall Underground The IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway runs under Lexington Avenue north of 42nd Street (at Grand Central Terminal); south of Grand Central this subway line runs under Park Avenue until 14th Street. [edit] See also · Lexington Avenue bombing [edit] External links · A short history of Lexington Avenue editMajor Avenues of Manhattan To the westPark Avenue Lexington Avenue To the eastThird Avenue WSH (12) | 11 | 10 | Dyer | 9 | 8 (CPW) | 7 | 6 (Lenox) | 5 | Madison | Park (4) | Lexington | 3 | 2 | 1 | A (York) | B (EEA) | C | D | FDR Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_%28Manhattan%29" Category: Streets in Manhattan Category:Streets in Manhattan Pages in category "Streets in Manhattan" There are 89 pages in this section of this category. · Commissioners' Plan of 18110· First Avenue (Manhattan) · Second Avenue (Manhattan) · Third Avenue (Manhattan) · Fifth Avenue (Manhattan) · Sixth Avenue (Manhattan) · Seventh Avenue (Manhattan) · 132nd Street (Manhattan) · Eighth Street (Manhattan) · Eighth Avenue (Manhattan) · Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)1· Tenth Avenue (Manhattan) · Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan) · 110th Street (Manhattan) · 116th Street (Manhattan) · 122nd Street · 125th Street (Manhattan) · 13th Avenue (Manhattan) · 14th Street (Manhattan) · 17th Street (Manhattan) · 181st Street (Manhattan) · 187th Street (Manhattan)2· Manhattan streets, 23-42 · 23rd Street (Manhattan)3· 34th Street (Manhattan)4· 42nd Street (Manhattan)5· 50th Street (Manhattan) · 52nd Street (Manhattan) · 53rd Street (Manhattan) 5 cont.· 57th Street (Manhattan) · 59th Street (Manhattan)6· 66th Street (Manhattan)7· 72nd Street (Manhattan)8· 86th Street (Manhattan)9· 95th Street (Manhattan)A· Astor Place (Manhattan) · Astor Row · Avenue A (Manhattan) · Avenue B (Manhattan) · Avenue C (Manhattan) · Avenue D (Manhattan)B· Bleecker Street (Manhattan) · Bowery, Manhattan · Bridge Street (Manhattan) · Broad Street (Manhattan) · Broadway (Manhattan)C· Cabrini Boulevard (Manhattan) · Canal Street (Manhattan) · Central Park North · Central Park South · Central Park West · Cherry Street (Manhattan) · Christopher Street (Manhattan) · Columbus CircleD· Delancey Street (Manhattan) · Dyer Avenue (Manhattan)E· East End Avenue (Manhattan)F· Forsyth Street (Manhattan) · Fort Washington Avenue (Manhattan) F cont.· Fulton Street (Manhattan)G· Gay Street (Manhattan) · Great Jones StreetH· Houston Street (Manhattan)K· Korea WayL· Lenox Avenue (Manhattan) · Lexington Avenue (Manhattan) · Ludlow Street (Manhattan)M· Madison Avenue (Manhattan) · Mott Street · Mulberry Street (Manhattan)N· N. Moore Street (Manhattan)O· Orchard Street (Manhattan)P· Park Avenue (Manhattan) · Park Row (Manhattan) · Pearl Street (Manhattan)R· Riverside Drive (Manhattan) · Rivington Street (Manhattan)S· Saint Nicholas Avenue (Manhattan) · South Street (Manhattan) · St. Mark's Place (Manhattan) · Stanton Street · Striver's Row · Stuyvesant Street (Manhattan)T· Template:NYC StreetsW· Wall Street · West 4th Street (Manhattan) · West Side Elevated Highway · West Side HighwayY· York Avenue Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Streets_in_Manhattan" Categories: Manhattan | Streets in New York City Category:Streets in New York City Subcategories There are 4 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). S · [+] Streets in Brooklyn · [+] Streets in Manhattan · [+] Streets in Queens · [+] Streets in the Bronx Pages in category "Streets in New York City" There are 0 pages in this section of this category. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Streets_in_New_York_City" Categories: Transportation in New York City | Roads in New York | Streets and squares in New York City Category:Streets in Brooklyn Pages in category "Streets in Brooklyn" There are 10 pages in this section of this category. · List of streets in BrooklynA· Atlantic Avenue (New York City)B· Bay Parkway C· Coney Island AvenueF· Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn) · Fulton Street (Brooklyn)K· Kings Highway (Brooklyn) M· Myrtle Avenue (New York City)O· Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)V· Vanderbilt Avenue (Brooklyn) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Streets_in_Brooklyn" Categories: Brooklyn | Streets in New York City Category:Streets in Queens Pages in category "Streets in Queens" There are 8 pages in this section of this category. C· Cross Bay BoulevardH· New York State Route 25B M· Merrick Road · Myrtle Avenue (New York City)Q· Queens Boulevard Q cont.· New York State Route 25U· New York State Route 25CW· Woodhaven Boulevard (Queens) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Streets_in_Queens" Categories: Queens, New York City | Streets in New York City 克莱斯勒大厦 克莱斯勒大厦是一幢位于纽约市曼哈顿东边的摩天大楼，高319米，在42街与莱辛顿大道的路口。最初由克莱斯勒公司建造，目前由TMW房地产(75%)与Tishman Speyer物产(25%)共同持有。 大厦建筑时，纽约的建筑业是处于激烈的竞争且努力的建造世界最高的摩天大楼，克莱斯勒大厦创下平均每周增建4层楼的速度，与没有施工意外导致工人在施工期间身亡的纪录。 克莱斯勒大厦是一个装饰艺术建筑学的例子，用于尖顶的特有装饰轮毂罩，而后被使用于克莱斯勒的汽车。 [编辑] 外部链接 · Views Of The Chrysler Building · Air photographs 这是一个与建筑学或建筑物相关的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88&variant=zh-cn" 页面分类: 扩充中的条目 | 建筑小作品 | 摩天大楼 | 美国建筑 | 曼哈顿 Chrysler Building Chrysler Building Chrysler Building was the world's tallest building from 27 May 1930 to 1931.* Preceded by 40 Wall Street Surpassed by Empire State Building Information Location New York, New York, USA Status Complete Constructed 1928-1930 Height Antenna/Spire 1,047' (318.9 m) Roof 925' (282.0 m) Top floor 899' (274.0 m) Technical Details Floor count 77 Floor area 1,195,000 sq. ft.111,201 sq. m Elevator count 32 Companies Architect William Van Alen * Fully habitable, self-supported, from main entrance to rooftop; see world's tallest structures for other listings. Elevator interior with inlaid wood The Chrysler Building is a skyscraper and distinctive symbol of New York City, standing 1,046 feet (319 m) high on the east side of Manhattan at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue. Originally built for the Chrysler Corporation, the building is presently co-owned by TMW Real Estate (75%) and Tishman Speyer Properties (25%). The Chrysler Building was the first structure in the world to surpass the 1,000 foot (305 m) threshold. Despite being overtaken by the Empire State Building as the tallest building in the world in 1931, the Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world [1]. Groundbreaking was on September 19, 1928. At the time the building was erected, the builders of New York were in the throes of a stiff competition to build the world's tallest skyscraper. The Chrysler building was constructed at an average rate of 4 floors per week, and no workers were killed during construction. Just prior to completion, the building stood even with H. Craig Severance's 40 Wall Street. Severance subsequently added two feet to his building, and claimed the title of the world's tallest building (this distinction excluded "structures", such as the Eiffel Tower). Not one to be outdone, the architect William Van Alen had already secretly obtained permission to build a 185 foot (58.4 m) spire, which was being constructed inside of the building. The spire, composed of 'Nirosta' stainless steel, was hoisted to the top of the building on October 23, 1929, making the Chrysler Building not only the world's tallest building, but also the world's tallest structure. The steel chosen to cap the building was Krupp KA2 "Enduro" Steel. Van Alen and Chrysler enjoyed this distinction for less than a year, before it was surrendered to the Empire State Building. Unfortunately, Mr. Van Alen's satisfaction was muted by Walter Chrysler's refusal to pay his fee. The Chrysler Building opened to the public on May 27, 1930 with an opening ceremony. Contents[hide]· 1 Architecture · 2 The Chrysler Building in popular culture · 3 Gallery · 4 Quotes · 5 See also · 6 External links [edit] Architecture The Chrysler Building is a famous example of Art Deco architecture, and the distinctive ornamentation of the tower is based on features that were then being used on Chrysler automobiles. The corners of the 61st floors are graced with eagles, replicas of the 1929 Chrysler hood ornaments[2]. On the 31st floors the corner ornamentation are replicas of the 1929 Chrysler radiator caps[3]. The building is constructed of masonry, with a steel frame, and metal cladding. The lobby is similarly elegant. When the building first opened it contained a public viewing gallery near the top, which a few years later was changed into a restaurant, but neither of these enterprises was able to be financially self sustaining during the Great Depression and the former observation floor became a private dining room called the Cloud Club. The very top stories of the building are narrow with low sloped ceilings, designed mostly for exterior appearance with interiors useful only to hold radio broadcasting and other mechanical and electrical equipment. In more recent years the Chrysler Building has continued to be a favorite among New Yorkers. In the summer of 2005, New York's own Skyscraper Museum asked one hundred architects, builders, critics, engineers, historians, and scholars, among others, to choose their 10 favorites among 25 New York towers. The Chrysler Building came in first place as 90% of them placed the building in their top 10 favorite buildings. [4] [edit] The Chrysler Building in popular culture · In a Saturday Night Live sketch, the Coneheads used the Chrysler Building as a spacecraft in order to return to their home planet of Remulak. · In the movie Armageddon, a chunk of the asteroid hits the Chrysler Building, severing its upper quarter and causing it to crash down on the streets. · Larry Cohen's low budget classic movie Q: The Winged Serpent (1982) has the titular dragon-beast nesting just below the spire of the Chrysler Building, from where it launches its campaign of terror on New York City, staying invisible to the citizens by "flying against the sun". · In the animated series Spider-Man, one of the main villains, Kingpin, runs his crime syndicate from the Chrysler Building. The upper floors had launch and landing facilities for VTOL-capable aircraft. · In the music video for "This is a Song for the Lonely" by Cher, the Chrysler Building is shown, being built, though mainly just the upper quarter. · In the movie Godzilla two Apache helicopters accidentally blow off about half of the building during a hectic chase through Midtown. · In the video game Parasite Eve, the building is a site of a thorough hostile creature infestation. The player must climb all 77 floors and encounter enemies on each floor. The secret "true" boss is on the 77th floor. · Artist Matthew Barney narrates the construction of the Chrysler Building (which is itself a character) in the art film Cremaster 3. · In Annie, during the "Hard-Knock Life" number, Molly says, imitating Miss Hannigan, "You'll stay up till this dump shines like the top of the Chrysler Building!" · The Chrysler Building was also featured in the movie Deep Impact, where the wall of water surrounds the skyscraper. You can also see people on the 62nd floor observation deck fleeing to the other side of the building to "escape" the wall of water. · In the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, Calvin creates a machine that can transform people into whatever they wish, an example being "a slug the size of the Chrysler Building". · In the comic book Zot, the head of Arthur "Dekko" Dekker replicates the top of the Chrysler Building. · In various episodes of the Futurama animated series, the Chrysler Building is seen damaged and lying on the ground in the sewer system where there are ruins of old New York. · In season one of the BRAVO television show Project Runway, designer Jay McCarrol created an evening gown inspired by the Chrysler Building for the Banana Republic challenge. · In the song "Is Chicago, Is Not Chicago" on the Soul Coughing album Ruby Vroom, a recurring line is "A man flies a plane into the Chrysler Building." · In the Kurt Vonnegut novel Jailbird, the uppermost room under the spire of the Chrysler Building is the showroom of the American Harp Company. · In Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, Batman terrifies a hoodlum into giving up information by hanging him upside-down and unconscious from the 62nd floor Eagles (in the DC Universe the building or an analog to it is in Gotham City) until the hoodlum awakens and sees where he is. A similar scene has been shown in a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated cartoon. [5] · In the first Doc Savage novel, The Man of Bronze, a would-be assassin attempts to shoot Doc Savage in his 86th floor headquarters from another skyscraper. In his book Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life, Philip Jose Farmer deduces that if Doc lives in the Empire State Building, then the assassin's perch must have been in the Chrysler Building, and it is depicted as such in the George Pal/Ron Ely movie Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze. · In the Sega video game NiGHTS Into Dreams, the Twin Seeds Tower looks very similar to the Chrysler Building. · In the movie "The Aviator"(2004, Leonardo DiCaprio), the Pan Am executive offices of Juan Tripp (Alec Baldwin) are located in the top floors of the Chrysler Building. [edit] Gallery [edit] Quotes Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Chrysler Building "Art Deco in France found its American equivalent in the design of the New York skyscrapers of the 1920s. The Chrysler Building...was one of the most accomplished essays in the style." —John Julius Norwich, in The World Atlas of Architecture "The design, originally drawn up for building contractor William H. Reynolds, was finally sold to Walter P. Chrysler, who wanted a provocative building which would not merely scrape the sky but positively pierce it. Its 77 floors briefly making it the highest building in the world—at least until the Empire State Building was completed—it became the star of the New York skyline, thanks above all to its crowning peak. In a deliberate strategy of myth generation, Van Alen planned a dramatic moment of revelation: the entire seven-storey pinnacle, complete with special-steel facing, was first assembled inside the building, and then hoisted into position through the roof opening and anchored on top in just one and a half hours. All of a sudden it was there—a sensational fait accompli." —Peter Gossel and Gabriele Leuthauser, in Architecture in the Twentieth Century [edit] See also · Buildings and architecture of New York City · 50 Tallest buildings in the U.S. · Tallest buildings in New York City · World's tallest structures · World's tallest free standing structure on land · List of buildings [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chrysler Building · The story of Chrysler Building - by CBS Forum · Salon.com article (02/2002) · Newyork-evasion gallery of photographs on the Chrysler Building · Views Of The Chrysler Building · NYCfoto.com - Photos of Chrysler Building · Air photographs · New York Architecture Images-the Chrysler Building · Photographs 2006 · 3D model of the building for use in Google Earth Supertall skyscrapers (at least 300 meters in height) Current: Aon Center (Chicago), AT&T Corporate Center, Baiyoke Tower II, Bank of America Plaza, Bank of China Tower, Burj al-Arab, Central Plaza, Chrysler Building, CITIC Plaza, Emirates Office Tower, Emirates Towers Hotel, Empire State Building, Eureka Tower, First Canadian Place, International Finance Centre, JPMorgan Chase Tower, Jin Mao Building, John Hancock Center, Kingdom Centre, Menara Telekom, Petronas Twin Towers, Q1, Sears Tower, Shimao International Plaza, Shun Hing Square, Taipei 101, The Center, Tuntex Sky Tower, Two Prudential Plaza, U.S. Bank Tower Under construction: 23 Marina, Abraj Al Bait Towers, Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower, Airlangga Residences, Al Durrah Tower II, Al Hamra Tower, Al Rajhi Tower, Al Yaquob Tower, Almas Tower, Bank of America Tower, Burj Dubai, Burj Dubai Lake Hotel & Serviced Apartments, Busan Lotte Tower, City Hall and City Duma, Federation Tower, Freedom Tower (World Trade Center Tower 1), The Index, Infinity Tower, International Commerce Centre, Jakarta Tower, Mercury City Tower, New York Times Building, Nina Tower I, North Bund Tower, Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Ocean Heights 1, One Island East, Parcel 12, Princess Tower, Rose Rotana Suites, Shanghai World Financial Center, The Torch, Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago), Trump International Hotel and Tower (Toronto), Waterview Tower Former: World Trade Center Construction suspended: Ryugyong Hotel Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building" Categories: Skyscrapers in New York City | Buildings and structures in Manhattan | Art Deco | Skyscrapers between 300 and 349 meters | National Historic Landmarks of the United States | Registered Historic Places in New York | 1930 architecture 世界贸易中心 世界上有许多处以世贸中心为名的建筑，参看世界贸易中心 (消歧义)，下文指的是位于纽约且已倒塌的世贸中心。 纽约世界贸易中心（World Trade Center）原为美国纽约的地标之一，位于纽约市曼哈顿岛上，在2001年9月11日发生的九一一袭击事件中倒塌。 世贸遗址 世贸中心是由日裔美籍的建筑师山崎实（Minoru Yamasaki）先生所设计的。世贸中心由七座建筑所组成，最明显的便是110层、楼高417（北塔）和415米（南塔）的摩天大楼，北塔在1972年，而南塔在1973年完工，大楼的业主是纽约港务局。但世界最高的记录并没有维持很久，很快的西尔斯大楼便取而代之。 世贸中心过去一度成为国际恐怖份子的袭击目标。在1993年2月26日，世贸中心被伊斯兰极端份子在地下室放置炸弹，导致6人死亡，并炸出一个30米的洞，后来这些恐怖份子都被判处240年的徒刑。及后在2001年9月11日，世贸中心被恐怖份子用喷射客机自杀攻击，最终倒塌下来，详情请参见九一一袭击事件。 2005年9月，倒塌地点的地铁车站开始重建。 世贸中心倒塌之后，一直有争议是否重建新大楼，有人认为应该重建以恢复该区的贸易功能，且不向恐怖份子低头。但也有人认为在死伤惨重的地方重建是对于受害者不敬。后来决定重建，并展开国际征图，在竞图后决定出重建的模型，主体建筑定名为自由塔。2006年4月27日，自由塔的修建工程经历种种曲折后启动。2011年竣工启用。[1] 2006年9月6日，世贸中心参观者悼念中心的揭幕仪式举行。在永久性的世贸中心纪念馆竣工之前，这里将作为世贸中心临时的悼念场所。[2]9月7日，负责重建的有关当局公布了东侧3座摩天大楼的设计方案。它们将在世贸中心纪念馆的周围组成一个半圆形，分别为78层、71层和61层。[3] [编辑] 外部链接 维基新闻相关报导： 纽约世贸中心重建工作正式开工 您可以在维基共享资源中查找与此条目相关的多媒体资源： 世界贸易中心 · 世界贸易中心官方网站 · 重建明确的项目 / Definitive project of reconstruction 取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&variant=zh-cn" 页面分类: 美国建筑 | 摩天大楼 | 曼哈顿 World Trade Center This article is about the former twin towers in New York City. For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). "WTC" redirects here. For other uses, see WTC (disambiguation). Coordinates: 40°42′42″N, 74°00′45″W 1 World Trade Center redirects here. For World Trade Center, second version, Tower 1, see Freedom Tower. 2 World Trade Center redirects here. For World Trade Center, second version, Tower 2, see 200 Greenwich Street. The World Trade Center The World Trade Center was the world's tallest building from 1972 to 1973.* Preceded by Empire State Building Surpassed by Sears Tower Information Location New York, New York, USA (Lower Manhattan) Status Destroyed Constructed 1966-1973 Destroyed September 11, 2001 Height Antenna/Spire 1,731.9 ft (527.9 m) Roof 1,368 ft (417.0 m) Top floor 1,348 ft (411.0 m) Technical Details Floor count 110 Floor area 8.6 million sq ft800,000 m² (1 & 2) Elevator count 198 (1 & 2) Companies Architect Minoru Yamasaki * Fully habitable, self-supported, from main entrance to rooftop; see world's tallest structures for other listings. The World Trade Center in New York City (sometimes informally referred to as the WTC or the Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings, mostly designed by Japanese American architect Minoru Yamasaki and developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It was initiated by a Lower Manhattan Association created and chaired by David Rockefeller, along with strong backing from the then New York governor, his brother, Nelson Rockefeller. Larry Silverstein held the most recent lease to the complex, the Port Authority having leased it to him in July of 2001 [1]. The complex, located in the heart of New York City's downtown financial district, contained 13.4 million square feet (1.24 million m²) of office space, almost four percent of Manhattan's entire office inventory[2]. Best known for its iconic 110-story Twin Towers, the World Trade Center was beset by a fire on February 13, 1975 and a bombing on February 26, 1993. All of the original buildings in the complex were destroyed in the September 11, 2001, attacks: 1 WTC, 2 WTC (North and South Towers) and 7 WTC collapsed; 3 WTC (Marriott Hotel) was crushed by the collapses of 1 WTC and 2 WTC; and 4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC were damaged beyond repair and later demolished. In addition, St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church (not part of the complex) was destroyed by the collapse of WTC 2. Contents[hide]· 1 Overview · 2 The complex o 2.1 The Twin Towers o 2.2 The other buildings o 2.3 Site Excavation o 2.4 Engineers & contractors involved o 2.5 Observation deck and Windows on the World o 2.6 The Mall · 3 February 13, 1975 fire · 4 February 26, 1993 bombing · 5 September 11, 2001 attacks · 6 Rebuilding the World Trade Center · 7 Site buildings o 7.1 Original o 7.2 New · 8 Film and media · 9 See also · 10 References · 11 External links o 11.1 Webcams [edit] Overview The model of the World Trade Center at the Skyscraper Museum. The concept of a World Trade Center complex originated with Nelson and David Rockefeller in the 1950s as an attempt to revitalize lower Manhattan. The initial proposed site on the East River was later moved to the lower west side. The complex towers were designed by Japanese American architect Minoru Yamasaki with Antonio Brittiochi in one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier, as well as the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies. In 1966, construction of the World Trade Center began with a groundbreaking that razed 13 square blocks of low rise buildings, some of which predated the US Civil War. The construction was under the auspices of the semi-autonomous Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. In 1970, construction was completed on One World Trade Center, with its first tenants moving into the building in December 1970. Tenants first moved into Two World Trade Center in January 1972. [3] The ribbon-cutting ceremony was on April 4, 1973.[4] Ultimately the complex came to consist of seven buildings, but its most notable features were the main twin towers. On any given day, some 50,000 people worked in the towers with another 200,000 passing through as visitors. The complex was so large that it had its own ZIP Code: 10048. Although the towers became an undeniable icon of New York City, they were not without their flaws and were troubled in many ways. Initially conceived, (as the name suggests) as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly involved in "world trade," they at first failed to attract the anticipated clientele; during the WTC's early years various governmental organizations became key tenants. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies — mostly financial firms tied to Wall Street — became tenants. Moreover, the trade center's "superblock", which replaced a more traditional, dense neighborhood, was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the intricate flows of traffic typical of Manhattan. For example, in his book The Pentagon of Power, the technical historian Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an "example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city." Also, at the center of the complex, the immense Austin J. Tobin Plaza (named after the former executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey who oversaw the WTC's construction) was perpetually unpopular among New Yorkers. The World Trade Center as viewed across the Hudson. Photo by Edgar de Evia. However, the towers offered spectacular views from the observation deck (located on top of the South Tower) and the Windows on the World restaurant (located on top of the North Tower). The trade center had its many admirers, particularly out-of-towners. For those who deemed it cold and sterile, there were just as many who appreciated its sheer immensity; some even took advantage of it. French high wire artist Philippe Petit walked between the towers on a tightrope in 1974, and Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the south tower in 1977. Memorable moments such as these lent the World Trade Center a sense of humanity in ways that would forever be immortalized in New York City legend. [edit] The complex The WTC site building arrangement. [edit] The Twin Towers Each of the WTC towers had 110 stories. 1 WTC (the North Tower, which featured a massive 360 foot high TV antenna added in 1978) stood 1,368 feet (417 m) high [5], and 2 WTC (the South Tower, which contained the observation deck) was 1,362 feet (415 m) high [5]. The length and breadth of the towers were 208 feet (63.4 m) x 208 feet (63.4 m). Although only Tower 1 featured an antenna, the structure of each building was designed to carry a broadcast mast. When completed in 1972, 1 WTC became the tallest building on Earth, unseating the Empire State Building after a 40 year reign. 2 WTC became the second tallest building in the world when completed in 1973. The difference in height between the two towers was because of a Port Authority request to have two floors, the 43rd and the 67th, in 1 WTC raised, the lower of the taller floors being a cafeteria for PANY workers. 2 WTC did not need these facilities, so it remained 1,362 feet. Regardless, the WTC towers held the height record only briefly. As the building neared completion in 1973, work had already begun on Chicago's Sears Tower, which ultimately reached 1,450 feet (442 m).[6] 1 World Trade Center and 7 World Trade Center under construction. With the World Trade Center's destruction, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York, after spending almost 30 years as the third-tallest in the city. The towers' sheer size was the subject of a joke during a press conference unveiling the landmarks. Minoru Yamasaki was asked: "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale." Another joke was that the towers looked like the boxes that the Chrysler Building and Empire State Building came out of. [citation needed] What the twin towers may have lacked in architectural aestheticism, they made up for with engineering innovation. To solve the problem of wind sway or vibration in the construction of the towers, chief engineer Leslie Robertson took a then unusual approach — instead of bracing the buildings corner-to-corner or using internal walls, the towers were essentially hollow steel tubes surrounding a strong central core. The 208 feet (63.4 m) wide facade was, in effect, a prefabricated steel lattice, with columns on 39 inch (100 cm) centers acting as wind bracing to resist all overturning forces; the central core took the majority of the gravity loads of the building. A very light, economical structure was built by keeping the wind bracing in the most efficient area, the outside surface of the building, thus not transferring the forces through the floor membrane to the core, as in most curtain-wall structures. The core supported the weight of the entire building and the outer shell containing 240 vertical steel columns called Vierendeel trusses around the outside of the building, which were bound to each other using ordinary steel trusses. In addition, 10,000 dampers were included in the structure. With a strong shell and core such as this, the exterior walls could be simply light steel and concrete. With the massive core and lightweight shell for structural integrity, Robertson created a tower that was extremely light for its size. This method of construction also meant that the twin towers had the world's highest load-bearing walls.[citation needed] A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers. The buildings were also the first supertall buildings to use sky lobbies, which are floors where commuters can switch from an express elevator that goes only to the sky lobbies to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. The local elevators were stacked on top of each other, within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently while taking up a minimum of valuable office space.[7] Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services (mechanical floors) Level B6/B5, Floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76 and 108/109, in four two-floor areas evenly spread up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each tower had 3.8 million square feet (350,000 m²) of office space, ample room for companies to set up shop. Altogether the entire complex of seven buildings had 11.2 million square feet (1.04 km²) of space. During the 1990s some 500 companies, especially financial firms, had offices in the complex, including Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, Salomon Brothers, and the Port Authority itself. Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the WTC PDC or Primary Distribution Center and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations "stepped" the 13,800 primary voltage down to 480/277 volt secondary power and further to 120/208 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sublevels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC. [citation needed] The lobby of the World Trade Center. The Verrazano Narrows Bridge with the World Trade Center in the background. The 110th Floor of 1 WTC (North Tower) housed commercial and public service radio & television transmission equipment. The roof of 1 WTC contained a vast array of transmission antennas including the center antenna mast. Access to the roof was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC. A series of electrically locked and monitored doors prevented unauthorized access.[citation needed] The World Trade Center complex was protected by an extensive fire detection and voice evacuation paging system upgraded after the 1993 bombing. Fire Command Stations, staffed by Fire Safety Directors were located in the lobbies of each building and the Operations Control Center (OCC) monitored these systems. An extensive study of the performance of World Trade Center Fire Protection Systems was conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) following 9/11/2001. Source: [1] [edit] The other buildings Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acre (65,000 m²) block. One was the 22-floor Vista Hotel (3 WTC), later a Marriott Hotel, that was squeezed between the two towers. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza; they housed the US Customs Service and the US Commodities Exchange. In 1987, a 46-floor office building called 7 WTC was built north of the block. Under the block was a highly profitable underground shopping mall, which in turn led to various mass transit facilities, particularly the New York City subway system and the Port Authority's own PATH trains connecting Manhattan to Jersey City. [edit] Site Excavation The excavation of the foundations of the WTC complex, known as the Bathtub, located on the former Radio Row, was particularly complicated since there were two subway tubes close by needing protection without service interruption. A six-level basement was built in the foundations. The excavation of about 1 million cubic yards (760,000 m³) of earth and rock created a $90 million real estate asset for the project owner, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which helped offset the enormous loss in revenues which came from the tax breaks given to the Trade Center itself. The soil was used to create 23 acres (93,000 m²) of landfill in the Hudson River next to the World Trade Center site, which became the site of Battery Park City (still under development). One of the world's largest gold depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bomb detonated close to the vault, but it withstood the explosion, as did the towers. Seven weeks after the September 11th attacks, $230 million in precious metals were removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC, which included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce registered gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce silver bars.[8] [edit] Engineers & contractors involved World Trade Center in July 2001 · Guy F. Tozzoli, Director World Trade Department · Rino M. Monti, Chief Engineer Architects: · Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Structural engineers: · Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson (later renamed Skilling, Helle, Christiansen & Robertson), New York Foundation engineers: · The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Engineering Dept. Electrical engineers: · Joesph R. Loring & Associates, New York Mechanical engineers: · Jaros, Baum & Bolles, New York General contractor: · Tishman Realty & Construction Company, New York [edit] Observation deck and Windows on the World On the observation deck. Although the majority of space in the WTC complex was off-limits to the general public, 1 WTC (North Tower) had a restaurant on the 107th floor called "Windows on the World", and 2 WTC (South Tower) featured a public observation area aptly named "Top Of The World." When visiting the observation deck, visitors would first pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Next, visitors were whisked to the 107th floor indoor observatory and greeted with a 360 degree view of the New York City skyline, and exhibitions including a three-dimensional scale model of Manhattan, and a simulated helicopter ride around the city. Weather-permitting, visitors could take two short escalator rides up from the 107th floor and visit what was the world's highest outdoor viewing platform. At a height of 1,377 feet (420 m), visitors were able to take in a view of the North Tower and New York City unlike any other. On a clear day, it was claimed that visitors could see up to 45 miles (72 km) in any given direction. An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed. Windows on the World was an elegant restaurant known as a place for big celebrations, such as weddings. In its last full year of operation, 2000, Windows reported revenues of $37.5 million United States dollars, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States. [edit] The Mall Main article: The Mall at the World Trade Center [edit] February 13, 1975 fire On February 13, 1975, the WTC North Tower was beset by a fire, which "burned at temperatures in excess of 700°C (1,292°F) for over three hours and spread over some 65 percent of the 11th floor, including the core, caused no serious structural damage to the steel structure. In particular, no trusses needed to be replaced" [9]. Unlike in the 9/11 collapse, in the 1975 fire outer support columns were not simultaneously severed such as by an aircraft collision. [edit] February 26, 1993 bombing Main article: World Trade Center bombing On February 26, 1993 at 12:17 PM, a Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (682 kg) of explosives was planted by Ramzi Yousef and detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower, opening a 100 foot (30 m) hole through 4 sublevels of concrete. Six people were killed and over a thousand injured. Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells which contained no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety. As the Port Authority was a bi-state agency, the towers were exempt from New York City building codes. Subsequent to the bombing The Port Authority installed emergency lighting in the stairwells. It is believed that this lighting saved many lives during the events of September 11, 2001. Six Islamist extremist conspirators were convicted of the crime in 1997 and 1998 and given prison sentences of life in prison each. According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to de-stabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower, toppling both landmarks. As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower, a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, relief workers found a single fractured piece of this fountain; to date it is the only remaining part of the 1993 memorial that survived the collapse of the towers. [edit] September 11, 2001 attacks The World Trade Center on fire. Main article: September 11, 2001 attacks A coordinated terrorist attack, compliant with the design of Al Qaeda suicide hijackers, used American Airlines Flight 11; a Boeing 767-223[10], and crashed into the North Tower at 8:46 am [11] on September 11, 2001. At 9:03 am [11], United Airlines Flight 175, a Boeing 767-222[12] was used, and the South Tower was crashed into, which subsequently collapsed at 9:59 am [11]. At 10:28 am [11], the North Tower collapsed. Later that day, 7 World Trade Center also collapsed, while the four remaining buildings in the WTC plaza also sustained heavy damage from debris and were ultimately demolished. For the following 8½ months, the World Trade Center site cleanup and recovery continued 24 hours a day and involved thousands of workers. The massive pile of debris smoked and smoldered for 99 days. At the time of the incident, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attack, as on any given day upwards of 100,000 people could be inside the towers. Ultimately, 2,749 death certificates were filed relating to the WTC attacks, as of February 2005. 13 people died after the disaster, from injuries received on September 11; three of these people died in Massachusetts, Missouri, and New Jersey, and the rest died in New York. Of these, 1,588 (58%) were forensically identified from recovered physical remains. The median age for the victims was 39 years (range: 2-85 years); the median age was 38 years for females (range: 2-81 years) and 39 years for males (range: 3-85 years). Three people were aged under 5 years, and three were aged over 80 years.[13][14] See also: Collapse of the World Trade Center, One World Trade Center tenants, Two World Trade Center tenants, and List of tenants in World Trade Center Seven [edit] Rebuilding the World Trade Center This article or section contains information about expected future buildings or structures.It is likely to contain information of a speculative nature and the content may change as the building approaches completion. Main article: World Trade Center site The completed new World Trade Center as it may look in 2012. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, the agency charged with coordinating the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site, selected the master plan, Memory Foundations by Daniel Libeskind [15], which includes the 1776 ft (541 m) Freedom Tower. The height of 1,776 feet (541 m) was chosen as a reference to the year of American independence. A new 7 World Trade Center office building, which was not part of the site master plan, officially opened on May 23, 2006. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation sponsored an international design competition for the World Trade Center Memorial in spring 2003. The winning design, Michael Arad and Peter Walker's Reflecting Absence, was chosen in January 2004. Photo of Ground Zero and US Flag (2004) The World Trade Center name will continue to be used as name of the site, as will the New York City Subway and PATH train stations that serve the complex. A temporary PATH station, largely following the layout of the original, is the first part of the complex to have re-opened. On November 22, 2004, New York Governor George Pataki named the living former presidents as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center. On May 18, 2005 Donald Trump, long-time opponent of the Freedom Tower design, held a press conference where he endorsed the alternative "Twin Towers II" proposal for rebuilding the Twin Towers with a design closely resembling the originals, but with various safety, structural, and technological improvements, and one story taller.[16] It is said that the majority of New Yorkers prefer this plan rather than the current plan, however most officials involved in the rebuilding have dismissed Trump's endorsement as a publicity stunt. On June 29, 2005, a redesigned Freedom Tower was unveiled which more closely resembled the character of the fallen towers. The new design also boasted several safety improvements over previous proposals. On December 15, 2005, Sir Norman Foster was announced as the architect who will design the second of five new office towers planned for the site. As of early 2006 progress at the World Trade Center site is slowly building up. Workers will soon move PATH train cables out of the way in order to start foundation work on both the Freedom Tower, permanent PATH station, underground parking and the Memorial. By the end of 2006, the site is finally expected to look like the massive construction project that built the previous WTC. World Trade Center Site, June 2006. On March 13, 2006 workers arrived at the World Trade Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marks the official start of construction of the WTC Memorial and Museum. [17] In April 2006, a tentative agreement was reached by the owner of the site, The Port Authority, and private developer Larry Silverstein. The main elements of that agreement are that Silverstein ceded rights to develop the Freedom Tower and Tower Five in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for Tower Two, Three, and Four which are considered to be the most marketable properties of the site. On April 27, 2006, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower.[18] In May 2006, architects Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were announced as the architects for Towers Three and Four, respectively. The final designs for Towers Two, Three and Four were unveiled on September 7, 2006. Tower Two, or 200 Greenwich Street, will have a roof height of 1,254 feet and a 85-foot tripod spire. Tower Three, or 175 Greenwich Street will have a roof height of 1,155 feet and an antennae height of 1,255 feet. Tower Four, or 150 Greenwich Street, will have an overall height of 946 feet.[19] [edit] Site buildings [edit] Original · 1 World Trade Center (North Tower) · 2 World Trade Center (South Tower) · 3 World Trade Center (Marriott Hotel) · 4 World Trade Center (South Plaza Building) · 5 World Trade Center (North Plaza Building) · 6 World Trade Center (U.S. Customs House) · 7 World Trade Center [edit] New · Freedom Tower · 200 Greenwich Street · 175 Greenwich Street · 150 Greenwich Street · 7 World Trade Center [edit] Film and media The World Trade Center has been featured in numerous films, as well as appearing in many television shows, cartoons, comic books and computer/video games. The pilot episode of The Lone Gunmen, aired in March 2001, featured a thwarted attempt to crash an airplane into the World Trade Center. Two major film dramatisations of the 9/11 attacks were released in 2006: United 93 and World Trade Center. Main article: World Trade Center in film and media [edit] See also · 50 tallest buildings in the U.S. · 9/11 Commission · Buildings and architecture of New York City · Collapse of the World Trade Center · Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center · 9/11 (radio communications) [edit] References 1. ^ Port of New York and New Jersey (July 21, 2001). Governor Pataki, Acting Governor DiFrancesco Laud Historic Port Authority Agreement To Privatize World Trade Center. Press release. 2. ^ Buildings.com. Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack. 3. ^ Lew, H. S., Richard W. Bukowski, and Nicholas J. Carino. Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (pdf). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 4. ^ World Trade Center - Minoru Yamasaki. Greatbuildings.com. Retrieved on 2006-04-06. 5. ^ a b World Trade Center, New York City. Emporis. Retrieved on 2006-04-13. 6. ^ Sears Tower Building Information. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. 7. ^ Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). “Chapter 2”, Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. 8. ^ Rediff.com – Buried WTC gold returns to futures trade 9. ^ New York Times. 15 February 1975. 10. ^ N-Number Inquiry Results. Federal Aviation Administration. 11. ^ a b c d 9/11 Commission Report. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 12. ^ N-Number Inquiry Results. Federal Aviation Administration. 13. ^ CNN. Identification of 9/11 remains comes to an end. Retrieved on February 23, 2005. 14. ^ USA Today. NYC's work to ID 9/11 victims ends - for now. Retrieved on February 23, 2005. 15. ^ Lower Manhattan Development Corp.. Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February 2003. 16. ^ New York Times 17. ^ Westfeldt, Amy. "Construction Begins On World Trade Center Memorial", New York Sun, March 13, 2006. 18. ^ Construction Begins at Ground Zero (AP story) 19. ^ Designs Unveiled for Freedom Tower’s Neighbors [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: World Trade Center (New York) · World Trade Center official site · Archived version of Top Of The World Trade Center Observatories website · The Mega WTC Picture Thread at Skyscraper City · Satellite view of World Trade Center site at WikiMapia · Lower Manhattan Development Corporation · World Trade Center Memorial Foundation · Emporis — Special Coverage of the World Trade Center in New York City · Biggest Buildings in World to Rise at Trade Center - Bernard Stengren, New York Times, January 19, 1964 · DMOZ directory · Building the World Trade Center, a 1983 documentary about the construction of the WTC by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey-from Google Video · September 11th Remembered · 'World Trade Center' Movie Leaves Real Heroes Awestruck · 3D explorable model of the World Trade Center · Videos and Photos of the WTC Before and After September 11 [edit] Webcams · Project Rebirth · World Trade Center Site / Ground Zero Webcams Supertall skyscrapers (at least 300 meters in height) Current: Aon Center (Chicago), AT&T Corporate Center, Baiyoke Tower II, Bank of America Plaza, Bank of China Tower, Burj al-Arab, Central Plaza, Chrysler Building, CITIC Plaza, Emirates Office Tower, Emirates Towers Hotel, Empire State Building, Eureka Tower, First Canadian Place, International Finance Centre, JPMorgan Chase Tower, Jin Mao Building, John Hancock Center, Kingdom Centre, Menara Telekom, Petronas Twin Towers, Q1, Sears Tower, Shimao International Plaza, Shun Hing Square, Taipei 101, The Center, Tuntex Sky Tower, Two Prudential Plaza, U.S. Bank Tower Under construction: 23 Marina, Abraj Al Bait Towers, Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower, Airlangga Residences, Al Durrah Tower II, Al Hamra Tower, Al Rajhi Tower, Al Yaquob Tower, Almas Tower, Bank of America Tower, Burj Dubai, Burj Dubai Lake Hotel & Serviced Apartments, Busan Lotte Tower, City Hall and City Duma, Federation Tower, Freedom Tower (World Trade Center Tower 1), The Index, Infinity Tower, International Commerce Centre, Jakarta Tower, Mercury City Tower, New York Times Building, Nina Tower I, North Bund Tower, Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Ocean Heights 1, One Island East, Parcel 12, Princess Tower, Rose Rotana Suites, Shanghai World Financial Center, The Torch, Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago), Trump International Hotel and Tower (Toronto), Waterview Tower Former: World Trade Center Construction suspended: Ryugyong Hotel Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center" Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | Building projects | 1972 architecture | 1973 architecture | Buildings and structures in Manhattan | Destroyed landmarks | Former buildings and structures of New York City | History of New York City | Port Authority of New York and New Jersey | September 11, 2001 attacks | Skyscrapers in New York City | Skyscrapers over 350 meters | World Trade Centers | World Trade Center 帝国大厦 帝国大厦 帝国大厦 帝国大厦（The Empire State Building）位于纽约市，共有102层。由Shreeve, Lamb, and Harmon建筑公司设计，1930年动工，1931年落成，只用了410天。它的名字来源于纽约州的别称The Empire State（帝国之州）。 帝国大厦在世界贸易中心兴建之前，一直是纽约市最高的建筑，并且在很长一段时间内也是全球最高的建筑。在它兴建之前克莱斯勒大厦是全球最高的建筑。目前它是美国第二高的建筑，排在芝加哥的西尔斯大楼之后。帝国大厦原本共381米，20世纪50年代安装的天线使它的高度上升至448.7米。根据估算，建造帝国大厦的材料约有330000吨。大厦总共拥有6500个窗户、73部电梯，从底层步行至顶层须经过1860级台阶。它的总建筑面积为204,385平方米。1931年5月1日，帝国大厦正式落成，但由于经济大萧条，许多办公室在40年代之前一直空置，使它在早期被戏称为Empty State Building（空国大厦）。 帝国大厦位于曼哈顿第五大道350号，夹在34大街与33大街之间，是纽约市著名的旅游景点之一，它的顶部的泛光灯的颜色会因时间或重大事件而改变，比如说在911事件后就亮了3个月的蓝色灯，以示哀悼。 [编辑] 外部链接 · Empire State Building: Official Internet Site with lighting schedule and explanation of colors · Gallery of photographs on the Empire State Building · One day in the life of the Empire State Building · Air visit of 'Empire State Building' in Photographs 取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%A6&variant=zh-cn" 页面分类: 美国建筑 | 摩天大楼 | 曼哈顿 Empire State Building Empire State Building Empire State Building was the world's tallest building from 1931 to 1972.* Preceded by Chrysler Building Surpassed by World Trade Center Information Location New York, New York, USA Status Complete Constructed 1931 Height Antenna/Spire 1,472 feet (448 m) Roof 1,250 feet (381 m) Technical Details Floor count 102 Floor area 2,200,000 sq. ft.200,000 sq. m * Fully habitable, self-supported, from main entrance to rooftop; see world's tallest structures for other listings. The Empire State Building is a 102-story contemporary Art Deco style skyscraper in New York City, declared by the American Society of Civil Engineers to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, it was finished in 1931. The tower takes its name from the nickname of New York State. Since the World Trade Center was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks, it is again the tallest building in New York City. It is currently the second tallest building in the United States after the Sears Tower in Chicago. The building belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers. Contents[hide]· 1 Description · 2 Statistics · 3 History · 4 Floodlights · 5 Use by mass media o 5.1 Communications arrays · 6 Similar skyscrapers · 7 In pop culture · 8 Additional pictures · 9 References · 10 Further reading · 11 See also · 12 External links [edit] Description Unlike most of today's high-rise buildings, the Empire State has a classic facade. The building's distinctive art deco spire was originally designed to be a mooring mast and depot for zeppelins. However, after a couple of test attempts with airships, the idea proved to be impractical and dangerous due to the powerful updrafts caused by the size of the building itself, though the T-shaped mooring devices remain in place. Although the lower floors occupy the entire block, there are various "setbacks" in the building's design, as required by the New York City zoning law of 1916 (aimed at reducing shadows cast by tall buildings). These setbacks give the building its unique tapered silhouette. Entrance lobby. The lobby is three stories high and contains an aluminum relief of the skyscraper (lacking the later added antenna). The north corridor contains eight illuminated panels, created by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov in 1963, depicting the building as the Eighth Wonder of the World alongside the traditional seven. A public outdoor observatory at the 86th floor offers impressive 360-degree views of the city (the first of its kind), and is a popular tourist destination. [edit] Statistics The tower rises to 1,250 feet (381 m) at the 102nd floor, and its full structural height (including broadcast antenna) reaches 1,472 feet (448 m). It was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It remained the tallest skyscraper in the world for a record 41 years (and the world's tallest man-made structure for 23 years) until the construction of the World Trade Center, and shortly afterwards the Sears Tower. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Empire State Building regained the title of tallest building in New York City, and the 2nd tallest building in the United States (see the 50 Tallest buildings in the U.S. list). The building weighs approximately 330,000 metric tonnes. The building has 6,500 windows, 73 elevators and 1,860 steps to the top floor. Total floor area: 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m²) The Empire State Building is located at 350 Fifth Avenue, ZIP Code 10118, between 33rd and 34th Streets, in Midtown Manhattan, at approximately 40°44′55″N, 73°59′11″W.[1] It is directly across from Weehawken Cove, on the other side of the Hudson River. On May 1, 2006, The Empire State Building celebrated its 75th birthday. [edit] History The site was first developed as the John Thomson Farm, in the late 18th century. The building stands on a block once occupied by the original Waldorf Hotel, a place frequented by The Four Hundred, the social elite of New York, in the late 19th century. Worker bolting beams during construction. Excavation of the site for the Empire State Building began on January 22, 1930, and construction on the building itself started on March 17. The project involved 3400 workers, mostly European immigrants, along with hundreds of Mohawk nation iron workers; 14 of the workers died during construction.[2] The project was hurried to completion in order to take the title of "world's tallest building" from the nearby Chrysler Building. The Empire State Building was officially opened on May 1, 1931, when President Herbert Hoover pressed a button in Washington, D.C. that turned on the building's lights, 410 days after construction commenced. From its opening until the 1940s much of its office space went unrented. This lack of inhabitants earned it the nickname "Empty State Building" in its early years. More than thirty people have committed suicide from atop the building.[3] The fence around the observatory terrace was put up in 1947 after five people tried to jump over a three-week span.[4] In 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto the 85th floor and left with only a broken hip.[5] The building was also the source of suicides in 2004 and 2006.[6] At 9:49 a.m. on Saturday July 28, 1945, a B-25 Mitchell bomber flying in a thick fog accidentally crashed into the north side between the 79th and 80th floors, where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located; one engine shot through the side opposite the impact and another plummeted down an elevator shaft. The fire was extinguished in 40 minutes. 14 people were killed in the accident.[7] Despite the damage and loss of life, the building was open for business on many floors on the following Monday, July 30, 1945. The building was the first of two skyscrapers in Manhattan that have been accidently impacted by airplanes, the other being the Belaire Apartments in the Upper East Side in 2006 (the twin towers of the World Trade Center, although hit by airplanes, were brought down by an act of terrorism). Following the accident, elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a plunge of 75 stories inside an elevator, and currently holds the Guinness World Record for the longest survived elevator fall recorded.[8] The large broadcasting antenna rising from the top of the spire was added in 1952. [edit] Floodlights Floodlights illuminate the top of the building at night, in colors chosen to match seasonal and other events, such as Christmas and Hanukkah. After the death of Frank Sinatra, for example, the building was bathed in blue light to represent the singer's nickname "Ol' Blue Eyes." After the death of actress Fay Wray in late 2004, the building stood in complete darkness for 15 minutes. The floodlights bathed the building in red, white, and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center, then reverted to the standard schedule.[9] Traditionally, in addition to the standard schedule the building will be lit in the colors of New York's sports teams on the nights they have home games (orange, blue and white for the New York Knicks, red, white and blue for the New York Rangers, and so on). The building is illuminated in tennis ball yellow during the U.S. Open tennis tournament in late August and early September. In June 2002, during the Golden Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, New York City illuminated the Empire State Building in purple and gold (the monarchical colors of the Royal House of Windsor). New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that it was a sign of saying thank you to HM The Queen for having the National Anthem of the United States played at Buckingham Palace after September 11, 2001, as well as the support the people in Great Britain gave afterwards. It had been more than 10 years since the Empire State Building gave an honour to somebody not from the United States, the previous occasion being Nelson Mandela's visit to New York following his release from prison in 1990. [edit] Use by mass media New York City is the largest media market in the United States, and since September 11, 2001, nearly all of New York's commercial broadcast stations (both television and radio) have transmitted from the top of Empire. A few stations are located at the nearby Condé Nast Building, however. Broadcasting began at Empire in the late 1930s, when RCA leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there for Edwin Howard Armstrong. When Armstrong and RCA fell out, the 85th floor became the home of RCA's New York television operations, first as an experimental station and eventually as a commercial station WNBT, channel 4 (now WNBC-TV). Other television broadcasters would join RCA at Empire, on the 83rd, 82nd, and 81st floors, frequently bringing sister FM stations along for the ride. When the World Trade Center was being constructed, it caused serious problems for the television stations, most of which moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed. This made it possible to renovate the antenna structure and the transmitter facilities for the benefit of the FM stations remaining there, which were soon joined by other FMs and UHF TVs moving in from elsewhere in the metropolitan area. The destruction of the World Trade Center necessitated a great deal of shuffling of antennas and transmitter rooms in order to accommodate the stations moving back uptown. On April 27, 2006, daredevil Jeb Corliss, who was one of the stuntmen on the Discovery Channel series Stunt Junkies, was arrested after attempting to parachute off of the 86th floor observation balcony. He had passed internal security disguising as an old person with a fat suit, and was getting ready to make his jump wearing a parachute and video equipment when building security and the NYPD intercepted him trying to scale up the iron suicide fence and arrested him. He faces several felony charges, including endangerment of his own life and others around. Subsequently Discovery Networks denied it had given Corliss any permission to attempt the stunt, noting they require their production companies to obtain permits and permissions from local authorities before any filming. The network then fired him from Stunt Junkies and gave him a lifetime ban from appearing on any other Discovery Networks project.[10] [11] Communications devices of all sorts adorn the very top of the building. [edit] Communications arrays As of 2005, Empire is home to the following stations: · TV: WCBS-TV 2, WNBC-TV 4, WNYW 5, WABC-TV 7, WWOR-TV 9 Secaucus, WPIX-TV 11, WNET 13 Newark, WNYE-TV 25, WXTV 41 Paterson, WNJU 47 Linden, and WFUT-TV 68 Newark · FM: WFNY-FM 92.3, WPAT-FM 93.1 Paterson, WNYC-FM 93.9, WPLJ 95.5, WQXR-FM 96.3, WQHT-FM 97.1, WSKQ-FM 97.9, WRKS-FM 98.7, WBAI 99.5, WHTZ 100.3 Newark, WCBS-FM 101.1, WQCD 101.9, WNEW-FM 102.7, WKTU 103.5 Lake Success, WAXQ 104.3, WWPR-FM 105.1, WCAA 105.9 Newark, WLTW 106.7, and WBLS 107.5. Comparison with other notable skyscrapers. [edit] Similar skyscrapers The Torre Latinoamericana in Mexico City looks very similar to the Empire State Building. Also of similar design are the Seven Sisters in Moscow, such as the Moscow State University building and the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Poland. The Williams Tower in Houston is a glass-architecture version of the design, and the entrance on the ground floor is very similar. The Reynolds Building, headquarters for the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in Winston-Salem, North Carolina is said to be the prototype for the Empire State Building. The Carew Tower in Cincinnati, is also thought to be the basis of the tower, due to its similar design also by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon Associates. Another tower thought to be an "inspiration" for the Empire State Building is the Penobscot Building in Detroit, Michigan, completed in 1928. [edit] In pop culture · Perhaps the most famous popular culture representation of the building is in the 1933 film King Kong, in which the title character, a giant ape, climbs to the top to escape his captors. In 1983, for the 50th anniversary of the film, an inflatable King Kong was placed on the real Empire State Building. However, a mouse chewed through it one day, partially deflating the ape. It also needed a constant supply of air, and was never fully inflated. · In James and the Giant Peach, Roald Dahl's much-loved children's story, orphan James Henry Trotter's flying peach finally docks in New York by setting down on the Empire State Building's spire. Published in 1961, the story was made into an Oscar-nominated Tim Burton-produced film, James and the Giant Peach (film), in 1996. · In the video game Super Monkey Ball 2, the ESB can be seen in the background of World 4 (Inside The Whale). · In the season 2 (1988) episode The Incredible Shrinking Turtles of the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon, Shredder uses an alien crystal, which fell down as an alien spaceship crashed on the Earth, to shrink down the Empire State Building into the size of a dollhouse. The people inside it are not affected by the shrinking, and have to escape to avoid being crushed as the building shrinks down. · In 2005, a new version of King Kong was released, set in a re-creation of 1930's New York City, including a final showdown between Kong and the bi-planes atop a greatly detailed Empire State Building. (The retro-dating of this remake stands in contrast to the 1976 remake of King Kong, which was set in then-modern times and held its climactic scene on both towers of the (now-destroyed) World Trade Center instead of the Empire State Building.) The Empire State Building, as depicted in Peter Jackson's King Kong remake. · The observation deck was the designated site for romantic rendezvous in the films Love Affair, An Affair to Remember, and Sleepless In Seattle. It was also the location of a phony Martian invasion in an episode of I Love Lucy. · The film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow opens with a zeppelin docking at the building's mooring mast. Additionally, the building can be seen with King Kong scaling it in the background of one of the shots. · "Terror in New York City", an episode of the Supermarionation series Thunderbirds involves an attempt in 2026 to move the Empire State Building to a new location on tracks to allow for the redevelopment of midtown Manhattan. Ground subsidence beneath the tracks results in the building's collapse. · In the 300th issue of Superman magazine, the Empire State building is refurbished during the early 1980s to reclaim the title of world's tallest building; rising 1000 stories. · In the movie Independence Day, the building is ground zero when an alien spaceship destroys New York City. This depiction was a homage to a similar SF invasion movie scene described in the science fiction short story "Publicity Campaign" by Arthur C. Clarke. · Andy Warhol's 1964 silent film Empire is one continuous, eight-hour shot of the Empire State Building at night, shot in black-and-white. In 2004, the National Film Registry deemed its cultural significance worthy of preservation in the Library of Congress. A still from Andy Warhol's Empire. · In The Chase, a 1965 serial from the William Hartnell-era of Doctor Who, the Doctor, Barbara Wright, Ian Chesterton and Vicki, fleeing through time and space with a group of Daleks in hot pursuit, arrive in their TARDIS time machine on the Observation Deck of the Empire State Building (thus avoiding the long lines). They leave shortly after arriving and shortly before the pursuing Daleks' time machine materializes. The Daleks, ignoring the view, also leave almost immediately. · The building has a cameo role in the 1946 cartoon Baseball Bugs. Fitting the cartoon's theme, the skyscraper is labeled the "Umpire State Building". · In Godzilla: Final Wars. the pterosaur Rodan flies over the Empire State Building then perches atop a nearby skyscraper with The Empire State Building in the background, then and howls at the moon before continuing his rampage on New York City eventually destroying the Statue of Liberty. · In Unbuilding, by David Macaulay, the building is bought and disassembled, to be reassembled halfway across the world as a corporate headquarters. · In the 2003 Christmas-themed film Elf, Will Ferrell's father, played by James Caan, works in a publishing company in the building. · In Star Trek: Enterprise, "Storm Front", a two-part season 4 episode, had an alternate timeline in which the eastern side of the United States is being conquered by the Germans, with the aid of aliens. The opening teaser of part 2 shows a propaganda news reel with footage of Adolf Hitler visiting New York and the Empire State Building. The ESB is seen again in a CGI sequence near the end of the episode. · In Futurama the setting takes place in the year 3000 in New New York City. Old New York is now underground and in ruins. The Empire State Building is never seen in the underground ruins, but it is seen on the Surface land of New New York. This implies that either the building was rebuilt or was simply taken from the ruins and was restored. The longest time the building was shown was in the episode "Anthology of Interest I", huge Bender falls on the Empire State Building which pierces through the robot while his two arms destroy two fantasy neighboring buildings, the Empire State Building comes out undamaged. He says before dying: "Oooh... who put this in here?" · In the video games Spider-Man 2 and Ultimate Spider-Man, players can explore, swing from and climb Manhattan skyscrapers, including the Empire State Building. The Empire State Building in Spider-Man 2 is the tallest structure you can find. · The pulp hero Doc Savage had his headquarters on the 86th floor of a 'New York City skyscraper.' It was repeatedly implied that this was the Empire State Building, though in real life, the 86th floor is the observation deck. · In the animated series Transformers, the Empire State Building is stolen by the Decepticons and modified to resemble a building similar on the Transformers homeworld as part of Megatron's plan in City of Steel. It is eventually restored back to its former self at the end of the episode. · In the 2002 movie The Time Machine Alexander Hartdegen a scientist and time traveler uses his time machine and travels to the year 2030.Upon arrival to the futuristic New York you could see many noticeable structures like the New York Public Library and the Empire State Building. · In the 2004 movie "The Day After Tomorrow" New York was going through a series of devastating storms including heavy rain, snow storms, and a storm surge. When the city encountered a deep freeze many buildings including the Empire State Building were turning pale white as the cold settled to the ground shattering windows as it descended. · The building can be built as a landmark in both Sim City 4 and Sim City 3000. [edit] Additional pictures To view the panoromic pictures below, scroll the slidebar at the bottom of the picture with the mouse. 360° panorama of New York City from the Empire State Building (Spring 2005) Panorama of New York City, with the Empire State Building at left center (December 2005) Looking up at the Empire State Building. The Empire State Building at night. The Empire State Building from a distance. F-16 Fighting Falcons flying above NYC, with the Empire State Building behind. [edit] References 1. ^ globalguide.org 2. ^ 1010wins.com – Empire State Building Celebrates 75th Birthday 3. ^ iht.com 4. ^ Compass American Guides: Manhattan, 4th Edition. Reavill, Gil and Zimmerman, Jean P. 160. 5. ^ hytti.uku.fi 6. ^ nydailynews.com 7. ^ tms.org 8. ^ guinnessworldrecords.com 9. ^ esbnyc.com 10. ^ broadcastingcable.com 11. ^ dsc.discovery.com [edit] Further reading · The Empire State Building Book, by Jonathan Goldman, St. Martin's Press, 1980. · Unbuilding, by David Macaulay, Houghton Mifflin, 1986. · The Empire State Building - The making of a landmark, by John Tauranac, Scribner, 1995. · Construction: Building the Impossible, by Nathan Aaseng, The Oliver Press, Inc., 2000. [edit] See also · World's tallest free standing structure on land · History of tallest skyscrapers [edit] External links · Official website, with history and a lighting schedule · The Construction of the Empire State Building, 1930-1931, New York Public Library · 3D model of the building for use in Google Earth Supertall skyscrapers (at least 300 meters in height) Current: Aon Center (Chicago), AT&T Corporate Center, Baiyoke Tower II, Bank of America Plaza, Bank of China Tower, Burj al-Arab, Central Plaza, Chrysler Building, CITIC Plaza, Emirates Office Tower, Emirates Towers Hotel, Empire State Building, Eureka Tower, First Canadian Place, International Finance Centre, JPMorgan Chase Tower, Jin Mao Building, John Hancock Center, Kingdom Centre, Menara Telekom, Petronas Twin Towers, Q1, Sears Tower, Shimao International Plaza, Shun Hing Square, Taipei 101, The Center, Tuntex Sky Tower, Two Prudential Plaza, U.S. Bank Tower Under construction: 23 Marina, Abraj Al Bait Towers, Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower, Airlangga Residences, Al Durrah Tower II, Al Hamra Tower, Al Rajhi Tower, Al Yaquob Tower, Almas Tower, Bank of America Tower, Burj Dubai, Burj Dubai Lake Hotel & Serviced Apartments, Busan Lotte Tower, City Hall and City Duma, Federation Tower, Freedom Tower (World Trade Center Tower 1), The Index, Infinity Tower, International Commerce Centre, Jakarta Tower, Mercury City Tower, New York Times Building, Nina Tower I, North Bund Tower, Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Ocean Heights 1, One Island East, Parcel 12, Princess Tower, Rose Rotana Suites, Shanghai World Financial Center, The Torch, Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago), Trump International Hotel and Tower (Toronto), Waterview Tower Former: World Trade Center Construction suspended: Ryugyong Hotel Coordinates: 40°44′55″N, 73°59′11″W Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building" Categories: Buildings and structures in Manhattan | Skyscrapers in New York City | Skyscrapers over 350 meters | 1931 architecture | Art Deco 中央公園 (紐約市) 中央公園航拍照 (远处可见帝國大廈) 本文講述美國紐約的中央公園。關於其他地方的中央公園或者以此為名的事物，詳見「中央公園 (消歧義)」。 中央公園 (Central Park)是 (北緯40°46′59″，西經73°58′20″) 是美國紐約市曼哈顿區大型的都市公園 (843英畝或3.41平方公里；長4公里、宽800公尺)，是常居於狹小單元的當地居民的一方綠洲。由於經常出現在電影和電視劇中，令它成為世界上最有名的城市公園。 公園北面為中央公園北街 (公園以西稱大教堂大道，以東稱110街), 東面為第五大道，南面是哥倫布圓形地及中央公園南街 (第五大街道以東稱59街), 西面為中央公園西街 (哥倫布圓形地以南稱第八大道)。 公園由後來開拓布魯克林Prospect Park的Frederick Law Olmsted和Calvert Vaux設計。看似天然的公園，其景觀實際上經過精心營造：內有數個人工湖、漫長的步行徑、兩個滑冰場、一個野生動物保護區、多處草地供各種體育愛好者使用，以及兒童遊樂場。由於吸引到候鳥前來，這裡也是觀鳥的好去處。長10公里的環園道路深受慢跑者、騎自行車者以及滾軸溜冰喜愛，尤其是在週末，以及晚上七時後禁止汽車通行的時候。 中央公園 (2004年) [编辑] 参看 · 紐約市 [编辑] 外部链接 · 中央公園管理局 · 中央公園動物園 朝聖者之父紀念像 来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%28%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%82%29” 页面分类: 紐約市 | 美国公园 Central Park For other uses, see Central Park (disambiguation). A Central Park landscape Central Park (40°46′59″N, 73°58′20″W) is a large public, urban park (843 acres or 3.41 km²; a rectangle 2.5 statute miles by 0.5 statute mile, or 4 km × 800 m) in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. With about twenty-five million visitors annually, Central Park is the most visited city park in the United States,[1] and its appearance in many movies and television shows has made it among the most famous city parks in the world. It is run by the Central Park Conservancy, a private, not-for-profit organization that manages the park under a contract with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Central Park is bordered on the north by West 110th Street, on the west by Central Park West, on the south by West 59th Street, and on the east by Fifth Avenue. Along the park's borders, these streets are usually referred to as Central Park North, Central Park West, and Central Park South, respectively. (Fifth Avenue retains its name along the eastern border.) The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who later created Brooklyn's Prospect Park. While much of the park looks natural, it is in fact almost entirely landscaped and contains several artificial lakes, extensive walking tracks, two ice-skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, and grassy areas used for various sporting pursuits, as well as playgrounds for children. The park is a popular oasis for migrating birds, and thus is popular with bird watchers. The 6-mile (10 km) road circling the park is popular with joggers, bicyclists and inline skaters, especially on weekends and in the evenings after 7:00 p.m., when automobile traffic is banned. From Central Park South Contents[hide]· 1 History o 1.1 Early history o 1.2 Initial development o 1.3 20th Century o 1.4 1960–1980 o 1.5 1980–present · 2 Sculptures · 3 Crime · 4 Activities in the park · 5 Other issues · 6 Trivia · 7 See also · 8 References · 9 External links o 9.1 Official websites o 9.2 Additional information o 9.3 Photos, maps, and other images [edit] History [edit] Early history Between 1820 and 1850, New York City nearly quadrupled in population. As the city expanded, people were drawn to the few open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Before long, however, New York City's need for a great public park was voiced by the poet and editor of the then-Evening Post (now the New York Post), William Cullen Bryant, and by the first American landscape architect, Andrew Jackson Downing, who began to publicize the city's need for a public park in 1844. A stylish place for open-air driving, like the Bois de Boulogne in Paris or London's Hyde Park, felt needed by many influential New Yorkers, and in 1853 the New York legislature designated a 700 acre (2.8 km²) area from 59th to 106th Streets for the creation of the park, to a cost of more than US$5 million for the land alone. The park was not part of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. [edit] Initial development A map of Manhattan circa 1850. The State appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, and in 1857 the commission held a landscape design contest. Writer Frederick Law Olmsted and English architect Calvert Vaux developed the so-called "Greensward Plan", which was selected as the winning design. According to Olmsted, the park was "of great importance as the first real Park made in this century—a democratic development of the highest significance…", a view probably inspired by his stay, and various trips in Europe in 1850.[2] During that trip he visited several parks, and was in particular impressed by Birkenhead Park near Liverpool, England, which opened in 1847 as the first publicly funded park in the world. Several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn (Cambridge, Massachusetts) and Green-Wood (Brooklyn, New York) had set an example of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes. The most influential innovations in the Central Park design, were the "separate circulation systems" for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The "crosstown" commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways screened with densely planted shrub belts, so as not to disturb the impression of a rustic scene. The Greensward plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy neo-gothic cast iron, no two alike. The ensemble of the formal line of the Mall's doubled allées of elms culminating at Bethesda Terrace, with a composed view beyond of lake and woodland was at the heart of the larger design. Victor Prevost, The Terrace, Central Park, NY, Albumen Print, September 10th, 1862. Before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants, most of whom were quite poor and either free African-Americans or immigrants of either German or Irish origin. The task of removing the residents fell upon the broad shoulders of the great-great-grandfather of Joe Pepitone. Most of them lived in smaller villages, such as Seneca Village, Harsenville, the Piggery District or the Convent of the Sisters of Charity. The roughly 1,600 working-class residents occupying the area at the time were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, and Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were torn down and removed in order to make room for the park. Around 1860, it became apparent that Olmsted, although a great designer, was an incompetent manager. He had little or no oversight of the Park's expenditures, and due to his management there were lengthy delays in construction. He nevertheless refused to voluntarily step down as manager, thus basically forcing the Park Commissioners to put another person in charge of the project instead. Andrew Haswell Green, the former president of New York City's Board of Education took over as the chairman of the commission. Despite the fact that he had relatively little experience, he still managed to accelerate the construction, as well as to finalize the negotiations for the purchase of an additional 65 acres (26 ha) at the north end of the park between 106th and 110th Streets, which would be used as the 'rugged' part of the park. Between 1860 and 1873, the construction of the park had come a long way, and most of the major hurdles had been overcome. During this period, more than 500,000 cubic feet (14,000 m³) of topsoil had been transported in from New Jersey, as the original soil wasn't good enough to sustain the various trees, shrubs and the plants the Greensward Plan called for. When the park was officially completed in 1873, more than ten million cartloads of material, including soil and rocks which were to be removed from the area had been manually dug up, and transported out of the park. Also included were the more than four million trees, shrubs and plants representing the approximately 1,500 species which were to lay the foundation for today's park. Central Park, New York City. [edit] 20th Century Following the completion of the park, it quickly slipped into decline. One of the major reasons for this was the disinterest of Tammany Hall, the political machine which was the largest political force in New York at the time. Belvedere Castle. Around the turn of the century, the park faced several new challenges. Cars had been invented and were becoming commonplace, bringing with them their burden of pollution. Also, the general mental view of the people was beginning to change. No longer were parks to be used only for walks and picnics in an idyllic environment, but now also for sports, and similar recreation. Following the dissolution of the Central Park Commission in 1870 and Andrew Green's departure from the project and the death of Vaux in 1895, the maintenance effort gradually declined, and there were few or no attempts to replace dead trees, bushes and plants or worn-out lawn. For several decades, authorities did little or nothing to prevent vandalism and the littering of the park. All of this changed in 1934, when Fiorello LaGuardia was elected mayor of New York City and unified the five park-related departments then in existence, and gave Robert Moses the job of cleaning up. Moses, then about to become one of the mightiest men in New York City, took over what was essentially a relic, a leftover from a bygone era. According to historian Robert Caro in his 1974 book The Power Broker, Lawns, unseeded, were expanses of bare earth, decorated with scraggly patches of grass and weeds, that became dust holes in dry weather and mud holes in wet…. The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after. Benches lay on their backs, their legs jabbing at the sky…. In a single year, Moses managed to clean up not only Central Park, but also other parks in New York City; lawns and flowers were replanted, dead trees and bushes replaced, walls were sandblasted and bridges repaired. Major redesigning and construction was also carried out; for instance, the existing Croton Reservoir was filled-in so the Great Lawn could be created. The Greensward Plan's intention of creating an idyllic landscape was combined with Moses' vision of a park to be used for recreational purposes—nineteen playgrounds, twelve ballfields, and handball courts were constructed. Moses also managed to secure funds from the New Deal program, as well as donations from the public, thus ensuring that the park got a new lease of life, prospering under the wings of a powerful and new defender. [edit] 1960–1980 When Robert Moses stepped down as Park Commissioner in 1960, nobody could replace him and the power and influence he had. During his twenty-six years as a commissioner, he had not only maintained the parks in New York City, but he had also started numerous other projects. When he left, the park gradually began to deteriorate, due to vandalism, littering and graffiti, and varied events scheduled to take place in the park. New Year's Eve celebrations, summer concerts, peace rallies and protest marches, and numerous other arrangements during the sixties resulted in a park similar to what it looked like before Moses took over. The number of crimes committed in the park increased, the funding decreased, and the park looked like it was out of control until the Central Park Conservancy was founded in 1980. Despite outward appearances, there were several positive aspects of this twenty-year period. The Public Theater introduced its annual Shakespeare in the Park in 1962, and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and the Metropolitan Opera initiated their annual summer concerts on the Great Lawn. By 1975 several advocacy groups joined forces to come up with new ideas for how to take care of the park. In order to gain influence over the direct care of the Park, they approached New York City mayor Edward Koch, and Gordon Davis, the then-park commissioner. Under their leadership, the Central Park Conservancy was founded in 1980, led by chairman Bill Beinecke and Central Park Administrator Betsy Barlow Rogers. [edit] 1980–present Central Park When the Central Park Conservancy started, the founders did not want to create a new organization because of the high costs that formally employing caretakers would incur. Instead, they decided to focus on attracting volunteers for most of the work, as this also would facilitate a campaign to make the people of New York more aware of the park, as well as trying to create a feeling that the park was a major part of the identity of New York. The conservancy cooperated with the Park Commissioner, and took over all responsibility for the restoration and maintenance of the park, publishing a 1981 paper called "Rebuilding Central Park for the 1980s and Beyond". The document was devised as an early masterplan for the continued development of the park and described the actions needed to restore the park to its former glory. The paper described three key tasks deemed essential for the park's future survival. The architectural heritage had to be restored—not only the landscape and environment, but also the bridges, buildings and other structures that had fallen victim to twenty years of neglect. In addition to this, the paper also called for an extensive reseeding of grass and constant care for every area of the park, as well as programs that would increase the security around the park—especially at night—and thus attract more visitors. Over the years, many structures have been restored, and numerous hours have been spent restoring the park. In 2004 alone, volunteers spent more than 32,000 hours working in the park, restoring (amongst others) the Heckscher playground, a thirty-acre area including a building, several meadows, and rock outcroppings. In addition, the privately-funded construction of the Diana Ross Playground in 1986 demonstrated how non-governmental entities could work to improve the face of the park. The park in 2004. [edit] Sculptures Main article: List of sculptures in Central Park Generations of children have rubbed Balto's nose to a shine. Bronze statue of Christopher Columbus at Central Park, New York by Jeronimo Suñol, 1894 Though Olmsted disapproved of the clutter of sculptures in the park, a total of twenty-nine sculptures have crept in over the years, most of which have been donated by individuals or organizations (and not the city itself). Much of the first statuary to appear in the park was of authors and poets, clustered along a section of the Mall that became known as Literary Walk. The better-known sculptors represented in Central Park include Augustus Saint-Gaudens and John Quincy Adams Ward. The "Angel of the Waters" at Bethesda Terrace by Emma Stebbins (1873), was the first large public sculpture commission for an American woman. The 1926 statue of the sled dog Balto who became famous during the 1925 serum run to Nome, Alaska is very popular among tourists, reflecting in the near polished appearance as the result of being patted by countless visitors. The oldest sculpture is "Cleopatra's Needle," actually an Egyptian obelisk of Tutmose III much older than Cleopatra, which was donated to New York by the Khedive of Egypt. North of Conservatory Water, the sailboat pond, there is a larger-than-life statue of Alice, sitting on a huge mushroom, playing with her cat, while the Hatter and the March Hare look on. A large memorial to Duke Ellington created by sculptor Robert Graham was dedicated in 1997 near Fifth Avenue and 110th Street, in the Duke Ellington Circle. The Gates For 16 days in 2005 (February 12 — 27), Central Park was the setting for Christo and Jeanne-Claude's installation, The Gates. Though the project was the subject of very mixed reactions (and it took many years for Christo and Jeanne-Claude to get the necessary approvals), it was nevertheless a major, if temporary, draw for the park. [edit] Crime Although often regarded as a kind of oasis of tranquility inside a "city that never sleeps," Central Park was once a very dangerous place — especially after dark — as measured by crime statistics. The park, like most of New York City, is quite safer today, though during prior periods it was the site of numerous muggings and rapes. Well-publicized incidents of sexual and confiscatory violence, such as the notorious 1989 "Central Park Jogger" case, dissuaded many from visiting one of Manhattan's most scenic areas. As crime has declined in the Park and in the rest of New York City, many negative perceptions have waned, and the use of common sense is enough to protect visitors from harm. The park has its own New York City Police Department precinct (Central Park Precinct), which employs both regular police and volunteer citizens. In 2005, such safety measures held the number of crimes in the park—which has more than 25 million visitors annually—to less than one hundred; this very low crime rate has made Central Park one of the safest urban parks in the world. Nowadays a large percentage of crimes, particularly assaults, occur between people who know each other, rather than being random attacks. [edit] Activities in the park One of the many carriage horses present throughout the park. Each summer, the Public Theatre presents free open-air theatre productions, often starring well-known stage and screen actors, in the Delacorte Theatre. Most, though not all, of the plays presented are by William Shakespeare, and the performances are generally regarded as being of high quality since the start in 1962. The New York Philharmonic gives an open-air concert every summer on the Great Lawn and the Metropolitan Opera presents two operas. Many concerts have been given in the park including the Simon and Garfunkel reunion; Diana Ross, 1983; Dave Matthews Band, 2003. A long tradition of horseback riding in the park is kept alive by the one remaining stable nearby, Claremont Riding Academy. The numerous portrait artists who work in Central Park have been interviewed and documented by Zina Saunders as part of her Overlooked New York project. [edit] Other issues An unobtrusive bridge in Central Park, designed by Calvert Vaux, separates pedestrians from the carriage drive. No two bridges in the Park are identical. Permission to hold issue-centered rallies in Central Park has been increasingly stiffly resisted by the mayors. In 2004, the organization United for Peace and Justice wanted to hold a rally on the Great Lawn in opposition to the continued occupation of Iraq. The City denied UFPJ's application for a permit, stating that such a mass gathering would be harmful to the grass, and that such damage would make it harder to collect private donations to maintain the Park; courts upheld the refusal. Since the 1960s, there has been a grassroots campaign to restore the park's loop drives to their original car-free state. Over the years, the number of car-free hours has increased, though a full closure is currently resisted by the New York City Department of Transportation. The Central Park Medical Unit is an all-volunteer ambulance service that provides completely free emergency medical service to patrons of Central Park and the surrounding streets. CPMU also operates a rapid-response bike patrol, particularly during major events such as the New York City Marathon, the 1998 Goodwill Games, and concerts in the park. There are 215 bird species in New York City's Central Park.[2] Central Park has one of the last stands of American Elms in the northeastern U.S., 1700 of them, protected by their very isolation from Dutch Elm Disease. Central Park was the site of the unfortunate unleashing of starlings in North America (cf. Invasive species). Central Park is a popular birding spot during spring and fall migration, when birds flying over Manhattan are attracted to the prominent oasis. Over a quarter of all the bird species found in the United States have been seen in Central Park. The Red-tailed hawk known as Pale Male was the object of much attention by the media, the ornithologist-author Marie Winn and other Central Park birdwatchers. Statue of King Jagiello, from the Polish pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair. In 2002 a new genus and species of centipede was discovered in Central Park. The centipede is about four-tenths of an inch (10 mm) long, making it one of the smallest in the world. It is named Nannarrup hoffmani (after the man who discovered it) and lives in the park's leaf litter, the crumbling organic debris that accumulates under the trees. Since the late 1990s, the Central Park Conservancy, the United States Department of Agriculture, and several city and state agencies have been fighting an infestation of the Asian long-horned beetle, which has been reported in Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan, including some parts of Central Park. The beetle, which likely was accidentally shipped from its native China in an untreated shipping crate, has no natural predators in the United States and the fight to contain its infestation has been very expensive. The beetle infests trees by boring a hole in them to deposit its eggs, at which point the only way to end the infestation is to destroy the tree. On June 11, 2000, following the Puerto Rican Day Parade, a "wilding" incident occurred in which gangs of drunken men groped and sexually assaulted women in the park. Several arrests were made shortly after the attacks, but it was not until 2006 that a civil suit against the city for failing to provide police protection was finally settled. [3], [4], [5] editMajor Avenues of Manhattan To the westCentral Park West To the northCentral Park North To the southCentral Park South To the eastFifth Avenue WSH (12) | 11 | 10 | Dyer | 9 | 8 (CPW) | 7 | 6 (Lenox) | 5 | Madison | Park (4) | Lexington | 3 | 2 | 1 | A (York) | B (EEA) | C | D | FDR [edit] Trivia Guergui, one of seven Central Park artists painted by Zina Saunders as part of her Overlooked New York project · Central Park is larger than two of the world's smallest nations. It is almost twice as large as Monaco and nearly eight times as large as Vatican City. · Central Park's twenty-five million annual visitors is more than five times those of the Grand Canyon.[3] · Fairmount Park in Philadelphia is actually over 10 times as large as Central Park. Despite this, Central Park has 2.5 times as many visitors. · The Central Park constitutes its own United States census tract, number 143. According to Census 2000, the park's population is eighteen persons, twelve male and six female, with a median age of 38.5 years.[4] · In the second half of J. D. Salinger's famous novel, The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield spends much time in Central Park. This includes skipping stones on the lagoon, visiting museums, ice skating and watching the carousel. · Edward Albee's play The Zoo Story takes place in Central Park. · In the movie "The Park Is Mine," Tommy Lee Jones plays a Vietnam veteran who takes over Central Park to generate sympathy for the forgotten soldiers of that war. · A fictional golf course set in Central Park appears in the game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2006 and again in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2007 · On Saturday, February 8, 1964, as part of the Beatles first visit to America, John Lennon, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr visited Central Park while entertaining photographers and members of the press. George Harrison stayed back at the group's suite at the Plaza Hotel, due to a bout with Tonsillitis. On Lennon's birthday, October 9, 1985, Yoko Ono helped inaugurate the Strawberry Fields Memorial, created as a tribute to him following his murder on December 8, 1980. [edit] See also · The Gates, a land art project realized by Christo and Jeanne Claude in Central Park in the first two months of 2005. · Shakespeare Garden [edit] References 1. ^ America's Most Visited City Parks (PDF). The Trust for Public Land (June 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-11. 2. ^ New York City Economic Development Corporation. [1] 3. ^ City Park Facts. The Trust for Public Land (June 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-11. 4. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2006-07-11. · Kelly, Bruce, Gail T. Guillet, and Mary Ellen W. Hern. Art of the Olmsted Landscape. New York: City Landmarks Preservation Commission: Arts Publisher, 1981. ISBN 0-941302-00-8. · Kinkead, Eugene. Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Reneal of a National Treasure. New York: Norton, 1990. ISBN 0-393-02531-4. · Miller, Sara Cedar. Central Park, An American Masterpiece: A Comprehensive History of the Nation's First Urban Park. New York: Abrams, 2003. ISBN 0-8109-3946-0. · Rosenzweig, Roy, and Elizabeth Blackmar. The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8014-9751-5. [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Central Park [edit] Official websites · NYC Department of Parks & Recreation · Central Park Conservancy · Central Park Zoo [edit] Additional information · CentralPark.com - The complete Guide to Central Park · Central Park Attractions · NYC Department of Park & Recreation: Central Park · CentralPark.org · Forgotten NY: The bridges of Central Park, photographs and text · Images of America: The Central Park Zoo, photographs and text · Central Park Fishing, bass fishing in Central Park · Car-Free Central Park Campaign · Olmsted meets Christo: Art in the Park [edit] Photos, maps, and other images · Central Park Pictures - A large gallery of hi-res Central Park images. · Graphicalic, pictures from Central Park · Image Gallery of Central Park · Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 40.78333° -73.96677° o Street map from Google Maps, or Yahoo! Maps, or Windows Live Local o Satellite image from Google Maps, Windows Live Local, WikiMapia o Topographic map from TopoZone o Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park" Categories: American architecture | New York Parks | Music venues in New York City | Urban public parks | Central Park | Busking venues 時報廣場 時報廣場 「Times Square」也用作香港時代廣場，及一部1980年同名電影的英文名稱。「時報廣場」亦是台北市內湖區一個表演場地的中文名稱。 時報廣場（英文：Times Square，在中國大陸及香港有時譯作「時代廣場」），得名於《紐約時報》早期在此設立的總部大樓，是美國紐約市曼哈頓的一塊街區，中心位於西四十二街與百老匯大道交會處，範圍東西向分別至第六大道與第九大道、南北向分別至西三十九街與西五十二街，構成曼哈頓中城商業區的西部。 目录[隐藏]· 1 歷史 · 2 今天的時報廣場 · 3 參考資料 · 4 外部連結 [编辑] 歷史 《紐約時報》發行人阿道夫·奧克斯將該報的總部遷到第四十二街，當時稱為Longacre廣場上的一座新建大樓裏。奧克斯成功游說時任市長的小喬治·B·麥克萊倫（George B. McClellan, Jr.）在當地設立地鐵站，並在1904年4月8日將Longacre廣場正式更名為時報廣場。只在三星期後，第四十六街與百老匯交界的一間銀行的外牆，就出現了廣場上第一張廣告。 自1913年起，《紐約時報》不再於時報廣場上的大樓辦公，但其總部仍然在該區內。那座大樓一度被稱為聯合化工大樓，現在稱為時報廣場一座，更成為每年最後一天降球儀式的地點。降球儀式始於1907年1月1日，自此以後時報廣場更成為紐約市慶祝新年時的主要地點。當晚數以十萬計的人群都會聚集觀看由 Waterford Crystal 出品的水晶球從高處降到地面，象徵新一年的開始。這取代了之前（從1904年到1906年）市政府以安全為由而取締的大型煙火匯演。在第二次世界大戰期間，由於戰時燈光管制，儀式被暫時簡化為一分鐘靜默，隨即播放教堂鐘聲的錄音。 時報廣場快速發展成為聚集劇院、音樂廳、以及特色酒店的文化集中地。「時報廣場迅速成為了紐約的市集，一個人們聚集、等待、和慶祝大事的地方，無論是棒球世界大賽還是總統選舉的時候。」詹姆斯·特勞布（James Traub）在《魔鬼遊樂場：時報廣場利樂一世紀》（The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square）中寫道。埃爾文·柏林（Irving Berlin）、弗雷德·阿斯泰爾（Fred Astaire）、查理·卓别林：這些都是1910年代和1920年代跟時報廣場有密切關係的名字。 隨着1930年代大蕭條到臨，廣場氣氛出現轉變。時報廣場充斥着色情表演場所、通宵放映性愛映畫的電影院、以及售賣廉價旅遊紀念品的商店。傳媒人達蒙·魯尼恩（Damon Runyon）所著的故事集《紅男綠女》（Guys and Dolls）反映了這時的轉變。以後的數十年內，時報廣場被很多人視為危險的地帶。時報廣場繼而從1960年代到1990年代成為紐約市危險與敗壞的象徵。有很多題材黑暗而具影響力的電影，如《午夜牛郎》和《計程車司機》等，其中不少情節都在時報廣場取景。而區內的不良電影院放映低級電影，更是等閒的事。 到了1990年代中期，市長朱利安尼（1994年至2002年期間在任）開展淨化該區的工作，包括封閉色情場所、加強治安、以及開設更多適合遊客的觀光點。當地政府曾經發出行政命令，驅逐第四十二街附近林立的色情商店。很多場所因此被迫關閉，或者遷到布魯克林區或皇后區等工業地區，取而代之則是比較高級的商業活動。 [编辑] 今天的時報廣場 百老匯上的劇院、大量耀眼的霓虹光管廣告、以及電視式的宣傳版，已經深入成為象徵紐約的標誌，反映曼哈頓強烈的都市特性。時報廣場是市內唯一在規劃法令內，要求業主必須懸掛亮眼宣傳版的地區。時報廣場宣傳版的密度，與拉斯維加斯可相比擬。 1992年時報廣場聯盟（Times Square Alliance，前稱時報廣場改善營商區，Times Square Business Improvement District，簡稱BID）成立，旨在透過團結當地企業的力量，改善該區的營商與衛生環境。時報廣場現在已經成為遊客熱點的集中地，包括美國廣播公司節目《美國，早安》的直播現場、玩具反斗城和Hershey's巧克力專門店，中菜「傅」（[1]）、海鮮專門店Bubba Gump Shrimp Company、與意大利菜Carmine's等餐廳，以及數間多院電影院。時報廣場也吸引了一些大規模的財金、出版、和媒體企業在該區設立總部。駐守的大批警察改善了當地的治安。獲得新生的時報廣場無疑更安全更被人接受，然而也有人指該區已經失去原來的光芒，被淨化為一個被「迪士尼化」的廣場。 入夜後的納斯達克交易所 眾多宣傳版中，其中一個著名的是位於時報廣場四座納斯達克交易所外的納斯達克標誌與股市行情表螢幕。螢幕用了3700萬美元製作，於2000年1月揭幕啟用。螢幕高達120呎（36.6米）。光是租用這個位置，就花費納斯達克每年至少200萬美元。在廣告市場內這其實已經算是一個優惠的價格，因為廣告「出現」的次數遠超於其他類型的廣告所能達到的。 2002年，即將離任的市長朱利安尼，在1月1日零時過後，監督接任市長彭博的就職宣誓儀式。這是2001至2002年度新年慶典的一部分。當時有50萬人見證了這個時刻。因為九一一事件的緣故，當時有多達7000名紐約市警察駐守廣場，是正常新年時警力的兩倍。 時報廣場全景照片 下列企業在時報廣場設立總部，亦有不少其他企業在廣場地區辦公： · 康德納斯出版發行（Condé Nast Publications） · 安永 · Instinet · 利曼兄弟 · 摩根士丹利 · MTV · 紐約時報 · 世達律師事務所（Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP） · 路透社 · 伊莉莎白·泰勒 · 维亚康姆 [编辑] 參考資料 · The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square by James Traub (ISBN 0375507884) [编辑] 外部連結 · 時報廣場網路攝像機: http://www.earthcam.com/usa/newyork/timessquare/ · 時報廣場資訊及娛樂（英文）: http://www.timessquare.com/ · 時報廣場旅遊資訊（英文）: http://timessquare.nyctourist.com/ · 時報廣場聯盟（英文）: http://www.timessquarealliance.org/ · 360度全景照片: http://www.panoramas.dk/new-year-2005/FS1_times-square.html · Air visit of 'Times Square and its district' in Photographs 来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4” 页面分类: 曼哈頓 | 廣場 Times Square Times Square For other uses, see Times Square (disambiguation) Times Square is the name given to a principal intersection, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue, and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Like Red Square in Moscow, Champs-Elysées in Paris, Trafalgar Square in London, or Tiananmen Square in Beijing, Times Square has achieved the status of an iconic world landmark and has become a symbol of New York. Times Square is principally defined by its lighted and animated advertisements. Times Square consists of the blocks between Seventh and Ninth Avenues from east to west, and West 39th and West 52nd Streets from south to north (40.75659° N 73.98626° W), making up the western part of the commercial area of Midtown Manhattan. Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Times Square today o 2.1 Corporate presence o 2.2 Major buildings on and near Times Square · 3 Times Square in popular culture · 4 References · 5 See also · 6 External links [edit] History Broadway at 42nd St. 1880 In the early 1900s The New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs moved the paper's operations to a new tower, now called One Times Square, on 42nd Street in the middle of the area known as Longacre Square. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr. to build a subway station there and rename it Times Square. On April 8, 1904, officiated by Mayor McClellan, it was renamed. Just three weeks later, the first advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street and Broadway. The Times moved out of the tower in 1913, although it remains in the neighborhood. Later known as the Allied Chemical Building and now known as One Times Square, the tower is the site of the annual New Year's Eve ball drop. On December 31, 1907, a ball signifying New Year's Day was first dropped at Times Square, and the Square has held the main New Year's celebration in New York City since. On this night hundreds of thousands of people congregate to watch the Waterford crystal ball being lowered on a pole atop the building (though not to the street, as is a common misconception), marking the new year. It replaced a lavish fireworks display from the top of the building that was held from 1904 to 1906, but was outlawed by city officials. During World War II, a minute of silence, followed by a recording of church bells pealing, replaced the ball drop because of wartime blackout restrictions. Looking towards 1 Times Square. In 1972, entertainer Dick Clark began hosting a live half-hour ABC special detailing the event entitled Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve, which not only aired the descent of the ball, but also performances from popular bands and commentary from various hosts in other cities, notably Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Orlando. During the millennium celebrations in 1999, Peter Jennings based ABC's operations in Times Square, hosting ABC 2000 Today. On average, approximately 750,000 revelers crowd Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebrations. However, for the millennium celebration on December 31, 1999, published reports stated approximately 2 million people overflowed Times Square, flowing from 6th Avenue to 8th Avenue and all the way back on Broadway and Seventh Avenues to 59th Street, making it the largest gathering in Times Square since August 1945 during celebrations marking the end of World War II. Times Square quickly grew as a cultural hub full of theaters, music halls, and upscale hotels. "Times Square quickly became New York's agora, a place to gather both to await great tidings and to celebrate them, whether a World Series or a presidential election," writes James Traub in The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square. Names such as Irving Berlin, Fred Astaire, and Charlie Chaplin were closely associated with Times Square in the 1910s and 1920s. NYPD kiosk at Times Square The atmosphere changed with the onset of the Great Depression during the 1930s. Times Square became a neighborhood full of "peep shows", erotic all-night movie houses, and stores selling cheap tourist merchandise. The change is captured in Damon Runyon's stories, including his collection Guys and Dolls. In the decades afterwards, it was considered a dangerous neighborhood. The seediness of Times Square was a famous symbol of New York City's danger and corruption from the 1960s until the early 1990s. Influential and dark films such as Midnight Cowboy (1969) and Taxi Driver (1976) had many scenes in Times Square, while its grindhouse cinemas routinely showed sleazy and X-rated films. In the 1980s, a commercial building boom began in the West 40s and 50s as part of a long-term development plan conceived under Mayors Ed Koch and David Dinkins. Then, in the mid-1990s, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani (1994–2002), led an intense effort to "clean up" the area, including closing sex shops, increasing security, driving out the "squeegee men" and opening more tourist-friendly attractions. The process began when the local government issued an injunction against the tight clustering of the porn shops in the 42nd Street area. Many of the sex shops closed or moved to industrial areas in Brooklyn or Queens and New Jersey. More up-scale establishments have opened. Advocates of the remodeling claim that the neighborhood is safer and cleaner. Detractors, on the other hand, argue that the changes have diluted the character of Times Square and have unfairly targeted lower income New Yorkers from nearby neighborhoods (such as Hell's Kitchen). In 1990, the State of New York took possession of six of the nine historic theatres on 42nd Street. The New 42nd Street nonprofit organization was appointed to oversee their restoration and care. The theatres were variously renovated for Broadway shows, converted for commercial purposes, or demolished. [edit] Times Square today A panorama of Times Square Times Square at night The theaters of Broadway and the huge number of gaudy animated neon and television-style signage have long made it one of New York's iconic images, and a symbol of the intensely urban aspects of Manhattan. Times Square is the only neighborhood with a zoning ordinance requiring tenants to display bright signs. The density of illuminated signs in Times Square now rivals Las Vegas. Officially, signs in Times Square are called "spectaculars." In 1992, the Times Square Alliance (formerly the Times Square Business Improvement District, or "BID" for short), a coalition of businesses dedicated to improving the quality of commerce and cleanliness in the district, started operations in the area. Times Square now boasts attractions such as ABC's Times Square Studios, where Good Morning America is broadcast live, elaborate Toys "R" Us, Virgin Records, and Hershey's stores, as well as restaurants such as Ruby Foo's (Chinese food), the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company (seafood) and Carmine's (Italian) along with a number of multiplex movie theaters. It has also attracted a number of large financial, publishing, and media firms to set up their headquarters in the area. A larger police presence in Times Square has improved the safety of the area. While the revitalized region is undoubtedly safer and more pleasant, some complain that the area has lost its spark and is now a thoroughly sanitized, "Disneyfied" version of its former self. A notable example of the signage is the NASDAQ sign at the NASDAQ MarketSite at 4 Times Square on 43rd Street. Unveiled in January 2000, it cost $37 million to build. The sign is 120 feet (36.6m) high. NASDAQ pays over $2 million a year to lease the space for this sign. This is actually considered a good deal in advertising as the number of "impressions" the sign makes far exceeds those generated by other ad forms. General Electric leased, through its NBC Universal division, the famous Panasonic Astro Vision screen plate in the middle of Times Square until October 13, 2006. News Corp. took over on that date due to NBC Universal's financial difficulty and will be showing the Fox News Channel. In 2002, NYC's outgoing mayor, Rudy Giuliani, gave the oath of office to the city's next mayor, Michael Bloomberg, in Times Square after midnight on January 1 as part of the 2001–2002 New Year's celebration. Approximately 500,000 revelers attended the fete. Security was high following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, with over 7,000 New York City police on duty in the Square (twice the number for an ordinary year). [edit] Corporate presence The following corporations are headquartered at Times Square with many others having corporate presences in the area: · Condé Nast Publications · Ernst and Young · Instinet · Lehman Brothers · Morgan Stanley · Bain & Company · MTV Networks · The New York Times Company · Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom · Reuters · Elizabeth Taylor · Viacom · General Electric [edit] Major buildings on and near Times Square · 1 Times Square · Reuters Building (3 Times Square) [1] · Times Square Tower · New York Times Tower (construction) · Bank of America Tower, New York City (construction) · The Orion (construction) · New York Marriott Marquis · AXA Center · One Astor Plaza · W Times Square · Ramada Renaissance Hotel · Sheraton New York · One Worldwide Plaza · Conde Nast Building · 1585 Broadway · 810 7th Avenue · 5 Times Square · 11 Times Square (construction) [edit] Times Square in popular culture The Times Square neighborhood, notably its busiest intersection, has been featured countless times in literature, on television, and in films. Among the instances: The first opening credit crawl of Saturday Night Live featured cast members' names and, later, photographs, superimposed over billboards in Times Square. In the 1990 film Quick Change, Bill Murray exits the subway in Times Square. In the 1992 film Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, Catherine O'Hara asks two New York City police officers for help in locating her lost son while in Times Square on Christmas Eve. On the popular show, America's Next Top Model, three cycles were filmed in New York, and Times Square was shown in Cycle 3. For the 2001 film Vanilla Sky, Times Square was shut down for three hours[1] for a scene where Tom Cruise is alone in Times Square. The title character in the 2002 blockbuster Spider-Man does battle with the Green Goblin in Times Square and also saves the life of heroine Mary Jane. Times Square is featured at length in the 2005 film King Kong – ‘Kong’ breaks free of restraints on a Broadway stage, then smashes through the building’s front on to Times Square where mayhem follows. Times Square currently serves as the shooting location for ABC's Good Morning America, MTV's Total Request Live (taped in a studio overlooking the Square), and the annual Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. The studio where Good Morning America is broadcast from is where Peter Jennings hosted ABC 2000 Today, ABC News's coverage of the millennium, and where Dick Clark hosts Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin Eve. In the 2005 video game True Crime: New York City, the headquarters of the Police Department of New York (slightly changed version of New York Police Department due to licensing reasons) are located in Times Square, more specifically on the corner of Broadway and 7th Avenue, at the site of the One Astor Plaza, home to Viacom. The square also appears, although fake products are used in the advertising spaces. Such landmarks like the TKTS booth (shown in the game as SHOWS) appear. The 2006 video game Driver: Parallel Lines features Times Square in both of its time era setting. One is of a 1978 version of Times Square, and the other is a 2006 version of Times Square. The products which appear in the advertising spaces are actually fake products, but some of them do advertise the company which created and produced the game, Atari. The likeness of Times Square was used for the opening theme of the NFL Sunday Night Football on NBC Sports. The Xbox video game Forza Motorsport features Times Square in two racing circits, New York Circuit and New York Circuit Short [edit] References · The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square by James Traub (ISBN 0-375-50788-4) 1. ^ http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20011214/REVIEWS/112140304/1023 [edit] See also · Duffy Square, the northern section of Times Square. · Naked Cowboy, New York City street performer and prominent fixture of Times Square [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Times Square · Times Square Webcams · Times Square Information and Entertainment: http://www.timessquare.com/ · Times Square Tourism web site: http://timessquare.nyctourist.com/ · Times Square Alliance: http://www.timessquarealliance.org/ · 360-panorama: http://www.panoramas.dk/new-year-2005/FS1_times-square.html · Air visit of 'Times Square and its district' in Photographs · gallery of photographs · Virtual Tour of Times Square · Photographs 2006 Neighborhoods in the New York City Borough of Manhattan v • d • e Community Boards: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 Alphabet City · Ansonia · Battery Park City · Bowery · Carnegie Hill · Chelsea · Chinatown · Civic Center · Columbus Circle · Cooperative Village · Diamond District · East Village · Financial District · Five Points · Flatiron District · Garment District · Governors Island · Gramercy · Greenwich Village · Hamilton Heights · Harlem · Hell's Kitchen · Herald Square · Hudson Heights · Inwood · Kips Bay · Koreatown · Lincoln Square · Little Germany · Little Italy · Loisaida · Lower East Side · Lower Manhattan · Madison Square · Manhattan Valley · Manhattanville · Marble Hill · Meatpacking District · Midtown · Morningside Heights · Murray Hill · NoHo · NoLIta · Peter Cooper Village · Radio Row · Randall's Island · Roosevelt Island · San Juan Hill · SoHo · Spanish Harlem · Stuyvesant Town · Sugar Hill · Sutton Place · Tenderloin · Times Square · TriBeCa · Tudor City · Turtle Bay · Union Square · Upper East Side · Upper Manhattan · Upper West Side · Ward's Island · Washington Heights · West Village · Yorkville Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square" Category: Times Square Metropolitan Museum of Art Metropolitan Museum of Art Established 1872 Location 5th Avenue, Manhattan, New York Director Philippe de Montebello Website http://www.metmuseum.org The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as The Met, is one of the world's largest and most important art museums. It is located on the eastern edge of Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The Met also maintains "The Cloisters", which features medieval art. The Met's permanent collection contains more than two million works of art from around the world. The collection's holdings range from treasures of classical antiquity, like those represented in its Greek and Cypriot galleries, to paintings and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, to an extensive collection of American art. The collection also contains extensive holdings of Egyptian, African, Asian, Oceanic, Middle Eastern, Byzantine and Islamic art. An encyclopedic collection of Musical Instruments [2]from all over the world is also on view, as are a number of recreations of notable interiors, including one by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The Department of Arms and Armor displays a collection of antique weapons and armor from around the world, primarily Europe, but also Japan, the United States, and the Middle East, with extensive holdings from other cultures and periods in the study collection. Contents[hide]· 1 History · 2 Directors · 3 Departments o 3.1 American Decorative Arts o 3.2 American Paintings and Sculpture o 3.3 Ancient Near Eastern Art o 3.4 Arms and Armor o 3.5 Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas o 3.6 Asian Art o 3.7 The Costume Institute o 3.8 Drawings and Prints o 3.9 Egyptian Art o 3.10 European Paintings o 3.11 European Sculpture and Decorative Arts o 3.12 Greek and Roman Art o 3.13 Islamic Art o 3.14 Robert Lehman Collection o 3.15 The Libraries o 3.16 Medieval Art § 3.16.1 Main Building § 3.16.2 The Cloisters o 3.17 Modern Art o 3.18 Musical Instruments o 3.19 Photographs · 4 Acquisitions and Deaccessioning at the Met · 5 Trivia · 6 Gallery of some works on display · 7 Hours and Admissions · 8 See also · 9 External links · 10 References [edit] History The central lobby of the museum In 1866 a group of Americans were visiting Paris taking in the cultural delights of the Old World and it occurred to some of them that New York deserved a world class art museum. To that end John Jay, President of the Union League Club gave a speech declaring "America needed a National Institution and Gallery of Art and that the American gentlemen then in Europe were the men to inaugurate that plan." The art committee [1] of the Union League Club, in concert with other prominent citizens, led the way with the museum to be established by an act of the New York State Legislature in 1870. The Metropolitan Museum of Art first opened its doors on February 20, 1872, housed in a building located at 681 Fifth Avenue in New York City. John Taylor Johnston, a railroad executive whose personal art collection seeded the museum, served as its first President, and the publisher George Palmer Putnam came on board as its founding Superintendent. Under their guidance, the Met's holdings, initially consisting of a Roman stone sarcophagus and 174 mostly European paintings, quickly outgrew the available space. In 1873, occasioned by the Met's purchase of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriot antiquities, the museum decamped from Fifth Avenue and took up residence at the Douglas Mansion on West 14th Street. However, these new accommodations were temporary; after negotiations with the city of New York, the Met acquired land on the east side of Central Park, where it built its permanent home, a red-brick Gothic Revival stone "mausoleum" designed by American architects Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mold.[2] The Met has remained in this location ever since, and the original structure is still part of its current building. A host of additions over the years, including the distinctive Beaux-Arts facade, designed by Richard Morris Hunt and completed in 1926, have continued to expand the museum's physical structure. As of 2006, the Met measures almost a quarter mile long and occupies more than two million square feet, more than 20 times the size of the original 1880 building.[3] [edit] Directors Its director from 1955 to his death on May 11, 1966, was James J. Rorimer. He was succeeded by Thomas Hoving, who served from March 17, 1967 to June 30, 1977. The current director is Philippe de Montebello. [edit] Departments The Met's permanent collection is cared for and exhibited by nineteen separate departments, each with a specialized staff of curators, restorers, and scholars. [edit] American Decorative Arts The American Decorative Arts Department includes about 12,000 examples of American decorative art, ranging from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth century. Though the Met acquired its first major holdings of American decorative arts via a 1909 donation by Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage, wife of the financier Russell Sage, a decorative arts department specifically dedicated to American works was not established until 1934. One of the prizes of the American Decorative Arts department is its extensive collection of American stained glass. This collection, probably the most comprehensive in the world, includes many pieces by Louis Comfort Tiffany. The department is also well-known for its twenty-five period rooms, each of which recreates an entire room, furnishings and all, from a noted period or designer. The department's current holdings also include an extensive silver collection notable for containing numerous pieces by Paul Revere as well as works by Tiffany & Co. [edit] American Paintings and Sculpture Ever since its founding, the Metropolitan Museum of Art has placed a particular emphasis on collecting American art. The first piece to enter the Met's collection was an allegorical sculpture by Hiram Powers titled California, acquired in 1870, which can still be seen in the Met's galleries today. In the following decades, the Met's collection of American paintings and sculpture has grown to include more than one thousand paintings, six hundred sculptures, and 2,600 drawings, covering the entire range of American art from the early Colonial period through the early twentieth century. Many of the best-known American paintings are held in the Met's collection, including a portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart and Emanuel Leutze's monumental Washington Crossing the Delaware. The collection also includes masterpieces by such notable American painters as Winslow Homer, George Caleb Bingham, John Singer Sargent, James McNeill Whistler, and Thomas Eakins. [edit] Ancient Near Eastern Art Beginning in the late 1800s, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few cuneiform tablets and seals, the Met's holdings of Near Eastern works have grown to encompass pieces dating from the beginning of the Neolithic Period through the Arab conquest of the Sassanid Empire in 651. The collection includes works from the Sumerian, Hittite, Sassanian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Elamite cultures (among others), as well as an extensive collection of unique Bronze Age objects. The highlights of the collection include a set of monumental stone lammasu, or guardian figures, from the Northwest Palace of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II. [edit] Arms and Armor The Met's Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museum's most popular collections. The distinctive "parade" of armored figures on horseback installed in the first-floor Arms and Armor gallery is one of the most recognizable images of the museum. The department's focus on "outstanding craftsmanship and decoration", including pieces intended solely for display, means that the collection is strongest in late medieval European pieces and Japanese pieces from the fifth through the nineteenth centuries. However, these are not the only cultures represented in Arms and Armor; in fact, the collection spans more geographic regions than almost any other department, including weapons and armor from dynastic Egypt, ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the ancient Near East, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. Among the collection's 15,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry II of France and Ferdinand I of Germany. [edit] Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas Though the Met first acquired a group of Peruvian antiquities in 1882, the museum did not begin a concerted effort to collect works from Africa, Oceania, and the Americas until 1969, when American businessman and philanthropist Nelson A. Rockefeller donated his more than 3,000-piece collection to the museum. Today, the Met's collection contains more than 11,000 pieces from sub-Saharan Africa, the Pacific Islands and the Americas and is housed in the 40,000 square-foot Rockefeller Wing on the south end of the museum. The collection ranges from 40,000-year-old Australian Aboriginal rock paintings, to a group of fifteen-foot high memorial poles carved by the Asmat people of New Guinea, to a priceless collection of ceremonial and personal objects from the Nigerian Court of Benin. The range of materials represented in the Africa, Oceania, and Americas collection is undoubtedly the widest of any department at the Met, including everything from precious metals to porcupine quills. [edit] Asian Art The Met's Asian department holds a collection of Asian art that is arguably the most comprehensive in the West. The collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum : many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections. Today, an entire wing of the museum is dedicated to the Asian collection, which contains more than 60,000 pieces and spans 4,000 years of Asian art. Every Asian civilization is represented in the Met's Asian department, and the pieces on display include every type of decorative art, from painting to printmaking to sculpture to metalworking. The department is well-known for its comprehensive collection of Chinese calligraphy and painting, as well as for its Nepalese and Tibetan works. However, not only "art" and ritual objects are represented in the collection; many of the best-known pieces are functional objects. The Asian wing even contains a complete Ming Dynasty garden court, modeled on a courtyard in the Garden of the Master of the Fishing Nets in Suzhou. [edit] The Costume Institute In 1937, the Museum of Costume Art joined with the Met and became its Costume Institute department. Today, its collection contains more than 80,000 costumes and accessories. Due to the fragile nature of the items in the collection, the Costume Institute does not maintain a permanent installation. Instead, every year it holds two separate shows in the Met's galleries using costumes from its collection, with each show centering on a specific designer or theme. In past years, Costume Institute shows organized around famous designers such as Chanel and Gianni Versace have drawn significant crowds to the Met. [edit] Drawings and Prints Though other departments contain significant numbers of drawings and prints, the Drawings and Prints department specifically concentrates on North American pieces and western European works produced after the Middle Ages. Currently, the Drawings and Prints collection contains more than 11,000 drawings, 1.5 million prints, and twelve thousand illustrated books. The collection has been steadily growing ever since the first bequest of 670 drawings donated to the museum by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1880. The great masters of European painting, who produced many more sketches and drawings than actual paintings, are extensively represented in the Drawing and Prints collection. The department's holdings contain major drawings by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rembrandt, as well as prints and etchings by Van Dyck, Dürer, and Degas among many others. [edit] Egyptian Art Though the majority of the Met's initial holdings of Egyptian art came from private collections, items uncovered during the museum's own archeological excavations, carried out between 1906 and 1941, constitute almost half of the current collection. More than 36,000 separate pieces of Egyptian art from the Paleolithic era through the Roman era constitute the Met's Egyptian collection, and almost all of them are on display in the museum's massive wing of 40 Egyptian galleries. Among the most valuable pieces in the Met's Egyptian collection are a set of 24 wooden models, discovered in a tomb in Deir el-Bahri in 1920. These models depict, in unparalleled detail, a veritable cross-section of Egyptian life in the early Middle Kingdom : boats, gardens, and scenes of daily life. However, the popular centerpiece of the Egyptian Art department continues to be the Temple of Dendur. Dismantled by the Egyptian government to save it from rising waters caused by the building of the Aswan High Dam, the large sandstone temple was given to the United States in 1965 and assembled in the Met's Sackler Wing in 1978. Situated in a large room, partially surrounded by a reflecting pool and illuminated by a wall of windows opening onto Central Park, the Temple of Dendur is one of the Met's most enduring attractions. [edit] European Paintings The Met has one of the world's best collections of European paintings. Though the collection numbers only around 2,200 pieces, it contains many of the world's most instantly recognizable paintings. The bulk of the Met's purchasing has always been in this department, primarily focusing on Old Masters and nineteenth-century European paintings, with an emphasis on French, Italian and Dutch artists. Many great artists are represented in remarkable depth in the Met's holdings : the museum owns thirty-seven paintings by Monet, twenty-one oils by Cezanne, and eighteen Rembrandts including Aristotle With a Bust of Homer. The Met's five paintings by Vermeer represent the largest collection of the artist's work anywhere in the world. Other highlights of the collection include Van Gogh's Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat, Pieter Bruegel the Elder's The Harvesters, Georges de La Tour's The Fortune Teller, and Jacques-Louis David's The Death of Socrates. In recent decades, the Met has carried out a policy of deaccessioning its "minor" holdings in order to purchase a smaller number of "world-class" pieces. Though this policy remains controversial, it has gained a number of outstanding (and outstandingly expensive) masterpieces for the European Paintings collection, beginning with Velázquez's Juan de Pareja in 1971. One of The Met's latest purchases is Duccio's Madonna and Child, which cost the museum more than 45 million dollars, more than twice the amount it had paid for any previous painting. The painting itself is only slightly larger than 9 by 6 inches, but has been called "the Met's Mona Lisa". [edit] European Sculpture and Decorative Arts Though European painting may have its own department, other European decorative arts are well-represented at the Met. In fact, the European Sculpture and Decorative Arts collection is one of the largest departments at the Met, holding in excess of 50,000 separate pieces from the [1400s] through the early twentieth century. Though the collection is particularly concentrated in Renaissance sculpture -- much of which can be seen in situ surrounded by contemporary furnishings and decoration -- it also contains comprehensive holdings of furniture, jewelry, glass and ceramic pieces, tapestries, textiles, and timepieces and mathematical instruments. Visitors can enter dozens of completely furnished period rooms, transplanted in their entirety into the Met's galleries. The collection even includes an entire sixteenth-century patio from the Spanish castle of Vélez Blanco, meticulously reconstructed in a two-story gallery. Sculptural highlights of the sprawling department include Bernini's Bacchanal, a cast of Rodin's The Burghers of Calais, and several unique pieces by Houdon, including his Bust of Voltaire and his famous portrait of his daughter Sabine. [edit] Greek and Roman Art The Met's collection of Greek and Roman art contains more than 50,000 works dated through A.D. 312. The Greek and Roman collection dates back to the founding of the museum -- in fact, the museum's first accessioned object was a Roman sarcophagus, still currently on display. Though the collection naturally concentrates on items from ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, these historical regions represent a wide range of cultures and artistic styles, from classic Greek black-figure and red-figure vases to carved Roman tunic pins. Several highlights of the collection include the Euphronios krater depicting the death of Sarpedon (whose ownership has since been transferred to the Republic of Italy), the monumental Amathus sarcophagus, and a magnificently detailed Etruscan chariot. The collection also contains many pieces from far earlier than the Greek or Roman empires -- among the most remarkable are a collection of early Cycladic sculptures from the mid-third millennium BCE, many so abstract as to seem almost modern. The Greek and Roman galleries also contain several large classical wall paintings and reliefs from different periods, including an entire reconstructed bedroom from a noble villa in Boscoreale, excavated after its entombment by the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. By 2007, the Met's Greek and Roman galleries will be expanded to approximately 60,000 square feet, allowing the majority of the collection to be on permanent display. [edit] Islamic Art The Met's collection of Islamic art is not confined strictly to religious art, though a significant number of the objects in the Islamic collection were originally created for religious use or as decorative elements in mosques. Much of the collection consists of secular items, including ceramics and textiles, from Islamic cultures ranging from Spain to North Africa to Central Asia. In fact, the Islamic Art department's collection of miniature paintings from Iran and Mughal India are a highlight of the collection. Calligraphy both religious and secular is well-represented in the Islamic Art department, from the official decrees of Suleiman the Magnificent to a number of Qur'an manuscripts reflecting different periods and styles of calligraphy. As with many other departments at the Met, the Islamic Art galleries contain many interior pieces, including the entire reconstructed Nur Al-Din Room from an early 18th century house in Damascus. The Islamic Arts galleries are undergoing expansion and are projected to be closed until early 2008. Until that time, a number of items from the collection are on temporary display throughout the museum. [edit] Robert Lehman Collection On the passing of banker Robert Lehman in 1969, his Foundation donated close to 3,000 works of art to the museum. Housed in the "Robert Lehman Wing," the museum refers to the collection as "one of the most extraordinary private art collections ever assembled in the United States".[4] To emphasize the personal nature of the Robert Lehman Collection, the Met housed the collection in a special set of galleries which evoked the interior of Lehman's richly decorated townhouse; this intentional separation of the Collection as a "museum within the museum" met with mixed criticism and approval at the time, though the acquisition of the collection was seen as a coup for the Met.[5] Unlike other departments at the Met, the Robert Lehman collection does not concentrate on a specific style or period of art; rather, it reflects Lehman's personal interests. Lehman the collector concentrated heavily on paintings of the Italian Renaissance, particularly the Sienese school. Paintings in the collection include masterpieces by Botticelli and Domenico Veneziano, as well as works by a significant number of Spanish painters, El Greco and Goya among them. Lehman's collection of drawings by the Old Masters, featuring works by Rembrandt and Dürer, is particularly valuable for its breadth and quality.[6] Princeton University Press has documented the massive collection in a multi-volume book series published as "The Robert Lehman Collection Catalogues." [edit] The Libraries The main library at the Met is the Thomas J. Watson Library, named after its benefactor. The Watson Library primarily collects books related to the history of art, including exhibition catalogues and auction sale publications, and generally attempts to reflect the emphasis of the museum's permanent collection. Several of the museum's departments have their own specialized libraries relating to their area of expertise. The Watson Library and the individual departments' libraries also hold substantial examples of early or historically important books which are works of art in their own right. Among these are books by Dürer and Athanasius Kircher, as well as editions of the seminal Surrealist magazine "VVV" and a copy of "Le Description de l'Egypte," commissioned in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte and considered one of the greatest achievements of French publishing. Several of the departmental libraries are open to members of the public without prior appointment. The Library and Teacher Resource Center, Ruth and Harold Uris Center for Education, is open to visitors of all ages to study art and art history and to learn about the Museum, its exhibitions and permanent collection. The Robert Goldwater Library of the department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas documents the visual arts of sub-Saharan Africa, the Pacific Islands, and Native and Precolumbian America. It is open to adult researchers, including college and graduate students. Most of the other departmental libraries are for museum staff only or are open to the general public by appointment only. [edit] Medieval Art The Met's collection of medieval art consists of a comprehensive range of Western art from the 4th century through the early 16th century, as well as Byzantine and pre-medieval European antiquities not included in the ancient Greek and Roman collection. Like the Islamic collection, the Medieval collection contains a broad range of two- and three-dimensional art, with religious objects heavily represented. In total, the Medieval Art department's permanent collection numbers about 11,000 separate objects. Because of its size, it is the only collection to be divided between two locations : the main museum building on Fifth Avenue and the Cloisters, a separate building dedicated solely to medieval art. The same curatorial department oversees both locations. [edit] Main Building The medieval collection in the main Metropolitan building, centered on the first-floor medieval gallery, contains about six thousand separate objects. While a great deal of European medieval art is on display in these galleries, most of the European pieces are concentrated at the Cloisters (see below). However, this allows the main galleries to display much of the Met's Byzantine art side-by-side with European pieces. The main gallery is host to a wide range of tapestries and church and funerary statuary, while side galleries display smaller works of precious metals and ivory, including reliquary pieces and secular items. The main gallery, with its high arched ceiling, also serves double duty as the annual site of the Met's elaborately decorated Christmas tree. [edit] The Cloisters Main article: The Cloisters The Cloisters, so named on account of the five medieval French cloisters whose salvaged structures were incorporated into the modern building, is a work of art in its own right. The result, which evokes its constitutent sources without directly mimicking any particular building, features stained-glass windows, carved beams and columns, and even tapestries from the original sites. The Cloisters' four-acre site includes several gardens planted according to horticultural information from contemporary sources. While the medieval collection exhibited at the main Metropolitan building is wide-ranging, the five thousand objects at the Cloisters are strictly limited to medieval European works. The collection exhibited here features many items of outstanding beauty and historical importance; among these are the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry illustrated by the Limbourg Brothers in 1409, the Romanesque altar cross known as the "Cloisters Cross" or "Bury Cross," and the seven heroically detailed tapestries depicting the Hunt of the Unicorn. [edit] Modern Art Though the Museum of Modern Art is considered the preeminent New York institution for modern art, the Met's substantial department of modern art is nonetheless significant in its own right. With more than 10,000 artworks, primarily by European and American artists, the modern art collection occupies 60,000 square feet of gallery space and contains many iconic modern works. Cornerstones of the collection include Picasso's portrait of Gertrude Stein, Jasper Johns's White Flag, Jackson Pollock's Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), and Max Beckmann's triptych Beginning. Certain artists are represented in remarkable depth, for a museum whose focus is not exclusively on modern art : for example, the collection contains forty paintings by Paul Klee, spanning his entire career. Due to the Met's long history, "contemporary" paintings acquired in years past have often migrated to other collections at the museum, particularly to the American and European Paintings departments. [edit] Musical Instruments The Met's collection of musical instruments, with about five thousand examples of musical instruments from all over the world, is virtually unique among major museums. The collection began in 1889 with a donation of several hundred instruments by Lucy W. Drexel, but the department's current focus came through donations over the following years by Mary Elizabeth Adams, wife of John Crosby Brown. Instruments were (and continue to be) included in the collection not only on aesthetic grounds, but also insofar as they embodied technical and social aspects of their cultures of origin. The modern Musical Instruments collection is encyclopedic in scope; every continent is represented at virtually every stage of its musical life. Highlights of the department's collection include several Stradivari violins, a collection of Asian instruments made from precious metals, and the oldest surviving piano, a 1720 model by Bartolomeo Cristofori. Many of the instruments in the collection are playable, and the department encourages their use by holding concerts and demonstrations by guest musicians. [edit] Photographs The Met's collection of photographs, numbering more than 20,000 in total, is centered around five major collections plus additional acquisitions by the museum. Alfred Stieglitz, a famous photographer himself, donated the first major collection of photographs to the museum, which included a comprehensive survey of Photo-Secessionist works, a rich set of master prints by Edward Steichen, and an outstanding collection of Stieglitz's photographs from his own studio. The Met supplemented Stieglitz's gift with the 8,500-piece Gilman Paper Company Collection, the Rubel Collection, and the Ford Motor Company Collection, which respectively provided the collection with early French and American photography, early British photography, and post-WWI American and European photography. The museum also acquired Walker Evans's personal collection of photographs, a particular coup considering the high demand for his works. Though the department gained a permanent gallery in 1997, not all of the department's holdings are on display at any given time, due to the sensitive materials represented in the photography collection. However, the Photographs department has produced some of the best-received temporary exhibits in the Met's recent past, including a Diane Arbus retrospective and an extensive show devoted to spirit photography. [edit] Acquisitions and Deaccessioning at the Met During the 1970s, under the directorship of Thomas Hoving, the Met revised its deaccessioning policy. Under the new policy, the Met set its sights on acquiring "world-class" pieces, regularly funding the purchases by selling mid- to high-value items from its collection.[7] Though the Met had always sold duplicate or minor items from its collection to fund the acquisition of new pieces, the Met's new policy was significantly more aggressive and wide-ranging than before, and allowed the deaccessioning of items whose higher value would normally have precluded their sale. The new policy provoked a great deal of criticism (in particular, from the New York Times). However, the new policy had its intended effect; many of the items then purchased with funds generated by the more liberal deaccessioning policy are now considered the "stars" of the Met's collection, including Velasquez's Juan de Pareja and the Euphronios krater depicting the death of Sarpedon. In the years since the Met began its new deaccessioning policy, other museums have begun to emulate it with aggressive deaccessioning programs of their own.[8] The Met has continued the policy in recent years, selling such valuable pieces as Edward Steichen's 1904 photograph The Pond-Moonlight (of which another copy was already in the Met's collection) for a record price of $2.9 million.[9] [edit] Trivia · The area around the Metropolitan Museum of Art, commonly referred to as "Museum Mile," is particularly dense in museums large and small. Both the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Neue Galerie are located near the Met's main building. However, as a Manhattan-based museum, the Met is often viewed as competing most directly with the Museum of Modern Art. · In mid-2006, more than a year after the Museum of Modern Art set its standard admission fee to the widely-criticized price of $20 per person, the Met finally followed suit and raised its own entrance fee from $15 to $20.[10] However, unlike many other New York museums, including MoMA, the Met's entrance fee is still entirely optional. Still, the vast majority of visitors to the Met pay the suggested amount. · The Met was famously used as the setting for much of the Newbery Medal-winning children's book, From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, in which the two young protagonists run away from home and secretly stay several nights in the museum. However, Michelangelo's Angel statue, central to the book's plot, is purely fictional and not actually part of the museum's collection. The Met was also seen (at one point completely covered with slime) in the film Ghostbusters 2. · The oldest items at the Met are a set of Archeulian flints from Deir El Bahri in Egypt, which date from the Lower Paleolithic period (between 300,000 - 75,000 BC). · In 1910, the Met became the first museum to display the paintings of Matisse. · The unofficial mascot of the museum is "William," a small blue faience figurine of a hippopotamus from the Twelfth Dynasty, acquired in 1917.[11][12] [edit] Gallery of some works on display Sargent Titian Watteau Vermeer Monet Renoir Sisley Van Gogh Polykleitos Villers Leutze From The Cloisters [edit] Hours and Admissions Hours of operation are as follows: -Monday Closed (except Met Monday Holidays) -Tuesday 9:30 a.m.–5:30 p.m. -Wednesday 9:30 a.m.–5:30 p.m. -Thursday 9:30 a.m.–5:30 p.m. -Friday 9:30 a.m.–9:00 p.m. -Saturday 9:30 a.m.–9:00 p.m. -Sunday 9:30 a.m.–5:30 p.m. The museum is closed for the holidays Thanksgiving Day, December 25, & January 1. Galleries are cleared at 5:15 p.m., Sunday–Thursday, and 8:45 p.m., Friday and Saturday. On Met Monday Holidays the Main Building of the Metropolitan Museum, its galleries, public restaurants, and shops are open from 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Met Monday Holidays in 2006 are: -January 16: Martin Luther King Jr. Day -February 20: Presidents' Day -May 29: Memorial Day -July 3: Independence Day Weekend -September 4: Labor Day -October 9: Columbus Day The Metropolitan Museum of art maintains a policy of donation based admissions. As of August 1st 2006 the suggested donations are: $20 adults, $10 seniors & students. These are only suggested donations and not minimum donations. Included with the admission is same day entrance to any of the museum's special exhibits as well as to the Cloisters museum in Fort Tyron Park. [edit] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Metropolitan Museum of Art · List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City · Education in New York City [edit] External links · Metropolitan Museum of Art: official site · The Metropolitan Museum of Art presents a Timeline of Art History · Watsonline: The Catalog of the Libraries of The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 40.779447° -73.96311° o Street map from Google Maps or Yahoo! Maps o Topographic map from TopoZone o Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA o Satellite image from Google Maps or Microsoft Virtual Earth [edit] References 1. ^ [1] 2. ^ Visitor's Information at the Metropolitan Museum of Art website 3. ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art at HumanitiesWeb 4. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art press release, September 1999 5. ^ Thomas Hoving. Making the Mummies Dance. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993. 6. ^ Art Review : Feast of Illuminations and Drawings, John Russell. New York Times, February 18, 2000 7. ^ Thomas Hoving. Making the Mummies Dance. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993. 8. ^ "Brimful museums put art under the hammer" James Bone, The Times Online. October 31, 2005 9. ^ "Rare photo sets $2.9m sales record", BBC News, February 16, 2006 10. ^ "Met Is to Raise Its Admission Fee to $20" Carol Vogel, The New York Times, July 13 2006 11. ^ "William" in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website 12. ^ More information at the Metropolitan Museum of Art website Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" Categories: Museums in New York City | Metropolitan Museum of Art | Art museums and galleries in the United States | 1872 establishments | Central Park | Museums accredited by AAM | National Historic Landmarks of the United States | Registered Historic Places in Manhattan | 1880 architecture 魯道夫·朱利安尼 鲁道夫·朱利安尼的第二本書《決策時刻》 鲁道夫·威廉·路易斯·“鲁迪”·朱利安尼（Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III 1944年5月28日－）1997年到2001年間的紐約市市長，因快速的降低紐約市犯罪率而聞名，因他在九一一事件中臨危不亂的處理態度受人敬重。2001年獲選為時代年度風雲人物。 朱利安尼於1944年5月28日出生於紐約市布魯克林區，為義大利移民第二代。朱利安尼於1968年畢業於紐約大學取得法律學士學位，並在紐約法院和美國司法部擔任助理工作。朱利安尼在八十年代曾擔任美國聯邦檢察長、司法部代理檢察總長等職務。 1993年獲選紐約市市長，1997年再度勝選。出任市長時不少人批評他容不得異己，這是因為他性格相當強悍，較喜歡刻意集權。惟他的強權作風卻為紐約市帶來了不少政績。舉例自七十年代起紐約市的犯罪率乃美國數一數二，但朱利安尼一上台大力打擊罪案後，卻成功降低了紐約市犯罪率(如殺人案件與搶案分別下降了70﹪與68﹪)。他在九一一事件發生後所表現出的果決剛毅，替他贏得了「全美國人民的市長」美譽，並當選《時代》雜誌2001年的年度風雲人物，當時有人就這麼形容：「對我們比我們自己更有信心，在必要時展現勇氣，在適當時表現直率，舉止溫和又不顯陳腐，不眠不休，永不放棄，更不因周遭環繞著苦難而退縮。朱利安尼，世界的市長！」 2002年1月，他正式卸下紐約市長職務。現居住於紐約曼哈頓。 [编辑] 書籍 · 《決策時刻》Leadership 鲁道夫·朱利安尼/著 韓文正/譯 大塊出版社 2002 年11月18日 ISBN 9867975588 簡體中文譯為《領導藝術》 · 《城市之王：世紀市長朱利安尼》Rudy Giuliani Emperor of the City 安德魯．科茲曼/著 秦佩蘭/譯 商智出版社 2002年08月01日 ISBN 9867969251 [编辑] 外部聯結 · TIME 2001 Person of the Year - 英文 · 再見，朱利安尼！ - 曹長青 · RFA: 魯多夫·朱利安尼 前任：David Dinkins 纽约市市长1997年-2001年 繼任：彭博 来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E5%B0%BC” 页面分类: 1944年出生 | 紐約市長 | 美國政治人物 September 11, 2001 attacks "9/11" redirects here. For other uses, see 911 (disambiguation). September 11, 2001 attacks The towers burn shortly after United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower on the right. On the left is the still smoking North Tower, struck earlier by American Airlines Flight 11. Location New York, New York (first two), Arlington, Virginia (3rd) Washington, D.C., Shanksville, Pennsylvania (4th); all USA Target(s) World Trade Center and The Pentagon (fourth hijacking was probably aimed for the White House or the U.S. Capitol).[citation needed] Date September 11, 20018:46 am – 10:28 am (UTC-4) Attack Type Suicide attack, Hijacking Fatalities 2,992 (including 19 suicide hijackers) Injuries Unknown Perpetrator(s) Osama bin Laden, see also Responsibility and Organizers on the right hand column Sept. 11, 2001 attacks Timeline Background history Planning September 11, 2001 Rest of September October Beyond October Victims Survivors Foreign casualties Hijacked airliners American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 Sites of destruction World Trade Center The Pentagon Shanksville, Pennsylvania Effects and aftermath World political effects World economic effects Detentions Airport security Closings and cancellations Audiovisual entertainment Local health Response Government response Rescue and recovery effort Financial assistance Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services Perpetrators Responsibility Organizers Miscellaneous Communication Tower collapse Slogans and terms Conspiracy theories Opportunists Inquiries U.S. Congressional Inquiry 9/11 Commission This box: view • talk • edit A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced "nine eleven") consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States by Islamic radicals, predominantly targeting civilians, carried out on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. On the morning of September 11, 2001, nineteen terrorists[2] affiliated with al-Qaeda[3] hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. Each team of hijackers included a trained pilot. The hijackers crashed two of the airliners (United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 11) into the World Trade Center in New York City, one plane into each tower (1 WTC and 2 WTC). A third airliner (American Airlines Flight 77) was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. Passengers and members of the flight crew on the fourth aircraft (United Airlines Flight 93) attempted to retake control of their plane from the hijackers; that plane crashed into a field near the town of Shanksville in rural Somerset County, Pennsylvania. In addition to the 19 hijackers, 2,973 people died; another 24 are missing and presumed dead. Contents[hide]· 1 The attacks o 1.1 Fatalities o 1.2 Damage o 1.3 Survivors o 1.4 The hijackers o 1.5 Other potential hijackers · 2 Responsibility and motives o 2.1 Responsibility o 2.2 Motive o 2.3 Other potential attacks · 3 Reactions o 3.1 International reaction o 3.2 Public response o 3.3 Conspiracy theories · 4 U.S. Government response o 4.1 Rescue, recovery, and compensation o 4.2 The War on Terrorism o 4.3 Domestic response o 4.4 Investigations § 4.4.1 Collapse of the World Trade Center § 4.4.2 9/11 Commission Report o 4.5 Civilian aircraft grounding o 4.6 Invocation of the continuity of government · 5 Long-term effects o 5.1 Economic aftermath o 5.2 Potential health effects · 6 Memorials · 7 Media · 8 See also o 8.1 Tenants · 9 References · 10 Books · 11 External links o 11.1 Multimedia o 11.2 Memorials The attacks Main article: September 11, 2001 timeline for the day of the attacks Four commercial airliners were hijacked en route to California from Logan International, Dulles International, and Newark airports. Each of the airliners had a jet fuel capacity of nearly 24,000 U.S. gallons (91,000 liters) or 144,000 pounds (65,455 kilograms).[4] Two of the airliners were flown into the World Trade Center, one each into the North and South towers, one was flown into the Pentagon, and the fourth crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. · American Airlines Flight 11, a Boeing 767-223[5] wide-body aircraft, crashed into the north side of the North Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) at 8:46:30 a.m. local time (Eastern Daylight Time, 12:46:30 UTC). · United Airlines Flight 175, a Boeing 767-222,[6] crashed into the South Tower at 9:02:59 a.m. local time (13:02:59 UTC), an event covered live by television broadcasters and amateur filmers from around the world who had their cameras trained on the buildings after the earlier crash. · American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757-223,[7] crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 a.m. local time (13:37:46 UTC). · United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing 757-222,[8] crashed in a field in southwest Pennsylvania just outside of Shanksville, about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Washington, D.C., at 10:03:11 a.m. local time (14:03:11 UTC), with parts and debris found up to eight miles away. The crash in Pennsylvania resulted from the passengers of the airliner attempting to regain control from the hijackers. During the hijacking some passengers and crew members were able to make phone calls using the cabin GTE airphone service.[9][10] They reported that several hijackers were aboard each plane. The terrorists reportedly took control of the aircraft by using knives and box-cutter knives to kill flight attendants and at least one pilot or passenger. There were a number of reports from callers aboard the hijacked aircraft that suggest the hijackers murdered several people aboard the planes before impact including the captain of Flight 11, John Ogonowski.[11] Some form of noxious chemical spray, such as tear gas or pepper spray, was reported to have been used on American 11 and United 175 to keep passengers out of the first-class cabin.[12] Bomb threats were made on three of the aircraft, but not on American 77. According to the Commission Report the bombs were probably fake. The 9/11 Commission established that two of the hijackers had recently purchased Leatherman multi-function hand tools. On United Airlines Flight 93, black box recordings revealed that crew and passengers attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that similarly hijacked planes had been crashed into buildings that morning. According to the transcript of Flight 93's recorder one of the hijackers gave the order to roll the plane once it became evident that they would lose control of the plane to the passengers. Soon afterward, the aircraft crashed into a field near Shanksville in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, at 10:03:11 a.m. local time (14:03:11 UTC). The 9/11 Panel reported that captured al-Qaeda leader Khalid Shaikh Mohammed said that Flight 93's target was the United States Capitol, which was given the code name "the Faculty of Law." Video frame of the Pentagon, before its wall collapsed The attacks created widespread confusion across the United States. Unconfirmed and often contradictory reports were aired and published throughout the day. One of the most prevalent of these reported that a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters, the Truman Building in Foggy Bottom, Washington, D.C. This erroneous report, picked up by the wire services, was reported on CNN and in a number of newspapers published that day. Soon after reporting for the first time on the Pentagon crash, CNN and other media also briefly reported that a fire had broken out on the Washington Mall. Another report went out on the AP wire, claiming that a Delta 767–Flight 1989–had been hijacked. This report, too, turned out to be in error; the plane was briefly thought to represent a hijack risk, but it responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio. See also: Communication during the September 11, 2001 attacks Fatalities Fatalities (Not including the 19 hijackers) New York City World Trade Center 2,602 died and another 24 remain listed as missing[13][14] American 11 88[15] United 175 59[16] Pentagon Building 125[17] American 77 59[18] Shanksville United 93 40[19] Total 2,973 died and another 24 remain listed as missing. There were 2,973 fatalities: 246 on the four planes (no one on board any of the hijacked aircraft survived[20]), 2,602 in New York City in the towers and on the ground, and 125 at the Pentagon.[21]Among the fatalities were 343 New York City Fire Department firefighters, 23 New York City Police Department officers, and 37 Port Authority police officers.[22] An additional 24 people remain listed as missing.[14] World Trade Center - 1366 people died who were at or above the floors of impact in the North Tower (1 WTC); according to the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly by the impact while the rest were trapped and died later.[23] As many as 600 people were killed instantly or trapped at or above the floors of impact in the South Tower (2 WTC). Only about 18 managed to escape in time from above the impact zone and out of the South Tower before it collapsed. An estimated 200 people jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as depicted in the photograph "The Falling Man"), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below.[24] To witnesses watching, a few of the people falling from the towers seemed to have stumbled out of broken windows.[25] Some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue, however; no rescue plan existed for such an eventuality, the roof access doors were locked and thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented rescue helicopters from landing.[26] Collection of photographs of those murdered (except for 92 victims) during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Prosecution exhibit from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui. Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st-105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer. Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93-101 (the location of Flight 11's impact), lost 295 employees, including one on Flight 175. Additionally, Marsh lost 38 consultants. Approximately 400 rescue workers, most of them of the FDNY, died when the towers collapsed. According to the Associated Press, the city identified over 1,600 bodies but was unable to identify the rest (about 1,100 people). They report that the city has "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead."[27] Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 as workers prepared the damaged Deutsche Bank Building for demolition. The average age of all the dead in New York City was 40. The dead included 8 children: 5 on American 77 ranging in age from 3 to 11, 3 on United 175 ages 2, 3, and 4.[28] The youngest victim was a 2 year-old child on Flight 175, the oldest an 82 year-old passenger on Flight 11. In the buildings, the youngest victim was 17 and the oldest was 79.[29] As the suburbs around New York City learned of the destruction so close to home, many schools closed for the day, evacuated, or were locked down. Other school districts shielded students from watching television because many of their parents held jobs in the World Trade Center towers. In New Jersey and Connecticut, private schools were evacuated. Many children in schools of Maryland, those nearest to DC, were sent home. Scarsdale, New York schools closed for the day. In Greenwich, Connecticut, about 20 miles north of the city, hundreds of school children had direct ties to victims of the attacks. Greenwich and nearby New Canaan, two of the wealthiest towns in the area along with neighboring Darien, had more residents killed, as a percentage of total population, than any other Connecticut towns. After New York, New Jersey was the hardest hit state, with the town of Hoboken sustaining the most fatalities. Almost all the massacred were civilians, except some of the 125 victims in the Pentagon. There were also a number of reports, some contradictory, from callers aboard the hijacked aircraft that suggest the hijackers murdered several people aboard the planes before impact.[30] Damage In addition to the 110-floor Twin Towers of the World Trade Center itself, five other buildings at the World Trade Center site, including 7 World Trade Center and the Marriott Hotel, two New York City Subway stations, and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church were destroyed or badly damaged. In total, in Manhattan, 25 buildings were damaged and all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex had to be razed. Two additional buildings were later condemned: the Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex, due to the uninhabitable, toxic conditions inside the office tower and Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway due to extensive damage in the attacks. These buildings are both (as of September 2006) slated for deconstruction. [1] Communications equipment such as broadcast radio, television and two-way radio antenna towers were damaged beyond repair. In Arlington County, a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed.[31] Survivors According to the 9/11 Commission, approximately 16,000 people were below the impact zones in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. The vast majority of those below the impact areas survived, evacuating before the towers collapsed. See also: Survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks The hijackers See also: Organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks Nineteen Arab men boarded the four planes, five each on American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 77, four on United Airlines Flight 93. Fifteen of the attackers were from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one from Egypt, and one from Lebanon. The group consisted of six core organizers, which included the four pilots, and thirteen others. Unlike many stereotypes of hijackers or terrorists, most of the attackers were educated and came from well-to-do backgrounds. Other potential hijackers 27 members of al-Qaeda attempted to enter the United States to take part in the September 11 attacks, only 19 participated. Other would-be hijackers are often referred to as the 20th hijacker: · Ramzi Binalshibh allegedly meant to take part in the attacks, but he was repeatedly denied a visa for entry into the U.S. · Mohamed al-Kahtani, a Saudi Arabian citizen, may also have been planning to join the hijackers but U.S. Immigration authorities at Orlando International Airport refused his entry into the U.S. in August, 2001. He was later captured in Afghanistan and imprisoned at the U.S. military prison known as Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. · Zacarias Moussaoui was reportedly considered as a replacement for Ziad Jarrah, who at one point threatened to withdraw from the scheme because of tensions amongst the plotters. Plans to include Moussaoui were never completed because the al-Qaeda hierarchy allegedly had doubts about his reliability. He was arrested on August 16, 2001, about four weeks before the attacks, ostensibly for an immigration violation, but FBI agents suspected he had violent intentions after receiving flight training earlier that year. In April 2005, Moussaoui pleaded guilty to conspiring to hijack planes, and to involvement with al-Qaeda, but he denies foreknowledge of the 9-11 attacks. Moussaoui, at his sentencing hearing in March 2006, claimed that, upon the personal directive of Osama bin Laden, he and Richard Reid were due to hijack a fifth plane and fly it into the White House.[32] His defense lawyers dismissed this as fantasy on the part of Moussaoui, saying that he was not an operative in al Qaeda, but only a "hanger-on." In a video tape released in May 2006, Osama bin Laden claimed that Moussaoui had "no connection whatsoever with the events of September 11" and that he knows this because "I was responsible for entrusting the 19 brothers" who carried out the attacks.[33] On May 3, 2006, a federal jury rejected the death penalty and sentenced Moussaoui to 6 life terms in prison without parole.[34] At Moussaoui's sentencing trial, FBI agent Greg Jones testified that prior to the attacks, he urged his supervisor, Michael Maltbie, "to prevent Zacarias Moussaoui from flying a plane into the World Trade Center." Maltbie had refused to act on 70 requests from another agent, Harry Samit, to obtain a warrant to search Moussaoui's computer. Buildings surrounding the World Trade Center were heavily damaged by the debris and massive force of the falling twin towers Other al-Qaeda members who may have attempted, but were unable, to take part in the attacks include Saeed al-Ghamdi (not to be confused with the successful hijacker of the same name), Mushabib al-Hamlan, Zakariyah Essabar, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, and Tawfiq bin Attash. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the attack's mastermind, wanted to remove at least one member — Khalid al-Mihdhar—from the operation, but he was overruled by Osama bin Laden. Responsibility and motives Responsibility Main article: Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks Within hours of the attacks, the FBI was able to determine their names and in many cases details such as dates of birth, known and/or possible residences, visa status, and specific identity of the suspected pilots and hijackers.[35][36] Few had made any attempt to disguise their names on flight and credit card records, and they were some of the few people of Arabic descent on the flights. On the day of the attacks, U.S. intelligence agencies intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin Laden.[37] On September 27, 2001, the FBI released photos of the 19 hijackers, along with information about the possible nationalities and aliases of many.[38] The FBI investigation into the September 11, 2001 attacks, code named operation PENTTBOM, was the largest and most complex investigation in the history of the FBI, involving over 7,000 special agents.[39] The United States government determined that al-Qaeda, headed by Osama bin Laden, bore responsibility for the attacks, with the FBI stating that evidence linking Al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11 is clear and irrefutable.[40] The Government of the United Kingdom reached the same conclusion, regarding Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability for the September 11, 2001 attacks.[41] Osama bin Laden's declaration of a holy war against the United States, and a Fatwa signed by bin Laden and others calling for the killing of American civilians in 1998, are seen by many as evidence of his motivation to commit such acts. Bin Laden initially denied, but later admitted involvement in the incidents. On September 16, 2001, bin Laden denied any involvement with the attacks by reading a statement which was broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel: "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation."[42] This denial was broadcast on U.S. news networks and worldwide. In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, in which Osama bin Laden is talking to Khaled al-Harbi. In the tape bin Laden admits foreknowledge of the attacks.[43] The tape was broadcast on various news networks from December 13, 2001. On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video he stated "Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people," but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks.[44] Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004 in a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledged al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the U.S, and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks were carried out because, "We are a free people who do not accept injustice, and we want to regain the freedom of our nation." In a videotape aired on Al Jazeera on October 30, 2004, bin Laden said he had personally directed the 19 hijackers.[45] Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows Osama bin Laden with Ramzi Binalshibh, as well as two hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they make preparations for the attacks.[46] Taken from the bin Laden video of 27 December 2001 The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States was formed by the United States government and was commonly called the 9/11 Commission. It released its report on July 22, 2004, concluding that the attacks were conceived and implemented by members of al-Qaeda. The Commission stated that, "9/11 plotters eventually spent somewhere between $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and conduct their attack, but that the specific origin of the funds used to execute the attacks remained unknown.[47] To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted in connection with the attacks. In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheik Mohammed" from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operations details. They are: Osama bin Laden, Khalid Sheik Mohammed, Ramzi Binalshibh, Abu Turab Al-Urduni and Mohammed Atef.[48] On September 26th of 2005, the Spain's high court directed by judge Baltazar Garzon sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years of imprisonment for conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and as part of the terrorist organization Al Qaeda. At the same time, another 17 Al Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between 6 and 12 years.[49][50] On February 16th 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven.[51] Motive According to official U.S. government sources, the September 11th attacks were consistent with the mission statement of al-Qaeda. The overarching motivation for the present al-Qaeda campaign was set out in a 1998 fatwa issued by Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, and Fazlur Rahman (Amir of the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh, Fazlur Rahman).[52] The fatwa lists three "crimes and sins" committed by the Americans: · U.S. support of Israel. · U.S. military occupation of the Arabian Peninsula. · U.S. aggression against the Iraqi people. The fatwa states that the United States: · Plunders the resources of the Arabian Peninsula. · Dictates policy to the rulers of those countries. · Supports abusive regimes and monarchies in the Middle East, thereby oppressing their people. · Has military bases and installations upon the Arabian Peninsula, which violates the Muslim holy land, in order to threaten neighboring Muslim countries. · Intends thereby to create disunion between Muslim states, thus weakening them as a political force. · Supports Israel, and wishes to divert international attention from (and tacitly maintain) the occupation of Palestine. The Persian Gulf War, the ensuing sanctions against Iraq and the bombing of Iraq by the United States were cited in 1998 as further proof of these allegations. To the disapproval of moderate and liberal Muslims, the fatwa uses Islamic texts to exhort violent action against American military and citizenry until the alleged grievances are reversed: Stating "ulema have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries." Aerial photo taken April 27, 2004 of the area of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in Shanksville, PA (USGS) Statements of al-Qaeda recorded after 9/11 add weight to the U.S account of who was responsible for the attacks. In a 2004 video, apparently acknowledging responsibility for the attacks, bin Laden states that he was motivated by the 1982 Lebanon War, for which he held the U.S. partially responsible. In the video, bin Laden also claims that he wants to, "restore freedom to our nation," to "punish the aggressor in kind," and to inflict economic damage on America. He declared that a continuing objective of his holy war was to, "[bleed] America to the point of bankruptcy."[53] Bin Laden said, "We swore that America wouldn't live in security until we live it truly in Palestine. This showed the reality of America, which puts Israel's interest above its own people's interest. America won't get out of this crisis until it gets out of the Arabian Peninsula, and until it stops its support of Israel." The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the "principal architect" of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed "not from his experiences there as a student, but rather from his violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel." The same motivation has been imputed to the two pilots who flew into the WTC: Mohamed Atta was described by Ralph Bodenstein—who traveled, worked and talked with him—as "most imbued actually about... U.S. protection of these Israeli politics in the region." Marwan al-Shehhi is said to have explained his humorless demeanor with the words: "How can you laugh when people are dying in Palestine?" By contrast, the Bush administration says that Al-Qaeda was motivated by hatred of the freedom and democracy exemplified by the United States. According to counter-terrorism expert Richard A. Clarke, internal political conflicts within the Muslim world are the primary causal factors for the attacks of 9/11. Specifically, bin Laden and other residents of Saudi Arabia and Egypt, among other countries of the Middle East, believe that the vast majority of governments in the Middle East are apostate governments.[54] That is, these governments' collective religiosity does not meet bin Laden's standard of Muslim piety. The primary reason that bin Laden gives for this assertion is that none of these governments is a caliphate. Inspired by the Egyptian theologian and writer Sayyid Qutb, bin Laden believes that it is his duty as a Muslim to establish a caliphate in the Middle East.[54] Arising directly from these beliefs, bin Laden designed a strategy of attacking the United States in order to establish this caliphate. Terming the United States as the "Far Enemy," bin Laden designed the attacks of 9/11 to cause the U.S. to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East.[55] Bin Laden believes that once Muslim citizens of the Middle East confront the evils of a non-Muslim government, one that is not a caliphate, a popular social and political movement will catalyze around the desire for very conservative and zealous Muslim governments in the Middle East.[56] According to Michale Doran, this goal is further demonstrated by bin Laden's use of the term "spectacular" as a noun when talking about the attacks of 9/11. For example, "This spectacular will greatly anger America." He hoped these attacks would provoke a visceral emotional response from the government and citizens of the United States. In so doing, he was attempting to ensure that Muslim citizens in the Middle East would react as violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement in their region.[57] Other potential attacks Mohammed Afroze was convicted in India in 2005 after confessing to being involved in planning an attack on the Palace of Westminster in London and Tower Bridge. The attack was aborted at the last minute when the would-be hijackers, waiting to board the planes they were to hijack, saw the damage in the U.S., panicked, and fled. His lawyer claimed that the confession was obtained through torture.[58][59] In February 2006, President George W. Bush stated that al-Qaeda had initially planned to crash a plane into the tallest building in the western United States, the Library Tower in Los Angeles, on the same day. However, this attack was postponed by bin Laden, and subsequently foiled.[60] The U.S. government initially claimed that the White House and Air Force One were also targeted, although the source and nature of these threats was not disclosed.[61] President Bush flew on Air Force One to Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana, and then flew to Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska, before returning to Washington. After criticism that Bush did not return immediately to Washington, the White House claimed the next day that a terrorist threat, "using code words," had been phoned in against Air Force One. White House Spokesman Ari Fleischer quoted the caller as saying, "Air Force One is a target." The White House later backed away from this claim after no evidence of the phone call was found.[62] Reactions Main article: Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks International reaction A solitary firefighter stands amid the rubble and smoke in New York City. Days after the Sept. 11 attack, fires still burned at the site of the World Trade Center. The attacks had major global political ramifications. They were denounced by mainstream media and governments worldwide, with the headline of France's Le Monde newspaper summing up the international mood of sympathy: "We Are All Americans" (Nous sommes tous Américains).[63] The German reaction was profound and remains so, five years later, in 2006.[64] The most publicized exception was that some Palestinians celebrated jubilantly upon hearing about 9/11.[65] Less publicized are the public demonstrations of enthusiasm for the attacks conducted by Chinese students in mainland China during the night after the attacks.[66] Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad coalition of international forces in the removal of the oppressive Taliban regime for harboring the al-Qaeda organization.[67] The Pakistani authorities moved decisively to align themselves with the United States in a war against the Taliban and al-Qaeda. Pakistan provided the U.S. a number of military airports and bases for its attack on the Taliban regime, and arrested over 600 supposed al-Qaeda members, whom it handed over to the U.S.[68] Numerous countries, including the UK, India, Australia, France, Germany, Indonesia, China, Canada, Russia, Pakistan, Jordan, Mauritius, Uganda and Zimbabwe introduced "anti-terrorism" legislation[69] and froze the bank accounts[70] of businesses and individuals they suspected of having al-Qaeda ties. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries, including Italy, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines arrested people they labeled terrorist suspects for the stated purpose of breaking up militant cells around the world.[71][72] In the U.S., this aroused some controversy, as critics such as the Bill of Rights Defense Committee argued that traditional restrictions on federal surveillance (e.g. COINTELPRO's monitoring of public meetings) were "dismantled" by the USA PATRIOT Act;[73] civil liberty organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union and Liberty argued that certain civil rights protections were also being circumvented.[74][75] The United States set up a detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to hold what they termed "illegal enemy combatants". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by, among others, member states of the European Union, the Organization of American States, and Amnesty International. Further information: Guantanamo Bay detainment camp In the United Kingdom outrage swelled in the media over a Civil Servant's attempt to capitalize on the tragedy. Jo Moore, then serving Minister Stephen Byers, sent an email to staff suggesting that it would be a good time to publish anything that may prove unpopular in the hope that it would be overshadowed by events in the U.S. This political storm became known as the Bury Bad News Scandal. Public response Front Page of The New York Times on September 12, 2001, the first issue of that paper to be released following the attacks The 9/11 attacks had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the United States population. Gratitude toward uniformed public-safety workers (dubbed "first responders"), and especially toward firefighters, was widely expressed in light of both the drama of the risks taken on the scene and the high death toll among the workers. Many police officers and rescue workers elsewhere in the country took leaves of absence to travel to New York City to assist in the grim process of recovering bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers. Blood donations also saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11.[76] There were some incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Middle Easterners and other, "Middle Eastern-looking" people, particularly Sikhs, due to the fact that Sikh males usually wear turbans, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims in the United States. At least nine people were murdered within the United States as a result. Balbir Singh Sodhi, one of the first victims of this phenomenon, was fatally shot on September 15. He, like others, was a Sikh who was mistaken for a Muslim.[77] Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, George W. Bush's job approval rating soared to 86%.[78] On September 20, 2001, the president spoke before the nation and a joint session of the United States Congress, regarding the events of that day, the intervening nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and his intent in response to those events. In addition, the highly visible role played by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani won him high praise nationally and in New York.[79] Conspiracy theories Main article: 9/11 conspiracy theories Various conspiracy theories have emerged that question the mainstream account of the attacks. Conspiracy theorists have claimed that the collapse of the World Trade Center (especially 7 WTC) was caused by explosives. Some also contend that a commercial airliner did not crash into the Pentagon, and that United Airlines Flight 93 was shot down. Another one of these theories is that individuals in the government of the United States knew of the impending attacks or actually planned the attack. Still other conspiracy theories about Jewish or Israeli involvement are "a core part of the belief system of anti-Semites and millions of others around the world," according to the Anti-Defamation League[80] U.S. Government response Rescue, recovery, and compensation Main article: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks Within hours of the attack, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs.[81] Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there were no survivors to be found. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to simply put out the fires burning in the rubble of the buildings, and the clean-up was not completed until May, 2002. Temporary wooden "viewing platforms" were set up for tourists to view construction crews clearing out the gaping holes where the towers once stood. All of these platforms were closed on May 30, 2002. Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing financial assistance to the survivors and the families of victims. At the deadline for victim's compensation, September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications were received from the families of those massacred.[82] The War on Terrorism Main article: War on Terrorism In the aftermath of the attacks, many U.S. citizens held the view that the attacks had "changed the world forever." The Bush administration declared a war on terrorism, with the stated goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. These goals would be accomplished by means including economic and military sanctions against states perceived as harboring terrorists and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing. The second-biggest operation outside of the United States was the overthrow of the oppressive Taliban rule from Afghanistan, by a U.S.-led coalition. The U.S. was not the only nation to increase its military readiness, with other notable examples being the Philippines and Indonesia, countries that have their own internal conflicts with Islamic extremist terrorism. Because the attacks on the United States were judged to be within the parameters of its charter, NATO declared that Article 5 of the NATO agreement was satisfied on September 12, 2001, making the US war on terror the first time since its inception that NATO would actually participate in a "hot" war.[83] Domestic response Within the United States, President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security, representing the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history. Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, stating that it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes. Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying that it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and eliminates judicial oversight of law-enforcement and domestic intelligence gathering. The Bush Administration also invoked 9/11 as the reason to initiate a secret National Security Agency operation, "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant."[84] Following the attacks, 80,000 Arab and Muslim immigrants were fingerprinted and registered under the Alien Registration Act of 1940. 8,000 Arab and Muslim men were interviewed, and 5,000 foreign nationals were detained under Joint Congressional Resolution 107-40 authorizing the use of military force "to deter and prevent acts of international terrorism against the United States."[85] Investigations Collapse of the World Trade Center An illustration of the World Trade Center 9-11 attacks with a vertical view of the impact locations. Many architects and structural engineers have analyzed the collapse of the Twin Towers. September 13, 2001: A New York City firefighter looks up at what remains of the South Tower. 9/11 Report Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center Three buildings in the World Trade Center Complex collapsed due to structural failure on the day of the attack. The south tower (2 WTC) fell at approximately 9:59 a.m., after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m. The north tower (1 WTC) fell at 10:28 a.m., after burning approximately 102 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 a.m. A third building, 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC) collapsed at 5:20 p.m., after being heavily damaged by debris from the Twin Towers when they fell and subsequent fires.[86][87] Numerous adjacent buildings to the complex also had substantial damage and fires and had to be demolished. The Deutsche Bank Building is the only remaining large structure that suffered damage and fires at ground zero that has yet to be fully demolished, though this is expected to be completed by mid 2007.[88] A federal technical building and fire safety investigation of the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC has been conducted by the United States Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The goals of this investigation, completed on April 6, 2005, were to investigate the building construction, the materials used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the WTC disaster. The investigation was to serve as the basis for: · Improvements in the way in which buildings are designed, constructed, maintained, and used · Improved tools and guidance for industry and safety officials · Revisions to building and fire codes, standards, and practices · Improved public safety The report concludes that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that, if this had not occurred, the towers would likely have remained standing. The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns to the point where exterior columns bowed inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. In addition, the report asserts that the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide emergency escape for people above the impact zones. NIST stated that the final report on the collapse of 7 WTC will appear in a separate report.[89] 9/11 Commission Report Main article: 9/11 Commission Report The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, was formed in late 2002 to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for, and the immediate response to, the attacks. On July 22, 2004, the report was released. The commission has been subject to criticism. Civilian aircraft grounding For the first time in history, all nonemergency civilian aircraft in the United States and several other countries including Canada were immediately grounded, stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.[90] Invocation of the continuity of government Contingency plans for the continuity of government and the evacuation of leaders were implemented almost immediately after the attacks.[90] Congress, however, was not told that the US was under a continuity of government status until February 2002.[91] Long-term effects Economic aftermath Main article: World economic effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks View of the WTC and the Statue of Liberty The attacks had a significant economic impact on the United States and world markets. The Federal Reserve temporarily had reduced contact with banks because of outages of switching equipment in the lower NY financial district. Contact and control over the money supply, including immediate liquidity for banks, was restored within hours. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the American Stock Exchange and NASDAQ did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. NYSE facilities and remote data processing sites were not damaged by the attack, but member firms, customers and markets were unable to communicate due to major damage to the telephone exchange facility near the World Trade Center. When the stock markets reopened on September 17, 2001, after the longest closure since the Great Depression in 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (“DJIA”) stock market index fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8920, its biggest-ever one-day point decline. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1369.7 points (14.3%), its largest one-week point drop in history. U.S. stocks lost $1.2 trillion in value for the week. As of 2005 Wall and Broad Streets near the New York Stock Exchange remained barricaded and guarded to prevent a physical attack upon the building. September 11 from space: Manhattan spreads a large smoke plume The economy of Lower Manhattan, which by itself is the third-largest business district in the United States (after Midtown Manhattan and the Chicago Loop) was devastated in the immediate aftermath. Thirty percent (28.7 million sq ft, 2.7 million m³) of Lower Manhattan office space was either damaged or destroyed. The 41-story Deutsche Bank Building, neighboring the World Trade Center, was subsequently closed because extensive damage made it unfit for habitation and beyond repair; it was scheduled for demolition. Power, telephone, and gas were cut off in much of Lower Manhattan. People were not permitted to enter the SoHo and Lower Manhattan area without extensive inspection. Much of what was destroyed was valuable Class-A space. The pre-2001 trend of moving jobs out of Lower Manhattan to Midtown and New Jersey was accelerated. Many questioned whether these lost jobs would ever be restored, and whether the damaged tax base could ever recover.[92] The rebuilding has been inhibited by a lack of agreement on priorities. For example, Mayor Bloomberg had made New York's bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics the core of his capital development plan from 2002 until mid-2005, and Governor Pataki largely delegated his role to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation which has been widely criticized for doing little with the enormous funding directed to the rebuilding efforts.[93][94] On the sites of the totally destroyed buildings, one, 7 World Trade Center, has a new office tower which was completed in 2006. The Freedom Tower is currently under construction at the site and at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2010, will become the tallest building in North America and one of the tallest in the world. Three more towers are expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site, and will be located one block east of where the original towers stood. North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased significantly upon its reopening. The attacks led to nearly a 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and severely exacerbated financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.[95] Smoke plume coming from the WTC site, seen on Doppler radar Smoke plume coming from the Pentagon site, seen on Doppler radar Potential health effects Main article: Health effects of September 11, 2001 attacks The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500 contaminants,[96] more specifically: 50% nonfibrous material and construction debris; 40% glass and other fibers; 9.2% cellulose; and 0.8% asbestos,[97] lead, and mercury. There were also unprecedented levels of dioxin and PAHs from the fires which burned for three months.[98] Some of the dispersed substances (crystalline silica, lead, cadmium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are carcinogenic; other substances can trigger kidney, heart, liver and nervous system deterioration. [99] This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers, and the death of NYPD officer James Zadroga.[100] Health effects also extended to some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.[101] There is scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products and the pollutants in the air surrounding the Towers after the WTC collapse may have negative effects on fetal development. Due to this potential hazard, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers. The staff of this study assesses the children using psychological testing every year and interviews the mothers every six months. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there is significant difference in development and health progression of children whose mothers were exposed, versus those who were not exposed after the WTC collapse.[102] Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly following the attacks. President Bush has been faulted for interfering with the EPA interpretations and pronouncements regarding air quality. Mayor Giuliani has been faulted for urging financial industry personnel to return to the greater Wall Street area. [103] See article on EPA head Christine Todd Whitman for her position on the air quality issue. On October 17, 2006 federal judge Alvin K. Hellerstein rejected New York city's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers. [104] Memorials Manhattan from Jersey City on the memorial of the attacks in 2004 World Trade Center site as of December 2005 World Trade Center cross Main article: September 11, 2001 attack memorials and services Memorials to the victims and heroes of the attacks of September 11 have been planned. An eternal flame was lit by the Mayor on the first anniversary of the disaster. An outdoor public memorial at the Pentagon is scheduled for completion in Fall 2006. Within the Pentagon itself, the America's Heroes Memorial was added in September, 2002 when the building repairs were completed. However, public access to this memorial is restricted to group tours. The proposed design for Flight 93 National Memorial is called, "Crescent of Embrace," which has created some controversy due to its large red crescent that also points toward Mecca. Recently, due to the amount of public pressure, it has been announced that the memorial will be redesigned so as to avoid any confusion with the sign of Islam. Construction of the World Trade Center Memorial began in March 2006. The winning design of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Reflecting Absence created by Michael Arad. It is expected to open in 2009. Many permanent memorials are being constructed around the world and a list is being updated as new ones are completed.[105] In addition to physical monuments, a number of September 11th family members and friends have set up memorial funds, scholarships, and charities in honor of lost loved ones. Further information: Financial assistance following the September 11, 2001 attacks See also: September 11, 2001 attacks in arts and literature Media Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 9/11 · President George W. Bush's September 12, 2001 speech about the attacks (file info) — play in browser (beta) · Problems playing the files? See media help. · Video of first plane hitting the north tower (Streaming Windows Video) See also To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article may require cleanup. Please discuss this issue on the talk page, and/or replace this tag with a more specific message. Editing help is available. This article has been tagged since November 2006. · 2001 anthrax attacks · 9/11 (film) · 9/11 (radio communications) · 7 World Trade Center · Able Danger · al-Qaeda · Attacks on US mainland · Controlled demolition hypothesis · Egyptian Islamic Jihad · Fahrenheit 9/11 (film) · Freedom Tower · Harry Samit · Kamikaze · Ladenese epistle · List of terrorist incidents · List of politically motivated non governmental massacres · Osama bin Laden · Fatwas of Osama bin Laden · Osama bin Laden's Declaration of War · Osama tapes · Pavel Hlava · Pentagon Memorial · Pentagon Renovation Program · Salman Pak facility · The Path to 9/11 (dramatization) · Total Information Awareness · United 93 (film) · USS Cole bombing · World Trade Center bombing (1993) · World Trade Center (film) · World Trade Center Memorial · World Trade Center site · World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition Tenants· One World Trade Center tenants · Two World Trade Center tenants · Three World Trade Center tenants · Four World Trade Center tenants · Five World Trade Center tenants · Six World Trade Center tenants · Seven World Trade Center tenants References 1. ^ The September 11 attacks were described by the United Nations Security Council as "horrifying terrorist attacks". 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Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 92. ^ Parrott, James (March 8, 2002). The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data (pdf). The Fiscal Policy Institute. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 93. ^ Lubell, Sam; Charles Linn (December 5, 2005). Power Struggle Heats Up While Development Moves Slowly at Ground Zero. Architectural Record. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 94. ^ Buettner, Russ. Fat cats milked Ground Zero. Daily News. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 95. ^ Bhadra, Dipasis; Pamela Texter (2004). Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 96. ^ Anita Gates, "Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles," "New York Times," September 11, 2006, reporting on the documentary by Heidi Dehncke-Fisher, "Dust to Dust: The Health Effects of 9/11" 97. ^ "What was Found in the Dust", New York Times, September 5, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 98. ^ Dr. Dennis Charney, in the September 2006 edition of Environmental Health Perspectives, the journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 99. ^ Anita Gates, "Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles," "New York Times," September 11, 2006, reporting on the documentary, "Dust to Dust: The Health Effects of 9/11" 100. ^ Schapiro, Rich. "WTC air doomed ex-cop", New York Daily News, April 12, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 101. ^ Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens. Sierra Club (2006). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 102. ^ CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns. World Trade Center Pregnancy Study. Columbia University (2006). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. 103. ^ Ben Smith, "Rudy's Black Cloud," in "New York Daily News," September 18, 2006 104. ^ Anthony DePalma, "Ruling Opens a Door for Thousands of Ground Zero Lawsuits," "New York Times," October 18, 2006, B1, 105. ^ 911 Memorials List. List of 911 and World Trade Center Memorials Across U.S. and the World. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Books · Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. New York, Harper Collins, (2006). ISBN 0060536608 · National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, W.W. Norton and Company, (2004), ISBN 0393326713 External links Find more information on September 11 by searching Wikipedia's sister projects: Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews · 9-11Commission.gov - 'National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States' (Official Website – archived) · 911DigitalArchive.org - 'September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11th, 2001' (in partnership with the Library of Congress) · 911 Investigations - Repository of documents relating to the 9/11 attacks and War on Terrorism · BBC News - 'America's Day of Terror' · Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding 9/11 · Memory.loc.gov - 'September 11, 2001, Documentary Project', The Library of Congress · TheMemoryHole.org - New York Fire Department audio tapes from September 11, 2001. · WCBS-TV September 11th Remembered · NY1.com - New York One News Television, 'World Trade Center Special Section' (June 7, 2005) · September 11, 2001 Newspaper Articles Archive - More than 15,000 free newspaper articles related to the 9/11/2001 attacks. · September 11, 2001 Screenshot Archive - Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world. · Washington Post - 'Terrorists Unleash Assault on US' · Open Directory - September 11, 2001 Multimedia See also: :Category:Films based on the September 11, 2001 attacks · Plane Hits Pentagon · 9/11 Timeline - Chronology of events according to 9/11 Commission Report presented in 4-way split screen. · CNN.com - Video archive, including the first and second planes. · Inside 9/11 - National Geographic · Defense Department Releases Two Videos of Flight 77 Crashing Into Pentagon. Retrieved on 2006-07-30. · New York 1 channel coverage · Time.com - 'Shattered: a remarkable collection of photographs', James Nachtwey · Various TV news coverage on Putfile.com · Memories of the attack (see flashbulb memory) · Slate's The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation by Sid Jacobson and Ernie Colón · Vanity Fair 9/11 Live: The NORAD Tapes · The Arab and Iranian Reaction to 911 Memorials · CNN September 11 memorial - List of victims, and photos. o - with biographies · CNN.com - 'In-Depth Special: War Against Terror Damage report from the city of New York' · MemoryArchive - 9/11 Memoirs · NewYorkMetro.com - 9/11 by the Numbers: Death, destruction, charity, salvation, war, money, real estate, spouses, babies, and other September 11 statistics', The New York Times · September 11, 2001 wiki War on Terrorism[hide] Main events Specific articles Main participants 2001:· September 11, 2001 attacks · War in Afghanistan (Oct 2001 - current) · Operation Enduring Freedom (Oct 2001 - current) · Operation APOLLO (Oct 2001 - Oct 2003) · Operation Active Endeavour (Oct 2001 - current) 2002:· OEF - Philippines (Jan 2002 - current) · OEF - Pankisi Gorge (Feb 2002 - current) · OEF - Horn of Africa (Oct 2002 - current) · Taliban insurgency (Summer 2002 - current) · 1st Bali bombing (12 October 2002) 2003:· Iraq War (March 19, 2003 - current) · Riyadh compound bombings (May 12, 2003) · Insurgency in Saudi Arabia (May 12, 2003 - current) · Marriott Hotel bombing (August 5, 2003) · Canal Hotel Bombing (August 19, 2003) 2004:· Waziristan War (March 2004 - September 2006) · Madrid train bombings (March 11, 2004) · Yanbu attack (May 1, 2004) · Al-Khobar massacres (May 29, 2004) · Jakarta embassy bombing (9 September 2004) 2005:· 1st London bombings (July 7, 2005) · 2nd London bombings (July 21, 2005) · Amman bombings (9 November 2005) · 2nd Bali bombings (1 October 2005) 2006:· Mumbai train bombings (July 11, 2006) · 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict (July 12, 2006 - 8 September 2006) · 2000 al-Qaeda Summit · Extraordinary rendition · Extrajudicial prisoners of the US · Guantanamo Bay detainment camp · NSA call database · NSA electronic surveillance program · Oplan Bojinka · Unlawful combatant · USA PATRIOT Act · Afghanistan · Afghan Northern Alliance · Australia · Canada · France · Germany · Iraq · NATO · Pakistan · Philippines · United Kingdom · United Nations · United States Against· Abu Sayyaf · Al-Qaeda · Jemaah Islamiyah · Taliban Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks" Categories: Semi-protected | Articles with unsourced statements | Cleanup from November 2006 | All pages needing cleanup | September 11, 2001 attacks 九一一袭击事件 世贸中心大火 错误！不能识别的开关参数。 飞机撞击示意图 九一一袭击事件，简称“九一一事件”、“九一一”或“911”，是2001年9月11日发生在美国本土，通过劫持多架民航飞机冲撞摩天高楼的自杀式恐怖袭击。在事件中共有2,986人死亡，包括美国纽约地标性建筑世界贸易中心双塔在内的6座建筑被完全摧毁，其它23座高层建筑遭到破坏，美国国防部总部所在地五角大楼也受到袭击，美国经济同样遭到严重打击。该事件也导致了此后国际范围内的反恐行动，包括了阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争以及针对恐怖组织及相关国家越来越大的压力。 这次事件是自1944年10月日本向美国抛下“风船炸弹”以来美国本土第二次遭受来自空中的袭击，也是继珍珠港事件后，历史上第二次外国势力对美国本土造成惨重伤亡的袭击，事件中死亡的总人数已经超过珍珠港事件中的2,400人。 目录[隐藏]· 1 综述 o 1.1 事发经过 o 1.2 事后始末 o 1.3 善后工作 · 2 死亡人数 · 3 911当天大事记 o 3.1 2001年9月11日 （星期二） · 4 救援与重建 o 4.1 消防队员 o 4.2 警察 o 4.3 工程师 o 4.4 志愿者 o 4.5 美国红十字会 o 4.6 开销 · 5 影响 o 5.1 政治影响 o 5.2 经济影响 · 6 责任 · 7 美国政府的反应 o 7.1 军事行动 o 7.2 国内反应 · 8 参考文献 · 9 参见 · 10 外部链接 [编辑] 综述 [编辑] 事发经过 这次事件是美国最严重的恐怖袭击事件。美国东部时间2001年9月11日早晨八时四十分，四架美国国内航班几乎被同时劫持，其中两架撞击位于纽约曼哈顿的摩天大楼世界贸易中心(40°42'41.03"N,74° 0'44.39"W)，一架袭击了首都华盛顿五角大楼——美国国防部所在地。世贸的两幢110层大楼在遭到攻击后相继倒塌，附近多座建筑也受震而坍塌，而五角大楼的部分结构被大火吞噬。第四架被劫持飞机在宾西法尼亚州坠毁，失事前机上乘客试图从劫机者手中重夺飞机控制权。这架被劫持飞机目标不明，但相信劫机者撞击目标是美国国会山庄或白宫。 死伤者数以千计：机上乘客共265人，世界贸易中心2,650人死亡，其中包括事件发生后在火场执行任务的343名消防员，五角大楼则有125人死亡。除此之外，世贸中心附近5幢建筑物也遭到损毁；五角大楼遭到局部破坏，部分墙面坍塌；世贸中心的两幢建筑物共使用大约100吨石棉，袭击事件令曼哈顿上空布满尘烟，一些标本经测试确实发现石棉成分，居住在附近的居民有可能遭受长期负面影响。 搭乘那四架死亡班机的旅客中有一些人用手提电话与外界取得短暂联系。据这些乘客称，每一架飞机上有多名劫机者（后来验明身份的有19人），他们手持刀具劫持飞机。其它可能使用的武器（至少在其中一架飞机上）包括了炸弹和诸如催泪弹之类的有毒化学剂。 2001年9月11日当天的恐怖袭击对美国产生巨大、即时性影响，全球各地在事件后都有各种悼念活动，美国政府对此次事件的谴责也受到大多数国家支持；救援活动持续了数月，仅事发现场的清理工作就持续到次年年中。政策方面的影响有：调整预算（包括冻结可能与恐怖份子有关的银行户头）、多国合作进行反恐活动，逮捕可能有关联的恐怖分子并进行调查。 [编辑] 事后始末 五角大楼受袭瞬间 在袭击当天，有媒体报导一些不满美国政策的人们举行庆祝活动。这些报导为已经普遍的反穆斯林情绪升级，很多美国人相信，回教徒应为此次事件负责。美国的主流媒体如《新闻周刊》（Newsweek）纷纷报导一些因遭受歧视而离开美国的穆斯林，其中不乏许多出生在美国并在美国接受教育的回教徒。虽然事件后没有组织宣布对事件负责，基地组织（Al-Qaeda）公开赞扬了这次事件，并暗示他们就是幕后指使者。美国政府立即做出反应，公开表示会以军事手段打击事件的策划者。 9月底，英国首相布莱尔援引西方情报机构手上证据指称奥萨马·本·拉登──一个沙特阿拉伯富豪，为事件的幕后主使。本·拉登是基地组织的头领，曾接受美国中央情报局的资助，后与阿富汗塔利班政权有密切关系。塔利班政权拒绝在无确凿证据的情况下引渡奥萨马·本·拉登或其他基地组织头目。由美国领导的联军在未提供塔利班政权承认的证据的情况下，于10月7日对阿富汗发动军事攻击。 在美国军事打击成功铲除塔利班政权后，联军在阿富汗首都喀布尔发现了一卷被遗弃的录像带，纪录的是本·拉登与其他一些基地组织成员讨论袭击活动，显示拉登对事件事先确实知情。 袭击事件发生大约1年多的时候，一封据称是奥萨马·本·拉登的亲笔信被寄往全球各大媒体，信中解释了发动恐怖袭击的理由。这些理由包括了美国在中东地区的大量军事干预，西方通俗文化的氾滥（主要是对性、酒精的开放观念，这些观念对于拉登、基地组织、塔利班政权或其他一些伊斯兰基本教义派而言根本无法接受）等。这封信件在很大程度上被轻视，而美国政府依然坚持，发动袭击的主要原因是恐怖份子对美国的憎恨。 袭击事件发生后，美国政府处于高度戒备状态，严防类似恐怖袭击事件，并多次发布新一轮袭击警报。9月底，在美国各地爆发了多起炭疽菌感染案件，虽然至今没有发现此事件与九一一有关，但在2002年3月曾一度传言，一名劫机者曾感染炭疽菌。 [编辑] 善后工作 世贸遗址 世界贸易中心废墟的大火持续了三个月，救援人员花费更多时间清理瓦砾。其中一些残骸样本被送往美国国家标准与技术研究院（National Institute of Standards and Technology，NIST）检测，包括一根被飞机撞击过的钢筋。 袭击事件后五个月，最后一名幸存者康复出院，事件后6个月，世贸遗址上的150万吨瓦砾才被完全清理干净，救援人员继续在地底下进行清理工作。 2002年5月底举行了宣布清理工作正式结束的仪式。 2003年7月，一个国会联合调查组结束调查工作。虽然调查报告称美国政府应该可以更好地预防事件的发生，如在更好地利用所收集到的情报及国防系统对袭击事件所采取的行动方面依然有改进空间，但是没有一名官员为事件引咎辞职。事件也导致新一轮军费开支的大幅度增加。在大约2年后，一些国防官员称当前美国对类似事件的预防能力与九一一时一样脆弱无力。 世界贸易中心是由日裔美籍建筑设计师山崎实（Minoru Yamasaki）设计，事后据他生前的助手说，因为参考过去帝国大厦曾经受到美国空军轰炸机误撞事件的影响，在设计过程当中已经考虑到需要使大楼结构足以抵御大型飞机的直接撞击。有报道分析，认为大楼的倒塌并不是因为飞机的直接冲撞，而是飞机内满载的航空燃油倾泻进入大楼引起的大火所释放出的巨大热量，软化了支撑大楼的钢筋骨架，最终导致世贸中心大楼在自身重力的作用下坍塌。但是也有一批建筑学家认为仅凭大火并无法令大楼倒塌。有关摩天大楼结构设计的调查依然在进行中。 [编辑] 死亡人数 死亡人数 世贸中心 双塔 2,602 (24名失踪) 11航班 88 175航班 59 五角大楼 建筑物 125 77航班 59 尚克斯维尔 93航班 40 总计 2,973 (24名失踪) 在纽约，当时一些正在受袭击点上方的人员逃往楼顶求救；但由于烟雾和巨大的热量，直升飞机无法靠近大楼进行援救，使得位于顶层的人员全部死亡；还有一些人可能因无法忍受强烈的热度而从大楼跳下身亡。根据美联社报道。其中1600具尸体已经得到辨认，但其余（约1100具尸体）无法辨认。报道称有大约“10,000根骨头或人体组织无法辨认”。世贸大楼中遇难的华人共有22位，其中来自中国7人，香港2人，台湾9人, 马来西亚1人.此外在撞击华盛顿五角大楼的飞机中，有3名华人遇难，2人为中国公民，1人为美籍华人。见新加坡《联合早报》 [编辑] 911当天大事记 以下所有时间使用美国东部时间，比国际标准时间GMT晚5个小时。 [编辑] 2001年9月11日 （星期二） 7:58 AM：共载有92名乘客的美国航空公司11次航班从波士顿机场起飞，飞行目的地洛杉矶。 8:00 AM：共载有53名乘客的联合航空公司175次航班从波士顿机场起飞，同样前往洛杉矶。 8:10 AM：共载有64名旅客及机组人员的美国航空公司77次航班从华盛顿机场起飞，也是前往洛杉矶。 8:40AM：联邦航空管制局（以下简称FAA）通知北美防空司令部 (以下简称NORAD)，美国航空公司11次航班已经被劫持。 8:42 AM：联合航空公司93次航班在延误40分钟后，搭载37名乘客与7名机组人员从新泽西州纽瓦克机场（Newark Airport）起飞前往目的地旧金山。该航班原定航线十分接近世界贸易中心。 8:43 AM：FAA通告NORAD，联合航空公司175次航班被劫持。 遭受袭击后从五角大楼升起的滚滚浓烟 8:46:26 AM：美国航空公司11次航班（一架满载燃料的波音767飞机）以大约每小时490英里的速度撞向世界贸易中心北楼，撞击位置为大楼北方94至98层之间。大楼立即失火，而飞机上的燃料倾倒进大楼，更加剧火势，整幢大楼结构遭到毁坏。被撞击楼层以下的人员开始疏散。但所有的3道楼梯都被撞坏，因此被撞击楼层以上的人员无法逃离。而世贸南楼的工作人员很快通告南楼的所有人员，称南楼“依然安全”，可正常运作。一些人忽略广播通告依然撤离，一些人继续工作，还有一些人则聚集在位于南楼第78层和第44层的空中大堂。 9:02:54 AM：联合航空公司175次航班（另一架满载燃油的波音767飞机）以大约每小时590英里的时速撞入世界贸易中心南楼78至84层处。飞机以近乎45度的左倾角度撞上南楼，说明劫机者险些错失了目标。飞机的部分残骸从大楼东侧与北侧穿出，掉到6个街区以外的地方。但还有1个楼梯间完好无损，因此少数在撞击点以上的人员仍可生还。有人听到多次爆炸声响。有一些人认为是两次无关的意外事件，而更多的人则马上认为是恐怖袭击。 8:46 AM至10:29 AM：至少有20名（主要集中在北楼）被大火和浓烟围困在大楼顶楼的人员从高空跳下。有证据显示在遭袭击后北楼中部很大一块区域立即坍塌，或许这是让这些人以为大楼很快就要坍塌而跳楼求生。一名位于底层的消防队员被一名从天而降的跳楼者击杀。由于烟雾与上升气流太过浓烈，空中救援活动无法进行，而且纽约市本身就缺乏专门进行空中救援的直升机。 大约9:04 AM：FAA波士顿空中交通控制中心发布命令，暂停其管辖区内所有飞机的起飞（新英格兰与纽约州东部）。 9:06 AM：FAA禁止任何飞机进入纽约以及附近的波士顿、克利夫兰与华盛顿领空。 9:08 AM：FAA禁止全美国所有飞往或经过纽约领空的飞机起飞。 从新泽西看到的世贸中心遭袭画面(双塔已经倒塌) 9:24 AM：正在佛罗里达州一所小学教室参观的美国总统布什接到第二架飞机撞击世贸大楼的消息。他在该堂课结束后立即在学校的另一个教室发布了一段简短的讲话，称事件是“国家的悲剧”。 9:24 AM：FAA通知NORAD东北空防部门，美国航空公司77次航班已经被劫持。FAA与NORAD连线讨论美国航空公司77次航班与联合航空公司93次航班的有关事宜。 9:26 AM：FAA宣布禁止全国所有民航班机起飞。 9:37 AM：美国航空公司77次航班（波音757）撞入五角大楼西翼并且引起大火。被袭击的部分刚刚翻新过，还没有完全投入使用，但是仍然造成五角大厦西翼百余人丧命。 9:45 AM：美国关闭其领空，禁止任何民航班机起飞，所有在飞行的班机必须立即在距离最近的机场降落。所有飞往美国的航班即刻改飞加拿大。之后，FAA宣布禁飞令至少会持续到9月12日午后。禁飞令最终持续到9月14日，此其间只有军事及救援飞机被允许起飞。这次是美国历史上第四次停止所有在美商业航班的运作，并且是唯一一次未经计划的紧急措施。在此之前都因国防需要而停飞所有飞机。 9:45 AM：白宫与美国国会山关闭。 9:50 AM：美联社报导美国航空公司11次航班事实上在起飞后就被劫持。一个小时内美国航空公司11次航班与联合航空175次航班被劫持的消息得到确认。 9:57 AM：总统布什离开佛罗里达州。 9:59:04 AM：世界贸易中心南楼倒塌。通过电视与电台的现场直播，全球亿万观众在惊恐中亲眼目睹了大楼的坍塌。 10:03 AM：联合航空公司93次班机（波音757）在宾西法尼亚州尚克斯维尔东南部坠毁。警方调查报告表明，机上无人生还。后来的进一步调查显示，飞机坠毁前有旅客通过移动电话与地面取得过联系，并且已经得知世界贸易中心与五角大楼遭到袭击。在得知自身即将成为自杀炸弹后，至少有3名乘客冒险奋勇还击，试图从劫机者手中重夺飞机控制权。很有可能是由于激烈的反抗导致飞机在未到达目的地前便坠毁。 还有报告引述目击者称一架形似战斗机的白色飞机在出事后几分钟曾在现场盘旋。有谣言认为是美国军方击落了该架飞机阻止其袭击预定目标，但被美国军方否认。 10:10 AM：五角大楼部分地区坍塌。 10:13 AM：纽约联合国总部开始进行疏散，上万人受影响。 10:28:31 AM：世贸北楼从上到下坍塌，在撞击点以上的楼层无人生还。北楼之所以要比南楼晚倒塌，主要有三个原因：撞击点较高、飞机速度较慢，受影响楼层的防火系统已经被部分更新。 位于双塔附近的万豪酒店、美国海关、希尔顿酒店等建筑也遭到破坏。 10:35 AM：警方接到报告，称华盛顿美国国务院门外的一辆汽车中装有炸弹，后被证实并未发生任何意外。 10:39 AM：美国总统布什发布命令，在紧急情况下，空军可以击落任何有可能进行袭击的飞机。 10:45 AM：CNN报导华盛顿与纽约市已经开始进行全面疏散工作。联合国总部已经清空。几分钟后，纽约市长下令疏散曼哈顿地区。 10:50 AM：五角大楼部分地区五层楼房因大火而坍塌。 10:53 AM：纽约市暂时取消市长选举。 11:16 AM：美国航空公司证实该公司的两架飞机失事。 11:17 AM：联合航空公司证实93次航班失踪，并表示“非常关注”175次航班。 11:53 AM：联合航空公司证实该公司的两架飞机失事。 11:55 AM：美国与墨西哥的边境处高度戒备状态。 大约12:00 PM：总统布什抵达位于路易斯安那州的巴克斯达尔空军基地（Barksdale Air Force Base）。他原本访问佛罗里达州萨拉索市（Sarasota）讨论有关教育政策问题，原计划此时应已经返回华盛顿。他发表了一个简短的非正式声明，称无法容忍在美国本土的恐怖袭击事件，又说“自由已经遭到袭击，但它会最终得到保护”。 12:02 PM：阿富汗塔利班政权发表声明谴责袭击事件。 12:04 PM：洛杉矶国际机场关闭。 12:15 PM：旧金山国际机场关闭。 12:16 PM：美国48个州的机场停止所有商业与私人航班。 1:04 PM：总统布什在巴克斯达尔空军基地宣布全球美军进入高度戒备状态，随后前往位于内布拉斯加州的战略空军指挥部（Strategic Air Command, SAC）。后来有多名政治评论员批评总统看似毫无目的的漫游。 1:27 PM：哥伦比亚特区宣布进入紧急状态。 4:00 PM：媒体引述联邦情报机构高级官员的分析认为本·拉登是最有可能发动袭击的人。 4:25 PM：纽约证券交易所以及美国证券交易所宣布9月12日星期三闭市一天。 5:20 PM：此前被报导发生火灾的47层高楼所罗门兄弟大厦倒塌。建筑工程师依然无法解释倒塌的原因，目前调查正在进行中。大楼内设有专门负责应变类似911的紧急状况的纽约市特殊紧急中心。大楼的倒塌也轻度破坏了附近的纽约电话大楼等建筑。 6:00 PM：CNN和BBC分别报导阿富汗首都喀布尔发生连串爆炸与交火事件。后来报导显示阿富汗北方联盟用直升机袭击了喀布尔机场。 6:00 PM：伊拉克政府在国营的电视台发表官方声明，称事件是对“美国反人类罪行”的报应。 6:54 PM：布什终于抵达白宫。 7:30 PM：美国政府否认对喀布尔爆炸事件负责。 8:30 PM：总统布什在白宫向全国发表电视讲话。他在演说中称，“恐怖主义攻击可以动摇我们最大建筑物的地基，但无法触及美国的基础。这些恐怖行动摧毁了钢铁，但不能丝毫削弱美国钢铁般的坚强决心。[1] [2] 9:00 PM：布什会见国家安全会议全体成员，半小时后又与高级顾问们会面。布什与同僚们认定奥萨马·本·拉登是事件的幕后主使。 [编辑] 救援与重建 [编辑] 消防队员 一位消防队员站在世贸中心废墟当中（摄于2001年9月14日） 纽约市消防队员在世贸北楼遭到攻击后立即进入火场救援。消防队在世贸一楼的大堂设立临时指挥中心，消防队员们爬楼梯进行救援，纽约市消防队共出动200个单位参与救援。 很多消防队员在未到指挥中心报到的情况下就立即展开救援。 由于无线电通讯故障，很多冲入火场的队员无法准时接到撤离的命令，当大楼倒塌时，数百名消防队员葬身火场。 消防队员们24小时轮班救援。 而与此同时，当天其他地区发生火警后出动救援的平均时间为5.5分钟，仅比平时晚一分钟。 [编辑] 警察 纽约市警察直升机在事发后很快赶到现场，随时报告现场最新状况。 很多纽约市警察、纽约港口警察以及新泽西警察在大楼倒塌后被掩埋。 纽约警察12小时轮班救援。 [编辑] 工程师 9月12日起，由纽约建筑工程师协会组织的工程师们进入现场，为纽约市规划与建筑部工作，负责查勘附近大楼的强度与受损程度，疏散了出事现场数百幢房屋。他们还负责设计规划具体处理废墟的方法。 [编辑] 志愿者 大楼倒塌后，就有大批志愿者赶到现场。那些比较早到现场的志愿者在各个力所能及的方面提供协助，包括有大学生为救援人员提供饮水等，但是后来无关的志愿人员被要求离开现场，但是有特殊技术的志愿者，如工程、拆除、医疗以及心理治疗等行业的人士参与了接下来几天的救援工作，甚至有一支灾难救援专家队专程从法国赶来救援。 [编辑] 美国红十字会 美国红十字会负责筹集资金用于受影响人员的安置工作。截至2001年11月19日，该组织共向2,776个家庭开出3,165张支票，总金额达到5430万美元。 他们还接到172,612个要求心理辅导的电话，29,820个请求提供最新信息的询问电话，并接受献血1,592,295次。他们也提供了11,549,338份餐食。 入夜后的世贸中心遗址(2001年9月16日） 红十字协会共出动50,423组织工作，其中48,491为志愿者。 [编辑] 开销 截至2001年10月3日大约的总支出： · 50亿美元用于现场废墟处理； · 140亿美元用于重建工作； · 30亿美元用于超时工作的公务员薪水； · 10亿美元用于被毁坏车辆与器材的添置。 [编辑] 影响 [编辑] 政治影响 事件发生后，所有英国军事基地提高警戒状态。所有途经伦敦市区的航班改为绕过市区飞行，而前往美国和加拿大的航班全部停飞。 欧洲议会与北约总部进行紧急疏散。北约宣布启动1949年北大西洋公约中的第五款，宣布如果恐怖袭击事件受到任何国家的指示，将被视为是对美国的军事袭击，因此也被认为是对所有北约成员国的军事袭击。这是北约历史上首次启动共同防卫机制。 事件发生后，西方各国政府的民间支持度大幅度上升。在澳大利亚，事件是原本已经丧失民心的霍华德政府赢得2001年11月大选的关键因素。 在阿拉伯世界，很多媒体都刊登了评论文章，认为事件是由以色列人、犹太人、犹太复国主义者甚至美国人自己发动的，目的是挑起全球仇视阿拉伯的情绪。还有一些阿拉伯穆斯林则认为事件是由基地组织发起的，旨在报复美国的中东政策。上万名阿富汗民众在得知九一一事件发生后试图逃离阿富汗，担心遭到美国的报复。9月17日由于难民涌入，巴基斯坦关闭了与阿富汗的边境。 [编辑] 经济影响 九一一事件在经济上产生了重大及即时的影响。大量设在世界贸易中心的大型投资公司丧失了大量财产、员工与数据资料。全球许多股票市场受到影响，一些例如伦敦证券交易所还不得不进行疏散。纽约证券交易所直到九一一后的第一个星期一才重新开市。道琼斯指数开盘第一天下跌14.26%。其中跌幅最严重的要数旅游、保险与航空股。美国的汽油价格也大幅度上涨。当时美国经济已经放缓，九一一事件则加深全球经济的萧条。 [编辑] 责任 世贸中心双子塔楼遗址上亮起两束光柱，直射向纽约宁静的夜空，以纪念在“9·11”事件中被毁的双子塔楼。摄于2004年9月11日 九一一后有很多报导称巴勒斯坦民主解放阵线宣称对事件负责，但很快遭到该组织一名高级官员的否认。也有报导称在约旦河西岸有举行自发庆祝活动，但是根据德国和瑞典媒体的报导，至少有一个类似的庆祝活动是事先安排组织的。现在已经发现，有一些媒体播放原有的录像档案来显示中东的庆祝活动。有说法认为这些庆祝活动跟九一一事件完全无关。但是后来的证据表明这些说法本身才是伪造的（参见：CNN播送的巴勒斯坦人庆祝场面确实是当天的实况）。 巴勒斯坦领导人阿拉法特谴责袭击事件，并指出事件对巴以和平进程有负面影响。然而此事件对以色列政府来说或许确实是有正面影响的：当被问到世贸袭击事件对美以关系有何影响时，以色列前任总理本杰明·内塔尼亚胡脱口而出：“非常好（的影响）。”随后他纠正说：“哦，不是很好，但是会产生同情。”但是无论如何，美国国内对反对“恐怖主义”声浪的高涨，无疑令到以色列政府的工作更加轻松。 虽然本·拉登的基地组织从未公开声明对事件负责，他们公开赞扬事件，并暗示该组织曾经幕后策画过整个事件。该组织发言人在一卷寄给半岛电视台的录像带（2001年10月播出）中说，“美国人应该知道，更多的飞机风暴将不会停止……在伊斯兰世界，有成千上万年轻人渴望牺牲，他们死的信念与美国人生的信念一样强烈。” 情报专家们开出一份可疑嫌犯的“简短列表”——所有有能力以及动机发动类似袭击的组织名单。非常肯定的是，所有劫机者都是阿拉伯人，没有一个有阿富汗背景；此外袭击的精心策划、规模以及事件后无人承认责任，这都与基地组织以往的作风相近。值得注意的时，大多数劫机者都来自沙特阿拉伯，但是美国政府并没有对该国采取任何行动。还有值得注意的是，在劫机者名单公开后，其中的一些人公开宣布自己依然活着，而且在自己的国家正常生活。很多人感到不解的是，在航空公司的记录中并没有查到任何一个阿拉伯名字，那么边境检查人员怎么会让有着阿拉伯外貌却不使用阿拉伯名字的人登机的呢？更何况一架班机上有四到五个阿拉伯人同时出现却都不使用阿拉伯名字。 事件遭到国际社会的一致谴责，一些传统上采取与美国不太友好的国家领导人，如利比亚领袖卡扎菲、巴勒斯坦领导人阿拉法特、伊朗总统哈塔米以及阿富汗塔利班政权都公开谴责事件并对美国人民表示同情。唯一的例外是伊拉克总统萨达姆·侯塞因，他评论事件是美国霸权主义的后果。 美国政府事后承认，九一一当晚白宫就已经决定要更换伊拉克政权——虽然没有任何证据显示在宗教上较为开放的伊拉克萨达姆政权到底与信奉伊斯兰原教旨主义的基地组织之间有任何联系。布什政府通过利用九一一事件来挑起民意支持攻打伊拉克的作法令一些美国人感到愤怒，认为这种行为导致了许多美国人生命的无畏丧失，侵犯了许多美国人的自由，而且违背了美国立国时的根本原则。 部分人认为事件是美国的中东政策的结果，并相信武力报复只会招至更多的类似袭击。部分人认为，美国在全球的政治以及经济、文化的政策才是恐怖袭击事件的主要根源。根据这派的观点，美国对第三世界国家所进行的经济、文化与政治政策令一些国家的人民产生了普遍的反美情绪。不过不管怎样，绝大多数人还是同意，针对平民的恐怖主义活动是罪恶的行径，任何理由都无法为其开脱罪行。这个心态使布什政府对阿富汗与伊拉克的军事行动有合理（但合法性受质疑）的理由。 2006年5月4日，美国联邦地方法院法官在弗吉尼亚州亚历山德里亚正式作出宣判，判处惟一一名因911恐怖袭击事件而受审的基地组织成员穆萨维终身监禁，并不得假释。[3]5月23日， 基地组织经常使用的一家网站公布了一段据称是本·拉丹的讲话录音说，是他本人指挥19个人实施了911袭击，但他从未指派穆萨维参与。[4] [编辑] 美国政府的反应 [编辑] 军事行动 星条旗在世贸废墟中飘扬 美国政府在事件发生后宣布将会对发动袭击的恐怖份子以及保护他们的国家发动军事报复。第一个打击目标就是阿富汗塔利班政权，理由是他们拒绝交出头号嫌犯宾·拉登。早期有传闻称伊拉克也卷入袭击事件，但是至今依然没有证据证实该传闻。美国政府称“反恐战争”将会长期持续下去。 2001年9月19日，美国派出战斗机前往波斯湾军事基地。 有报导称911后美国和英国派出特种部队潜入阿富汗，但被塔利班当局捉获。10月1日，美国、英国和阿富汗都否认了传闻。 美国东部时间2001年10月7日下午12点30分（当地时间晚上9点），美国与支援的英国军队发动了对阿富汗的军事袭击，针对塔利班的军事、通讯设施以及可能的恐怖份子训练营投掷了炸弹。参见2001年美国对阿富汗攻击。 奥萨马·本·拉登通过半岛电视台的卫星节目警告布什，如果美国动用核武器的话，他将会使用生化武器作为还击。 2001年11月，由美英部队支持的阿富汗北方联盟控制了首都喀布尔。塔利班被迫撤离至坎大哈。 有关之后的进展，请参见反恐战争。 [编辑] 国内反应 政府的各级部门展开了对事件的调查。美国政府在事件发生后立即秘密拘留、逮捕、盘问了至少1200人，大多数是非美国公民的阿拉伯或穆斯林男子。美国司法部也查问了5000名来自中东的男子。政府后来承认，当中只有10到15人与基地组织有关，但是无人牵涉九一一事件。但是目前依然有500人因触犯移民条例而被监禁，70名以色列人因违反旅游观光签证而被拘留。 国会通过了400亿美元紧急拨款，还有大约200亿美元拨款用于航空公司补助。多部被指责为侵犯人身自由，为政府监视民众提供便利的法律也获得通过。 美国士兵排列的文字：911，We Remember(我们永远铭记911) 10月10日，联邦调查局公布了“FBI恐怖份子通缉令”名单。 [编辑] 参考文献 · Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. New York, Harper Collins, (2006). ISBN 0060536608 · National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, W.W. Norton and Company, (2004), ISBN 0393326713 [编辑] 参见 · 恐怖主义 · 基地组织 · 反美主义 · 波金卡计划 [编辑] 外部链接 您可以在维基共享资源中查找与此条目相关的多媒体资源： 九一一袭击事件 · 法拉奇:愤怒与自豪 取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E8%A2%AD%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&variant=zh-cn" 页面分类: 恐怖活动 | 美国历史 | 2001年 | 美国灾难 | 航空事故 | 纽约市 Collapse of the World Trade Center From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Ground Zero debris with markup showing building locations. Sept. 11, 2001 attacks Timeline Planning September 11, 2001 Rest of September October Beyond October Victims Survivors Foreign casualties Hijacked airliners American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 Sites of destruction World Trade Center The Pentagon Shanksville, Pennsylvania Effects and aftermath World political effects World economic effects Detentions Airport security Closings and cancellations 9/11 conspiracy theories Post 9/11 Audiovisual entertainment Impact on popular culture Local health Response Global Guardian Government response Rescue and recovery effort Financial assistance Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services Perpetrators Responsibility Organizers Miscellaneous Communication WTC collapse Slogans and terms Inquiries U.S. Congressional Inquiry 9/11 Commission Report This box: view • talk • edit On September 11, 2001, the two main towers of the World Trade Center complex were each hit by aircraft as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The south tower (2 WTC) collapsed at 9:59 am, less than an hour after being hit, and the north tower (1 WTC) followed at 10:28 am, causing massive damage to the rest of the complex and nearby buildings. In all, 2,595 people inside and near the towers were killed, along with the 157 passengers and crew aboard the two airplanes.[1] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) issued a performance study of the buildings in May 2002, declaring the WTC design sound and attributing the collapses wholly to extraordinary factors beyond the control of the builders.[2] In its September 2005 report, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) concurred with this view, noting that the severity of the attacks and the magnitude of the destruction was beyond anything experienced in U.S. cities in the past. It did add, however, that the towers' stairwell design lacked adequate reinforcement.[3] The collapse of 7 World Trade Center occurred at 5:20 pm with no casualties, and was the result of structural damage sustained during the collapse of Towers 1 and 2, combined with widespread fires in the building.[4] Contents[hide]· 1 Design issues o 1.1 Anticipation of aircraft impact · 2 Impacts of airliners · 3 The fires o 3.1 Deteriorating conditions · 4 Collapse of the twin towers o 4.1 The collapse mechanism o 4.2 Total progressive collapse · 5 Collapse of 7 World Trade Center · 6 History of investigations o 6.1 Initial reaction o 6.2 Authority o 6.3 FEMA's pancake collapse theory o 6.4 Early column failure theories o 6.5 The NIST report § 6.5.1 Design of the study § 6.5.2 Scope and limits o 6.6 Ongoing investigations · 7 Remarks by Osama bin Laden · 8 Other buildings · 9 Aftermath o 9.1 Site Cleanup o 9.2 The debris smoldering fires o 9.3 Air quality and the EPA's response o 9.4 Dust Cleanup · 10 Controlled demolition conspiracy theories · 11 See also · 12 References o 12.1 Cited references o 12.2 References · 13 External links [edit] Design issues Main article: Building of the World Trade Center The towers were designed as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls. This was accomplished using numerous, closely-spaced perimeter columns to provide much of the strength to the structure, along with gravity load shared with the core columns. Above the seventh floor there were 59 perimeter columns along each face of the building and there were 47 heavier columns in the core.[5] All of the elevators and stairwells were located in the core, leaving a large column-free space between the perimeter that was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses.[6] The floors consisted of 4 inch (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors. The trusses had a span of 60 feet (18.2 m) in the long-span areas and 35 feet (11 m) in the short span area.[6] The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were therefore on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers, which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants. The trusses supported a 4 inch thick (10 cm) lightweight concrete floor slab, with shear connections for composite action.[6] The towers also incorporated a "hat truss" or "outrigger truss" located between the 107th and 110th floors, which consisted of six trusses along the long axis of core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower. It was found to play a key role in the collapse sequence.[6] [edit] Anticipation of aircraft impact Like all modern skyscrapers, WTC towers were designed to survive major fires. Fireproofing was also added after a fire in 1975 that spread to six floors before being extinguished[2]. Early tests conducted on steel beams from the WTC show they generally met or were stronger than design requirements.[7] In a less common move, designers had also considered the consequences of aircraft impact. In 1993, John Skilling, who had been in charge of the structural design of the buildings, said that an aircraft impact would cause a great deal of damage and loss of life, mainly because of the ensuing fires, but the structure would not collapse.[8] After the 2001 attacks, Leslie Robertson, who had participated in the structural design of the towers, said that the towers had in fact been designed to withstand the impact of the largest airliner of the day, the Boeing 707-320, in the event one was lost in fog while looking to land. According to Robertson, the modeled aircraft weighed 263,000 lb (119 metric tons) with a flight speed of 180 mph (290 km/h), as in approach and landing, which would have been much slower than the actual impacts of 9/11. He also said that they lacked a good understanding of the effects of such large fires on the structures.[9] The National Institute of Standards and Technology, however, was unable to document the study reported by Robertson and FEMA. Instead it found a reference to a study of the effects of a Boeing 707 hitting the buildings at 600 mph, which would be faster than either of the two planes that hit on 9/11. In line with Skilling's remarks, this study apparently found that the buildings would not collapse in that event. But NIST was unable to find any further details about the study and ultimately suggested that any attempt to compare the performance of the buildings to design expectations would be "speculation".[10] [edit] Impacts of airliners Impact locations for 1 and 2 WTC Impact locations on 1 and 2 WTC Hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jet planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 into the towers. 1 WTC was hit at 8:46 am by Flight 11 between the 99th and 93rd floors. 2 WTC was hit at 9:03 am by Flight 175 between the 85th and 77th floor. A typical Boeing 767 is 180 feet (55 m) long and has a wingspan of 156 feet (48 m), with a capacity of up to 24,000 US gallons (91 m³) of jet fuel. The planes hit the towers at very high speeds. Flight 11 was traveling roughly 440 mph (708 km/h) when it crashed into the 1 WTC, the north tower; flight 175 hit 2 WTC, the south tower, at about 540 mph (870 km/h).[6] In addition to severing a significant number of load-bearing columns, the resulting explosions in each tower ignited 10,000 gallons[2] (c. 40 m³) of jet fuel and immediately spread the fire to several different floors while consuming paper, furniture, carpeting, computers, books, walls, framing and other items in all the affected floors. [edit] The fires The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes probably burned out in less than ten minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour or hour and a half.[11] It has been suggested that the fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely.[12][13] The fires were hot enough to significantly weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward, and significantly reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above.[14] [edit] Deteriorating conditions Calls from occupants trapped in the upper floors relayed information via 9-1-1 about conditions. At 9:37, an occupant on the 105th floor of the South tower, reported that floors beneath him "in the 90-something floor" had collapsed.[15] Deteriorating conditions were also reported by the helicopters of the NYPD aviation unit.[16] · 9:52 a.m. - the NYPD aviation unit reported over the radio that "large pieces may be falling from the top of WTC 2. Large pieces are hanging up there" · 9:59 a.m. - they report that the South Tower is coming down. NYPD helicopters report deteriorating conditions of the North Tower.[16] · 10:20 a.m. - the NYPD aviation unit reports that the top of the tower might be leaning. · 10:21 a.m. - they report that the North Tower is buckling on the southwest corner and leaning to the south. · 10:27 a.m. - the aviation unit reports that the roof is going to come down very shortly. · 10:28 a.m. - the NYPD reports that the tower is collapsing. With dispatchers overwhelmed, minimal communication with the NYPD, and the FDNY experiencing problems with faulty radios. Firefighters inside the towers did not hear the evacuation order from their supervisors on the scene. 343 firefighters died in the Twin Towers, in the course of the collapse of the buildings. [17][18][19] [edit] Collapse of the twin towers Collapse of the South Tower viewed from across the Hudson River The south tower, 2 WTC, was struck at 9:03 am and collapsed about 56 minutes later, at 9:59 am. The north tower, 1 WTC, was struck at 8:46 am and collapsed at 10:28 am, standing for 102 minutes after impact. In both cases, the commonly accepted assumption is the damaged portion of the building failed, which allowed the section above the airplane impacts to fall onto the remaining building below. While it took only about 12 seconds to destroy each building, parts of the cores remained standing for about 15 seconds more.[20] Both buildings collapsed symmetrically and more or less straight down, though there was some tilting of the tops of the towers and a significant amount of fallout to the sides. As the collapse progressed, dust and debris could be seen shooting out of the windows several floors below the advancing destruction. The collapses were accompanied by loud explosion sounds as the structure gave way and the falling top sections collided with lower floors. They spread debris in a wide radius around the buildings, damaging other buildings nearby and producing enormous clouds of dust that covered Manhattan for days. These were composed mainly of pulverized gypsum cladding and dry wall, finely ground concrete from the towers' floors, glass particles, asbestos, and lead (from the many computers in the buildings).[21] [edit] The collapse mechanism Owing to differences in the initial impacts, the collapses of the two towers were found to differ in some respects, but in both cases, the same sequence of events applies. After the impacts had severed exterior columns and damaged core columns, the loads on these columns were redistributed. The hat trusses at the top of buildings played a significant role in this redistribution of the loads in the structure.[3] The impacts also dislodged some of the fireproofing from the steel, increasing its exposure to the heat of the fires. In the 102 minutes before the collapse of 1 WTC, the fires reached temperatures that, although well below the melting point, were high enough to weaken the core columns so that they underwent plastic deformation and creep from the weight of higher floors. The NIST report provides a useful model of the situation. “ At this point, the core of WTC 1 could be imagined to be in three sections. There was a bottom section below the impact floors that could be thought of as a strong, rigid box, structurally undamaged and at almost normal temperature. There was a top section above the impact and fire floors that was also a heavy, rigid box. In the middle was the third section, partially damaged by the aircraft and weakened by heat from the fires. The core of the top section tried to move downward, but was held up by the hat truss. The hat truss, in turn redistributed the load to the perimeter columns. (p. 29) ” The situation was similar in 2 WTC. In both towers, perimeter columns and floors were also weakened by the heat of the fires, causing the floors to sag and exerting an inward force on exterior walls of the building. At 9:59 AM, 56 minutes after impact, the sagging floors finally caused the eastern face of 2 WTC to buckle, transferring its loads back to the failing core through the hat truss and initiating the collapse the the section above the impact area then tilted in the direction of the failed wall . At 10:28 102 minutes after the impact the south wall of 1 WTC buckled, with similar consequences. After collapse ensued, the total collapse of the towers was inevitable due to the enormous weight of the towers above the impact areas. A combination of three factors allowed the north tower to remain standing longer: the region of impact was higher (so the gravity load on the most damaged area was lighter); the speed of the plane was lower (so there was less impact damage); and the affected floors had had their fire proofing partially upgraded.[3] [edit] Total progressive collapse Portions of the outer shells of the South Tower at right and the North Tower at center left, as well as damage to all the other buildings at the WTC site are shown Once the collapse was initiated, the enormous weight of the portion of the towers above the impact areas overwhelmed the load bearing capacity of the structures beneath them. This was argued in a paper in the days immediately after the attacks by Zdenek P. Bazant and Yong Zhou.[22] Their analysis of global collapse allowed NIST to concentrate their efforts on the events that brought the structure to the point of global collapse. NIST proposed an explanation for the ejections of dust from the windows. [edit] Collapse of 7 World Trade Center The WTC complex comprised seven buildings, three of which completely collapsed on September 11, 2001. At 5:20 pm, 7 World Trade Center, a 47-story steel-frame skyscraper across the street from the rest of the complex, became the third building to collapse. Unlike the Twin Towers, the collapse of WTC 7 had been anticipated for several hours and the building had been evacuated. A transit (or theodolite) was used to measure the extent of a visible bulge. [23] FEMA's provisional study was inconclusive[24] and the collapse of 7 WTC was not included in the final report of the NIST investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center when it was published in September of 2005. With the exception of a letter to the Journal of Metallurgy, which suggested that some of the structural steel had been exposed to temperatures sufficient to melt it,[25] no studies of the collapse of 7 WTC have been published in scientific journals. As of August, 2006, NIST anticipated that it would release a draft report on the collapse of 7 WTC in early 2007.[26] It released a progress report in June of 2004 outlining its working hypothesis. On this hypothesis a local failure in a critical column, caused by damage from either fire or falling debris from the collapses of the two towers, progressed first vertically and then horizontally to result in "a disproportionate collapse of the entire structure".[27][28] In answer to the question of whether "a controlled demolition hypothesis is being considered to explain the collapse", NIST says that it "would like to determine the magnitude of hypothetical blast scenarios that could have led to the structural failure of one or more critical elements." On June 29, 2007, NIST issued a press release stating that it expected to release its draft report on the collapse of 7 WTC for public comment by the end of 2007. [29] Some authors, most notably Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins in their book The Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11,[30], have cited the decision to locate the Office of Emergency Management headquarters on the 23rd floor of 7 WTC as a possible contributing factor to the collapse of the building, noting especially the placement of large diesel tanks, against warnings from the Fire Department, to provide backup power for the facility.[31] [edit] History of investigations [edit] Initial reaction The collapse of the World Trade Center came as a surprise to engineers. "Before 9/11," wrote the New Civil Engineer, "it had been genuinely inconceivable that structures of such magnitude could succumb to this fate."[32] While the initial damage from the airplanes was severe, it was localized to a few floors of each tower. The challenge for engineers was to explain how local damage could result in the complete progressive collapse of three of the biggest buildings in the world.[33] Interviewed by the BBC in October 2001, the British architect Bob Halvorson correctly predicted that there would be "a debate about whether or not the World Trade Center Towers should have collapsed in the way that they did." The autopsy would involve careful analysis of the plans of the WTC, its construction, eye witness testimony, video of the collapses, and examination of the wreckage. Emphasizing the difficulty of the task, Halvorson said that the collapses were "well beyond realistic experience."[34] [edit] Authority Immediately following the collapses, there was some confusion about who had the authority to carry out an official investigation. In contrast to, for example, aircraft accidents, there were no clear procedures in the case of building collapses.[35] A team was quickly assembled by the Structural Engineers Institute (SEI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers, with the American Institute of Steel Construction, the American Concrete Institute, the National Fire Protection Association, and the Society of Fire Protection Engineers also involved.[36] ASCE also invited FEMA to join the investigation, which later became a joint ASCE-FEMA effort.[36] This investigation was criticized by engineers and lawmakers in the US, however, for its limited funding, authority to conduct an investigation, and access to the WTC site. One major point of contention at the time was that the cleanup of the WTC site was resulting in the destruction of the majority of the buildings' steel components.[37] Indeed, when NIST published its final report it noted "the scarcity of physical evidence" that it had had at its disposal to investigate the collapses. Only a fraction of a percent of the buildings remained for analysis after the cleanup was completed: some 236 individual pieces of steel.[3] FEMA published its report in May of 2002. While NIST had already announced its intention to investigate the collapses in August of the same year, by September 11, 2002, a year after the disaster, there was growing public pressure for a more thorough investigation.[38] and Congress passed the National Construction Safety Team bill in October 2002. This provided the authority for the NIST investigation, which published its results in September of 2005.[39] [edit] FEMA's pancake collapse theory FEMA developed an early explanation of the collapses, which had come to be known as the "pancake" theory. It was defended especially by Thomas Eagar and popularized by PBS.[40] On this view, when the connections between the floor trusses and the columns broke, the floors fell down, one on top of the other, quickly exceeding the load that any one floor was designed to carry.[41] A number of self-published accounts by structural engineers suggested that a combination of factors led to the collapse, but most suggested a version of pancake collapse.[42][13] A woman stands in the gash in 1 WTC. As in the theory which is currently accepted, the fires were taken to be the key to the collapses. Thomas Eagar, an MIT materials professor, had described the fires as "the most misunderstood part of the WTC collapse".[41] This is because the fires were originally said to have "melted" the floors and columns. As Eagar said, "The temperature of the fire at the WTC was not unusual, and it was most definitely not capable of melting steel." Jet fuel is essentially kerosene and would have served mainly to ignite very large, but not unusually hot, hydrocarbon fires. This led Eagar, FEMA and others to focus on what appeared to be the weakest point of the structures, namely, the points at which the floors were attached to the building frame. Once these connections failed, the pancake collapse could initiate.[43][44] The NIST report, however, would ultimately vindicate the floor connections; indeed, the collapse mechanism depends on the strength of these connections as the floors pulled the outer walls in. [edit] Early column failure theories However, NIST's column failure theory had already been articulated, not least by Bazant and Zhou. MIT civil engineers Oral Buyukozturk and Franz-Josef Ulm, probably following Bazant's early proposal, also described a collapse mechanism that was very close to the current consensus already on September 21, 2001. “ Some 60 tons or more of jet fuel could have easily caused sustained high temperatures of 1,500ºF [820ºC] and higher. Under these conditions, structural steel loses rigidity and strength. The resulting failure of the 2-3 floor system at the site of impact sent the 20 to 25 floors above free-falling onto the 80 to 85 floor structure below. The enormous energy released by this collapse was too large to be absorbed by the structure below. That impact may have ultimately caused the explosive buckling, floor after floor, of the WTC towers. Similar to a car crash in a wall, the towers crashed into the ground with an almost free-fall velocity.[45] ” They would later contribute to an MIT collection of papers on the WTC collapses edited by Eduardo Kausel called The Towers Lost and Beyond, published in May 2002.[46] [edit] The NIST report [edit] Design of the study The outer shell of the south tower (tower 2) of the WTC is still standing at right. The 22 story Marriott Hotel in the foreground was crushed when the adjacent tower collapsed. After the FEMA report had been published, and following pressure from technical experts, industry leaders and families of victims, the Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology conducted a three year $24 million investigation into the structural failure and progressive collapse of several WTC complex structures.[47] The study included in-house technical expertise and drew upon the knowledge of several outside private institutions for aid to include: · Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE) · Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) · National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) · American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) · Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) · Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY) [edit] Scope and limits The scope of the NIST investigation was limited to "the sequence of events from the instant of aircraft impact to the initiation of collapse for each tower." In line with the concerns of most engineers, NIST focused on the airplane impacts and the spread and effects of the fires, modeling these at a very high level of detail. NIST developed several highly detailed structural models for specific sub-systems such as the floor trusses as well as a global model of the towers as a whole which is less detailed. These models are static or quasi-static, including deformation but not the motion of structural elements after rupture as would dynamic models. So, the NIST models are useful for determining how the collapse was triggered, but do not shed light on events after that point. As stated in the report, it "includes little analysis of the structural behavior of the tower after the conditions for collapse initiation were reached and collapse became inevitable." (p. xxxvii, fn2) Some engineers have suggested that our understanding of the collapse mechanism could be improved by developing an animated sequence of the collapses based on a global dynamic model, and comparing it with the video evidence of the actual collapses.[48] [edit] Ongoing investigations In 2003, three engineers at the University of Edinburgh, published a paper in which they provisionally concluded that the fires alone (without any damage from the airplanes) could have been enough to bring down the WTC buildings. In their view, the towers were uniquely vulnerable to the effects of large fires on several floors at the same time.[49] When the NIST report was published, Barbara Lane, with the UK engineering firm Arup, criticized its conclusion that the structural damage resulting from the airplane impacts was a necessary factor in causing the collapses.[50] Still more recently, Jose Torero from the University of Edinburgh, is pursuing further research into the potentially catastrophic effects of fire on real-scale buildings.[51][52][53] [edit] Remarks by Osama bin Laden Although its authenticity was questioned,[54] a videotape of Osama bin Laden was released that was verified by the Pentagon as indicating that Bin Laden had not believed that the buildings would collapse completely, but would collapse only above the levels where the planes struck: “ We calculated in advance the number of casualties from the enemy, who would be killed based on the position of the tower. We calculated that the floors that would be hit would be three or four floors. I was the most optimistic of them all. (...Inaudible...) Due to my experience in this field, I was thinking that the fire from the gas in the plane would melt the iron structure of the building and collapse the area where the plane hit and all the floors above it only. This is all that we had hoped for.[55] ” [edit] Other buildings Portions of the outer shell of the North Tower lean against the remains of 6 WTC which suffered massive damage when the North Tower collapsed. The remains of 7 WTC are at upper right The entire WTC complex was destroyed on September 11, 2001, and many of the surrounding buildings were also either damaged or destroyed as the towers fell. 5 WTC suffered a large fire and a partial collapse of its steel structure. Other buildings destroyed include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, Marriott World Trade Center (Marriott Hotel 3 WTC), South Plaza (4 WTC), and U.S. Customs (6 WTC). The World Financial Center buildings, 90 West Street, and 130 Cedar Street suffered fires. The Deutsche Bank Building, Verizon, and World Financial Center 3 suffered impact damage from the towers' collapse, as did 90 West Street. One Liberty Plaza survived structurally intact but sustained surface damage including shattered windows. 30 West Broadway was damaged by the collapse of 7 WTC. The Deutsche Bank Building, known through images of it being covered in a large black 'shroud' after September 11 to cover the building's damage, is currently being deconstructed[56] because of water, mold, and other severe damage caused by the neighboring towers' collapse. [edit] Aftermath [edit] Site Cleanup The cleanup of the WTC site was coordinated by the City of New York Department of Design and Construction (DDC). On September 22, a preliminary cleanup plan was delivered by Controlled Demolition Inc. (CDI) of Phoenix. Mark Loizeaux, president of CDI, emphasised the importance of protecting the slurry wall (or "bathtub") which kept the Hudson river from flooding the WTC's basement.[57] The cleanup of the WTC site was a massive operation. It involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and sub-contractors, and cost billions of dollars.[citation needed] By early November, with a third of the debris removed, officials began to reduce the number of firefighters and police officers assigned to recovering the remains of victims in order to prioritize the removal of debris. This occasioned confrontations with firefighters.[58] [edit] The debris smoldering fires The colossal pile of debris left on the site burned for three months, resisting attempts to extinguish the blaze until finally the majority of the rubble had actually been removed from the site.[59][60] The effects of smoke inhalation on the health of the emergency workers are unknown. [edit] Air quality and the EPA's response Main article: EPA 9/11 pollution controversy On September 18, the Environmental Protection Agency issued a statement assuring the public that the air in Manhattan was "safe to breathe". In a report published in 2003, however, the EPA's inspector general found that the agency did not at that time have sufficient data to make such a statement. Also, it found that the White House had influenced the EPA to remove cautionary statements and include assuring ones, in part motivated by the desire to reopen Wall Street. In fact, the collapse of the World Trade Center resulted in serious reductions in air quality and is likely the cause of many respiratory illnesses among first responders, residents and office workers in lower Manhattan.[61] [edit] Dust Cleanup Concerns remain about the adequacy of the cleanup of the dust that covered Manhattan for days after the collapses, and which settled in offices and apartments. Plans to clean these interior spaces are still being developed.[citation needed] [edit] Controlled demolition conspiracy theories Main articles: Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center and 9/11 conspiracy theories According to a 2006 poll, 16 percent of polled American adults speculate that the World Trade Center was destroyed by controlled demolition, not by the effects of the airplanes.[62] The hypothesis has been explicitly rejected by both NIST[26] and the only prominent, peer-reviewed engineering publication to consider it,[33] and is pursued mainly as part of larger conspiracy theories about the events of 9/11.[63] [edit] See also · Health effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks · Plans to rebuild the World Trade Center [edit] References [edit] Cited references 1. ^ Hirschkorn, Phil (October 29, 2003). New York reduces 9/11 death toll by 40. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-07-27. 2. ^ a b c Hamburger, Ronald, et al. World Trade Center Building Performance Study (pdf). Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved on 2006-07-27. 3. ^ a b c d Snell, Jack, S. Shyam Sunder (November 12, 2002). NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster (pdf). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved on 2006-07-27. 4. ^ PartIIC - WTC 7 Collapse (pdf). NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (April 5, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-11-01. 5. ^ National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). "Chapter 1", Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers (PDF), NIST, p. 6. 6. ^ a b c d e National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers (PDF), NIST. 7. ^ Barrett, Devlin (2003). Steel type in WTC met standards, group says. The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. 8. ^ Nalder, Eric. "Twin Towers Engineered to Withstand Jet Collision". The Seattle Times. Saturday, February 27, 1993.[1] 9. ^ Robertson, Leslie E. (2002). Reflections on the World Trade Center. The Bridge Volume 32, Number 1. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 10. ^ Lew, H. S., Richard W. Bukowski and Nicholas J. Carino (2006). Design, Construction and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1). Pp. 70-1. 11. ^ Field, Andy (2004). A Look Inside a Radical New Theory of the WTC Collapse. Fire/Rescue News. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 12. ^ Gross, John L., Therese P. McAllister (2004). Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers (pdf). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster NIST NCSTAR 1-6. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 13. ^ a b Wilkinson, Tim (2006). World Trade Center - Some Engineering Aspects. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 14. ^ National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). "Executive Summary", Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. NIST. 15. ^ FDNY McKinsey Report - Executive Summary. FDNY / McKinsey & Company (August 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-10. 16. ^ a b Lawson, J. Randall, Robert L. Vettori (September 2005). NIST NCSTAR 1-8 - The Emergency Response p. 37. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 17. ^ McKinsey Report - Emergency Medical Service response. FDNY / McKinsey & Company (August 9, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 18. ^ McKinsey Report - NYPD (August 19, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-10. 19. ^ "NY Firefighters attack Giuliani," BBC News, July 12, 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm 20. ^ Due to the dust produced by the collapse, the exact times are difficult to determine. See NIST's answers to frequently asked questions, August 2006[2] 21. ^ Lioy, Paul J. er al. "Characterization of the Dust/Smoke Aerosol that Settled East of the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan after the Collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001" in Environmental Health Perspectives, Volum 110, Number 7, July 2002.[3] 22. ^ Bazant, Zdenek P., and Yong Zhou. "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse?—Simple Analysis". Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE. 2002. 23. ^ Hayden, Peter (April 2002). WTC: This Is Their Story. Firehouse Magazine. 24. ^ Observations, findings and Recommendations (pdf). World Trade Center Building Performance Study, (Chapter 8.2.5.1). Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 25. ^ Barnett, J.R.; R.R. Biederman, R.D. Sisson Jr. (2001). An Initial Microstructural Analysis of A36 Steel from WTC Building 7. Feature: Letter. The Journal of Materials. Retrieved on 2006-05-12. 26. ^ a b Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. NIST & The World Trade Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved on 2006-09-17. 27. ^ Key Findings of NIST’s June 2004 Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. Fact sheets from NIST. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2004). Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 28. ^ Interim Report on WTC 7 (pdf). Appendix L. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2004). Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 29. ^ NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation (HTML). National Institute of Standards and Technology (June 2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-14. 30. ^ Rudy's Grand Illusion. Retrieved on September 6, 2006. 31. ^ http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2004/5/23/204909.shtml 32. ^ Oliver, Anthony (2001). Lasting lessons of WTC. New Civil Engineer. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 33. ^ a b Bazant, Zdenek P. and Mathieu Verdure. "Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions" in Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE, in press.] 34. ^ Whitehouse, David (2001). WTC collapse forces skyscraper rethink. BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 35. ^ Snell, Jack. "The Proposed National Construction Safety Team Act." NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory. 2002.[4] 36. ^ a b "Experts Debate Future of the Skyscraper in Wake of Disaster", Engineering News-Record, September 24, 2001. 37. ^ Glanz, James and Eric Lipton. "Nation Challenged: The Towers; Experts Urging Broader Inquiry In Towers' Fall". New York Times December 25, 2001 38. ^ Dwyer, Jim. "Investigating 9/11: An Unimaginable Calamity, Still Largely Unexamined". New York Times. September 11, 2002 [5] 39. ^ NIST. "NIST's Responsibilities Under the National Construction Safety Team Act" [6] 40. ^ Eagar, Thomas (2002). The Collapse: An Engineer's Perspective. NOVA. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 41. ^ a b 42. ^ Clifton, G. Charles (2002). Collapse of the World Trade Centre Towers (pdf). Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 43. ^ How the World Trade Center fell. BBC News (2001). Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 44. ^ Twin towers' steel under scrutiny. BBC News (2001). Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 45. ^ Buyukozturk, Oral, Franz-Josef Ulm (2001). How safe are our skyscrapers?: The World Trade Center collapse. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2006-06-26. 46. ^ Kausel, Eduardo (2002). The Towers Lost and Beyond. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2006-06-26. 47. ^ Newman, Michael E. (2002). Commerce's NIST Details Federal Investigation of World Trade Center Collapse. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 48. ^ Parker, Dave (2005). WTC investigators resist call for collapse visualisation. New Civil Engineer. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 49. ^ Usmani, A.S., Y.C. Chung, J.L. Torero (2003). How did the World Trade Center Collapse: A New Theory (pdf). Fire Safety Journal, 38, 6. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. 50. ^ Row erupts over why twin towers collapsed. New Civil Engineer (2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 51. ^ BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, University of Edinburgh (2006). Dalmarnock Full-Scale Experiments 25 & 26 July 2006. BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, University of Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2006-08-4. 52. ^ Christian, Nicholas (2006). Glasgow tower block to shed light on 9/11 fire. Scotsman. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 53. ^ Skyscraper Fire Fighters. BBC Horizon (2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-31. 54. ^ Larson, Mark (2001). Unwinding the Bin Laden tape. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 55. ^ Transcript of Bin Laden videotape. National Public Radio (2001). Retrieved on 2006-07-28. 56. ^ Bone Fragments Found Near WTC Said Human. Associated Press (2005). Retrieved on 2006-09-11. 57. ^ Post, Nadine M. and Debra K. Rubin. "Debris Mountain Starts to Shrink." Engineering News Record, 10/1/01. [7] 58. ^ Rubin, Debra K. and Janice L. Tuchman. "WTC Agency Begins Ramping Up Operations." Engineering News Record, 11/01/01. [8] 59. ^ http://english.people.com.cn/200112/20/eng20011220_87119.shtml 60. ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/12/19/archive/main321907.shtml 61. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. "EPA's Response to the World Trade Center Collapse." Report No. 2003-P-00012. August 21, 2003.[9] 62. ^ Hargrove, Thomas and Guido H. Stempel III.More than 40 percent of the New York City and NY State population indicate they believe the WT Centers were destroyed by controlled demolition in turn indicating government complicity according to several Zogby polls. "Anti-government anger spurs 9/11 conspiracy belief", Scripps Howard News Service, August 2, 2006.[10] 63. ^ James B., Meigs (2006). The Conspiracy Industry. Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communications, Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-12-11. [edit] References · Dwyer, Jim (2004). 102 Minutes: The Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers. Times Books. ISBN 0805076824. · National Institute of Standards and Technology, Technology Administration (2006). NIST and the World Trade Center. NIST building and fire safety investigation. US Department of Commerce. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · Wilkinson, Tim (2006). World Trade Center - Some Engineering Aspects. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · McAllister, Therese; W. Gene Corley, et al. (2002). World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (FEMA 403) (pdf). Federal Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · Eagar, Thomas W.; Christopher Musso (2001). Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation. JOM, 53 (12). The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · Bazant, Zdenek P.; Yong Zhou (2001). Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? - Simple Analysis (pdf). Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE, 9/13/01. Northwestern University. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. · Clifton, G. Charles (2001). Collapse of the World Trade Centre Towers. CAD Digest. TenLinks, Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · Edgar, Dr. Thomas; NOVA (2002). The Collapse: An Engineer's Perspective. Why the Towers Fell. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · Usmani, A.S.; Y. C. Chung, J. L. Torero (2003). How did the WTC towers collapse: a new theory (pdf). Fire Safety Journal, Volume 38, Issue 6. Elsevier Ltd.. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. · NOVA online (2002). The structure of metal. Why the Towers Fell. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · Kean, Thomas H. (2004). Eleventh Public Hearing. Hearings. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. · Seth Kramer, Daniel Miller. (2002) America Rebuilds: A Year at Ground Zero [Television series]. United States: PBS home video. [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 9/11 · Bill Biggart's Final Exposures contains a photo of the WTC Marriott severely damaged by the collapse of 2 WTC immediately before the collapse of 1 WTC in which the photographer, Bill Biggart, was killed. · Video showing fire in corner of 2 WTC · Forensic animations used in court · World Trade Center - Some Engineering Aspects University of Sydney engineering instructor Tim Wilkinson writes an article explaining how the towers collapsed. [hide] v • d • e World Trade Center Construction of the World Trade Center · World Trade Center bombing · September 11, 2001 attacks · Collapse of the World Trade Center · Larry Silverstein · Port Authority of New York and New Jersey · World Trade Center in popular culture Marriott World Trade Center · 4 World Trade Center · 5 World Trade Center · 6 World Trade Center · 7 World Trade Center · PATH station World Trade Center site · Freedom Tower · 150 Greenwich Street · 175 Greenwich Street · 200 Greenwich Street · World Trade Center Tower 5 · World Trade Center Memorial Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | World Trade Center | September 11, 2001 attacks | Building fires in New York City | Collapsed buildings | Environmental disasters 9/11 Commission Report From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The cover of the final 9/11 report The 9/11 Commission Report, formally titled Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It was prepared by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (informally sometimes known as the "9/11 Commission") at the request of the President and Congress, and it is available to the public for sale or free download. The commission convened on November 26, 2002 (441 days after the attack) and their final report was issued on July 22, 2004. The report was originally scheduled for release on May 27, 2004, but a compromise agreed to by Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert allowed a sixty-day extension through July 26. Contents[hide]· 1 Findings · 2 Criticism o 2.1 General criticism o 2.2 Alleged omissions o 2.3 Alleged inaccuracies · 3 Literary criticism · 4 See also · 5 References · 6 External links o 6.1 Notable articles regarding the report o 6.2 Essays critical of the report [edit] Findings The Commission interviewed over 1,200 people in 10 countries and reviewed over two and a half million pages of documents, including some closely-guarded classified national security documents. The Commission also relied heavily on the FBI's PENTTBOM investigation. Before it was released by the Commission, the final public report was screened for any potentially classified information and edited as necessary. After releasing the report, Commission Chair Thomas Kean declared that both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush had been "not well served" by the FBI and CIA [1]. In addition to identifying intelligence failures occurring before the attacks, the report claimed to provide evidence of the following: · Airport security footage of the hijackers as they passed through airport security · Cockpit voice recordings of the terrorists as they hijacked and sabotaged the airliners · Eyewitness testimony of passengers as they described their own final moments to family members and authorities on airphones and cellphones from the cabins of doomed airliners The Commission also concluded 15 of the 19 hijackers that carried out the attacks were from Saudi Arabia, but found no evidence the government of Saudi Arabia conspired in the attacks, or that it funded the attackers [2]. According to the Commission, all 19 hijackers were members of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization, led by Osama bin Laden. In addition, while meetings between al-Qaeda representatives and Iraqi government officials had taken place, the panel had no credible evidence that Saddam Hussein had assisted al-Qaeda in preparing or executing the 9/11 attacks. The Report notes in Chapter 2 that "Bin Laden had in fact been sponsoring anti-Saddam Islamists in Iraqi Kurdistan, and sought to attract them into his Islamic army." The Commission's final report also offered new evidence of increased contact between Iran and al-Qaeda. The report contains information about how several of the 9/11 hijackers passed through Iran, and indicates that officials in Iran did not place entry stamps in their passports. However, according to the report (Chapter 7), there is no evidence that Iran was aware of the actual 9/11 plot. Iran has since implemented several widely-publicized efforts to shut down al-Qaeda cells operating within its country. In addition to its findings, the report made extensive recommendations for changes that can be made to help prevent a similar attack. These include the creation of a National Intelligence Director over both the CIA and the FBI, and many changes in border security and immigration policy. The report is available for free of charge online, or can be purchased as a paperback (ISBN 0-393-32671-3). In addition, Barnes and Noble has independently published the report in hardcover with an index (ISBN 0-7607-6806-4). The report inspired a television miniseries, The Path to 9/11. Dramatizing many specific scenes in the report, it is a synthesis of multiple sources in addition to the report itself. The abridged and illustrated The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation (ISBN 0-8090-5739-5) has a format similar to that of a graphic novel. [edit] Criticism [edit] General criticism · Paul Craig Roberts, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in the Reagan administration, said "There are not many editors eager for writers to explore the glaring defects of the 9/11 Commission Report. One would think that if the report could stand analysis, there would not be a taboo against calling attention to the inadequacy of its explanations. We know the government lied about Iraqi WMD, but we believe the government told the truth about 9/11."[3] · In a 2004 article titled, 'Whitewash as Public Service: How The 9/11 Commission Report defrauds the nation,' Harpers Magazine writer Benjamin DeMott stated, "The plain, sad reality — I report this following four full days studying the work — is that The 9/11 Commission Report, despite the vast quantity of labor behind it, is a cheat and a fraud. It stands as a series of evasive maneuvers that infantilize the audience, transform candor into iniquity, and conceal realities that demand immediate inspection and confrontation . . . At the core of all these failures lies a deep wariness of earnest, well-informed public debate."[4] [edit] Alleged omissions · Friday Times, a Pakistani weekly paper, wrote in March of 2006 that the Pakistan foreign office spent "tens of thousands of dollars" lobbying to get anti-Pakistan findings omitted from the final version of the Commission Report. The Pakistani newspaper also wrote, "Insiders . . . say the US Congress does not know about the fact that money was paid to the inquiry commission to silence it." [5] · In a 2004 interview, Bernard Gwertzman, of the Council on Foreign Relations, stated of the Report: "Again, one of the great problems in the commission report is that it looked at exactly one issue— counterterrorism— and none of the others. But [U.S.] intelligence users consist of more than 1 million people, many of them in uniform, and when you talk about budgeting and programming authority, you have to consider that. . . Many of these conclusions are probably very valuable. But this is a 13-chapter report. Eleven chapters are a masterful description of what happened and what went wrong that led to the 9/11 attack. There is no chapter that explains what people did after 9/11. There is no chapter that qualifies that this is only one of many problems in intelligence and intelligence reform."[6] · Theologian and 9/11 researcher David Ray Griffin wrote a critical book "The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions". · The report did not include testimony by Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta which describes the situation in the Presidential Emergency Operating Center with Vice President Cheney as American Airlines Flight 77 approached the Pentagon on 9/11/01: "There was a young man who had come in and said to the vice president, "The plane is 50 miles out. The plane is 30 miles out." And when it got down to, "The plane is 10 miles out," the young man also said to the vice president, "Do the orders still stand?" And the vice president turned and whipped his neck around and said, "Of course the orders still stand. Have you heard anything to the contrary?" Well, at the time I didn't know what all that meant. And--" Yet despite such a detailed description of the events that day, the only mention of Mineta in the Commission Report is on p. 326, that Mineta was part of a group that met with Bush at the end of September 11 to review the events of the day.[7] · The report did not include the testimony of FAA counter-terrorism expert Bogdan Dzakovic, who stated to the Commission: "We breached security up to 90 percent of the time. The FAA suppressed these warnings. Instead, we were ordered not to write up our reports and not to retest airports where we found particularly egregious vulnerabilities, to see if the problems had been fixed. Finally, the agency started providing advance notification of when we would be conducting our 'undercover' tests and what we would be 'checking.' . . . What happened on 9/11 was not a failure in the system. Our airports are not safer now than before 9/11. The main difference between then and now is that life is now more miserable for passengers." He also described later, in an interview, the same situation which occurred for virtually all government officials following the 9/11 attacks: "Many of the FAA bureaucrats that actively thwarted improvements in security prior to 9/11 have been promoted by FAA or the Transportation Security Administration." [8] · The report did not include the testimony of Former CIA director George Tenet to the Commission in January of 2004 in which he said that in a July, 2001 meeting with Condoleezza Rice, he had warned of an imminent threat from al-Qaeda. Commission members Thomas Kean and Lee Hamilton stated that they had not been told about the meeting. But the Boston Globe reported that "it turns out that the panel was, in fact, told about the meeting, according to the interview transcript and Democratic Commission member Richard Ben-Veniste, who sat in on the interview with Tenet."[9], [10] · The report did not include the testimony of World Trade Center janitor William Rodriguez, who reported explosions in the basement of the North Tower, moments before the first plane hit.[11] [edit] Alleged inaccuracies · The report states: "The threat of terrorists hijacking commercial airliners within the United States -- and using them as guided missiles -- was not recognized by NORAD before 9/11." (The Report repeats the assertion three times.) Yet a USA Today article, "NORAD had drills of jets as weapons" describes a pre-9/11 NORAD drill involving hijacked jetliners from airports in Utah and Washington state. [12] (As an aside, the Report does mention briefly on page 537 the case of Samuel Byck who attempted to hijack a jetliner to crash into the White House in 1974, resulting in the deaths of an airport police officer and a pilot as well as his own suicide.) · The report states[13]: "The protocols did not contemplate an intercept. They assumed the fighter escort would be discreet, 'vectored to a position five miles directly behind the hijacked aircraft,' where it could perform its mission to monitor the aircraft's flight path." Yet the FAA order referenced by the footnote for this statement (Order 7610.4J: Special Military Operations), states[14]: 7-2-1. FACILITY NOTIFICATION The FAA hijack coordinator will advise the appropriate center/control tower of the identification of the military unit and location tasked to provide the hijack escort. The center/control tower shall coordinate with the designated NORAD SOCC/ROCC/military unit advising of the hijack aircraft's location, direction of flight, altitude, type aircraft and recommended flight plan to intercept the hijack aircraft. The center/control tower shall file the coordinated flight plan. [edit] Literary criticism Although government reports are not known for their prose, the Report garnered much praise for its literary qualities. Richard Posner, writing for the New York Times, praised it as "uncommonly lucid, even riveting" and called it "an improbable literary triumph". The Report rose to the top of several bestseller lists and was praised by reviewers for its readability and narrative strength. In a surprising move, the National Book Foundation named the Report a finalist in its 2004 National Book Awards's non-fiction category. [edit] See also Wikisource has original text related to this article: 9/11 Commission Report · 9/11 Public Discourse Project · Iraq Study Group Report · 9/11: Press for Truth · Global Guardian [edit] References 1. ^ 9/11 Commission finds 'deep institutional failings' 2. ^ BBC news - 9/11 probe clears Saudi Arabia 3. ^ Paul Craig Roberts: Who Will Save America? 4. ^ Whitewash as Public Service (Harpers.org) 5. ^ Zee News - Thousands of dollars spend by Pak to get 9/11 findings dropped 6. ^ Cordesman: 9/11 Commission Report Lacks Specifics - Council on Foreign Relations 7. ^ 9/11 Commission Archive 8. ^ San Francisco Chronicle - Flying the deadly skies/Whistle-blower thinks the state of U.S. aviation security invites another attack 9. ^ Tenet told 9/11 panel that he warned Rice of Al Qaeda - The Boston Globe 10. ^ TPMmuckraker October 3, 2006 11:42am - Why Did 9/11 Panel Omit "Secret" Meeting? 11. ^ American Scholars Symposium - June 26, 2006 12. ^ USATODAY.com - NORAD had drills of jets as weapons 13. ^ The 9/11 Commission Report, p.18 14. ^ FAA regulations, Air/Ground Communications Security, Order 7610.4J, Special Military Operations para. 7-2-1 (PDF p. 138) [edit] External links · The 9/11 Commission Report - Authorized Edition (2.3 MB PDF) · Search the 9/11 Commission Report indexed by individual paragraphs, with clustered search results · The Full 9/11 Commission Report (hand-converted XHTML format) · A related 9/11 report from Congress in text format · The 9/11 Public Discourse Project, an extension of the 9/11 Commission's work · Video of 9/11 events (split screen) supplemented with text from Commission Report findings · 9/11 Report: Key Findings from the BBC · Slate's The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation by Sid Jacobson and Ernie Colón · Norman Mineta's Testimony to the 9/11 Commission (Google Video) · Senior Military, Intelligence, Law Enforcement, and Government Officials that Question the 9/11 Commission Report · Opening of The Path to 9/11 (based on 9/11 Commission Report), ABC, September 10, 2006, including disclaimer [edit] Notable articles regarding the report · 9/11 panel report: 'We must act' - from CNN · The 9/11 Report Raises More Serious Questions About The White House Statements On Intelligence - by John Dean · 9/11 Chair: Attack Was Preventable - from CBS · Bush vows to heed 9/11 report advice - from MSNBC · Pinning the Blame - from the New York Review of Books · Group of 9/11 widows 'question the veracity of the entire Commission’s report' - from Raw Story, including a copy of their statement · The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-Page Lie by Dr. David Ray Griffin [edit] Essays critical of the report 1. ^ Who Will Save America? My Epiphany, By Paul Craig Roberts · 9/11 Commission Report - An exercise in escapism · 9/11 Commission tells truth, but not whole truth/ · Whitewash as Public Service (Harper's) · 9/11 Commission Disputes Criticism · Ashcroft Flying High · Cordesman: 9/11 Commission Report Lacks Specifics · Lessons Learned from 9/11 · Omissions and Errors in the Commission's Final Report · On The Recommendations of The 9/11 Commission · Republicans amplify criticism of 9/11 commission · Running From the Truth · The Failure to Defend the Skies on 9/11 essay by Paul Thompson Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" Categories: 9/11 Commission | United States historical documents | Reports of the United States government Tourism in New York City Please expand this article.Further information might be found in a section of the talk page or at Requests for expansion. Tourism in New York City is a large industry. Some 40 million foreign and American tourists visit New York each year.[1] According to some estimates, as many as one in four Americans can trace their roots to Brooklyn. Many visitors investigate their genealogy at historic immigration sites such as Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. Other tourist destinations include the Empire State Building, for 40 years the world's tallest building after its construction in 1931, Radio City Music Hall, home of The Rockettes, a variety of Broadway shows, the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, housed on a World War II aircraft carrier, shopping districts like Fifth Avenue, and city landmarks such as Central Park, which is one of the finest examples of landscape architecture in the world. Spearheading the city's tourism efforts is NYC & Company, the city's official convention and visitor bureau currently headed by Cristyne L. Nicholas. Contents[hide]· 1 Hotels · 2 Maritime attractions · 3 Shopping · 4 Recreation · 5 Museums and Zoos · 6 Annual events · 7 See also · 8 External links [edit] Hotels Main article: New York City hotels The Plaza Hotel. Famous hotels in New York City include the Plaza Hotel and the Waldorf-Astoria. The Plaza Hotel in New York City is a landmark 19-story luxury hotel on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Central Park South in Manhattan. On the south side of the Plaza (between 57th and 58th Streets) once stood the French Renaissance château of Cornelius Vanderbilt II, designed by George Browne Post; rising behind its gated front court, it was the grandest of the Fifth Avenue mansions of the Gilded Age. The Plaza is the second hotel of that name on the site. The French Renaissance château-style building was designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh and opened to the public in October 1907. The Plaza was accorded landmark status by New York City's Landmark Commission in 1969 and is the only New York City hotel to be designated as a National Historic Landmark. In the 1950s it was the setting for Kay Thompson's series of Eloise books, Eartha Kitt and Peggy Lee played the Persian Room, unaccompanied ladies were not permitted in the Oak Room bar and the Palm Court was favored for luncheons and teas. On November 28, 1966, in honor of publisher Katharine Graham, Truman Capote hosted his acclaimed "Black & White Ball" in the Grand Ballroom. In September 1985, the Plaza Accord was signed at the Plaza. The Accord served as an agreement among the finance ministers of the United States, Japan, West Germany, France, and Britain to bring the price of the U.S. dollar down. [edit] Maritime attractions Brooklyn's old Coney Island is still a center of seaside recreation, with its beach, boardwalk, and amusement parks. Many enjoy the spectacular views available from the deck of the Staten Island Ferry. Maritime attractions include the South Street Seaport, site of a historic port, and the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, housed in a World War II aircraft carrier docked on the Hudson River. The Circle Line operates ferry and sightseeing boats (one of the tours offered includes a three and a half hour trip around Manhattan island). They also run faster speedboat tours under the operating name, The Beast. · Coney Island · Governors Island [edit] Shopping Shopping is popular with many visitors, with Fifth Avenue being a famous shopping corridor for luxury items. Macy's, the nation's largest department store, and the surrounding area of Herald Square are a major destination for more moderately-priced goods. In recent years 23rd Street has become a major location for "big-box" retailers. In southern Manhattan, Greenwich Village is home to hundreds of independent music and book stores, while the East Village continues to prevail as purveyors of all things "strange" and unusual which you can't find anywhere else. The diamond district around 47th Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenue is one of the three primary centers of the global diamond industry (along with Antwerp, Belgium and South Africa), as well as the city's main location for jewelry shopping. SoHo, formerly the center of the New York art scene, is now famous for high-priced clothing boutiques, and the art galleries are now concentrated in Chelsea. There are also large shopping districts found in Downtown Brooklyn and along Queens Boulevard in Queens. Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as Jackson Heights, Flushing, and Brighton Beach are major shopping destinations for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast. Union Square in autumn. New York City is a playground for shoppers. Consumers can find anything for every style and budget in the hundreds stores throughout the city. It has branches of almost all of the big chain stores, and for every chain store there is a local boutique nearby. NYC is home to some of America’s finest and oldest department stores including Barneys New York, Henri Bendel, Bergdorf Goodman, Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Saks Fifth Avenue, Takashimaya, and Macy's. Macy's houses 10 floors of merchandise, and it is quite possibly the most famous department store in NYC thanks to the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. New York City also offers many choices for discount shoppers. Stores like Gabay’s Outlet, Find Outlet, Loehmann’s, LoftWorks, Syms, DSW, and Century 21 sell designer brands at a discount every day. Furthermore, shoppers can find great deals at sample sales (of designers) around the city. Open hours can vary significantly from store to store, but stores generally open at 10am on Monday through Saturday. The most common closing hour is 7. Both opening and closing hours tend to get later as you move downtown. For example, many stores in the East Village are open from 1:00pm to 8:00pm or later. All of the big department stores are open seven days a week. The department stores, and many Fifth Avenue shops, are usually open later on Thursdays. Sunday hours are usually noon to 5 or 6pm. Smaller boutiques may close one day a week. Interestingly, some neighborhoods virtually shut down on a particular day. Examples are the East Village on Monday, the Lower East Side on Saturday, and the Financial District for the weekend. During the holidays, Macy's often stays open until midnight for the final weeks before Christmas. New York City sales tax is 8.65%, but it is not added to clothing and footwear items under $110. New York's most interesting shopping areas: Uptown Madison Avenue: The “smartest” shops are located on Madison Avenue, where most top designers have flagship stores. Madison Avenue from 57th to 79th streets has surpassed Fifth Avenue as the most expensive shopping street in the city. The real estate alone is some of the most expensive in the world. This strip of shopping is home to the most luxurious designer boutiques and department stores including Barney’s New York. The more affordable part of Madison Avenue houses stores like the Crate & Barrel and the Ann Taylor flagships. Upper West Side: The Upper West Side's busiest shopping street is Columbus Avenue from 66th Street to about 86th Street. A few boutiques also dot Amsterdam Avenue. Small shops are attract shoppers who are looking for a neighborhood feel rather than “big city” feel. Shops here include New York Look, Intermix, and Barney’s Coop. Midtown Herald Square & The Garment District: Herald Square (where 34th Street, Sixth Avenue, and Broadway converge) is dominated by Macy's. At Sixth Avenue and 33rd Street is the Manhattan Mall, home to mall standards like LensCrafters and Radio Shack. The Garment District is where shoppers can find sample sales. Times Square & The Theater District: There is not much to entice the seriously fashionable shopper here. But tourists will surely be found shopping in Richard Branson's Virgin Megastore, and the giant Toys "R" Us flagship. Fifth Avenue & 57th Street: Manhattan’s affluent and label conscious shoppers are drawn to Fifth Avenue. The shopping area that stretches along Fifth Avenue has recently been overrun by mainstream retailers such as Banana Republic, Niketown, and the NBA. But shoppers will still find a number of big-name, big-ticket designers, including Versace, Chanel, Dior, and Cartier, as well as high end department stores like Bergdorf Goodman, Henri Bendel, and Saks Fifth Avenue. These retailers help Fifth Avenue maintain its classy image. Columbus Circle: The new multi-level mall, “The Shops at Columbus Circle” (located in the Time Warner Center) offers many upscale shopping choices including Hugo Boss, Armani, Coach, Cole Hahn and Bose. The mall is two city blocks long and four stories high and has great views of the southwest corner of Central Park. It houses a giant Whole Foods Supermarket in the lower level and Tavern on the Green restaurant on the top floor. Downtown Lower Manhattan & The Financial District: Fulton Street (the South Seaports main cobbled drag) carries the familiar names like Abercrombie & Fitch, Ann Taylor, and the Sunglass Hut. Pier 17 is a waterfront barge that has been transformed into a shopping mall. But other than Century 21 (right across the street from the World Trade Center site), there is not much that shoppers can't find elsewhere in Manhattan. Chinatown: Sidewalk vendors selling hundreds of knock-off products line the streets of Chinatown. Shoppers can find cheap sunglasses and watches, discount leather goods, and exotic souvenirs, but they should be warned not to expect quality. The Lower East Side: This area offers low prices on leather bags, shoes, luggage, linens, and fabrics on the bolt. Shoppers are encouraged to shop during the week, rather than the weekends. Many stores are Jewish-owned, so they close Friday afternoon and all day Saturday. The artists and other trendsetters have been migrating to this neighborhood, and the shops that specialize in up-to-the-minute fashions and edgy party clothes for 20-somethings have followed. Soho: Some people argue that SoHo has become overpopulated and commercialized, however others shoppers argue that it is still one of the best shopping neighborhoods in the city. With elegant cast-iron architecture, cobblestone streets, and a European vibe, SoHo has a unique look and feel. Small boutiques like Jussara, and Catherine are on the same streets as major designers’ boutiques like D&G, Tocca, Missoni, Diesel, and Louis Vuitton. Broadway is the most commercial strip of SoHo, and houses recognizable names like Pottery Barn, Sephora, Banana Republic, Prada, A/X Armani Exchange, H&M, and Bloomingdale’s. Shoppers can also find one of a kind boutiques and many, many shoe stores. Nolita: Small boutiques have recently appeared all over Mulberry, Mott and Elizabeth Streets. The narrow streets of Nolita specialize in fashion-forward clothing that are often expensive. Indomix carries South African designs, and Sol sell Brazilian bikinis and flip flops. Greenwich Village: Greenwich Village is a popular gift shopping area because of the abundance of crafts shops, bookstores, and record stores. But on 8th Street near New York University shoppers can find affordable and trendy fashions. Bleeker Street is home to boutiques such as Intermix, Olive & Bette, Ralph Lauren, Lulu Guinness, and Marc Jacobs Chelsea/Meat-Packing District: Almost overnight, Chelsea and the Meat Packing District have been transformed into to a “hot and trendy” district. It unofficially stretches from 14th to 29th streets and the West Side Highway and Seventh Avenue. Big-name designers as Stella McCartney, Christian Louboutin, and Alexander McQueen have recently popped up in the Meat-Packing District. Union Square: The hottest shopping, eating, hanging-out neighborhood in the New York City may be Union Square. The south side of the square houses Whole Foods, Filene's Basement, DSW, and a Virgin Megastore. On the north side of the park, Barnes & Noble resides in a beautifully restored 1880 cast-iron building. The real attraction to Union Square is the Greenmarket, the biggest farmer's market in the city held four days a week. The World Trade Center was an important tourist destination before the September 11, 2001 attacks, which devastated the city and its tourist industry. The city was nearly devoid of tourists for months, and it took two years for the numbers to fully rebound with fewer international, but more domestic visitors. Now the World Trade Center site has itself become an important place for visitors to see. [edit] Recreation Many tourists only think of New York in terms of Manhattan, but there are four other boroughs which, if they can't compete in skyscrapers, still offer other kinds of attractions. The Bronx Zoo is world-famous, and the Bronx Bombers don't play in Manhattan. Flushing, Queens is home to the legacy of the 1964 New York World's Fair (including the Unisphere), the U.S. Open in tennis and Shea Stadium. Other major parks in the city include Riverside Park, Battery Park, Bryant Park, Prospect Park, Flushing Meadow-Corona Park, Washington Square Park, and Forest Park. The city has 28,000 acres (113 km²) of parkland and 14 miles (22 km) of public beaches. Prospect Park in Brooklyn, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, has a 90 acre (360,000 m²) meadow thought to be the largest meadow in any U.S. park. Flushing Meadows Park in Queens is the city's third largest park and hosted the World's Fair in 1939 and 1964. Manhattan's Central Park, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, is the most visited city park in the United States.[1] In the summer of 1936 Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia and Parks Commissioner Robert Moses opened eleven monumental pools across the five boroughs: four in Manhattan, one each in the Bronx, Queens and Staten Island, and four in Brooklyn. With each ribbon cutting, LaGuardia famously switched on the underwater lights and boomed, "Okay kids, it’s all yours!" Built with money from the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the pools were a great feat of engineering, architectural design, and urban planning and over the years have been the setting for everything from amateur wading to Olympic competition. But the city has been true to LaGuardia’s words and to this day, the pools are free and open to the public. With a total capacity of 43,000 people, they are a place where all New Yorkers can go to catch a free swimming lesson and a glimpse of New York City’s history. The WPA Pools are vibrant contributors to city life and culture in the present and continue to be hugely popular. [edit] Museums and Zoos The AMNH in 2000 · American Museum of Natural History o Hayden Planetarium (the Rose Center for Earth and Space) · Bronx Zoo · Brooklyn Botanic Gardens · Guggenheim Museum · Metropolitan Museum of Art, affectionately called "the Met", one of the most famous art museums in the world · Museum of Modern Art, nicknamed "MOMA" · New York Botanical Garden · New York Hall of Science · Queens Botanical Garden · Staten Island Zoo · Wave Hill [edit] Annual events The first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade was held in New York on November 27, 1924. Since then this has been an annual event drawing tens of thousands of spectators and in later years millions of television viewers. Annually on New Year's Eve, hundreds of thousands of people congregate in Times Square to watch the ball drop as millions watch on television. · Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade · Shakespeare in the Park · Columbus Day Parade · Puerto Rican Day Parade · Dominican Day Parade · New York City Gay Pride Parade · New York's Village Halloween Parade · Tribeca Film Festival [edit] See also · I Love New York · List of famous buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City · List of New York City parks [edit] External links · New York City vegan restaurant guide New York City v • d • e History · Government · Geography · Demographics · Economy · TransportationCulture · Media · Music · Sports · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · EducationNew York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_New_York_City" Categories: Articles to be expanded | New York City Crime in New York City New York CityCrime rates (2004) Crime type Rate [1] Homicide 7.0 Forcible rape 17.6 Robbery 300.9 Aggravated assault 361.9 Violent crime 687.4 Burglary 322.2 Larceny-theft 1530.8 Motor vehicle theft 260.1 Property crime 2113.1 ↑ Crime rates per 100,000 populationSource: FBI 2004 UCR data · Compare with other cities? Crime in New York City is the lowest among the 25 largest cities in the United States. Since 1991, New York City has seen a continuous fifteen-year trend of decreasing crime. Neighborhoods that were once considered dangerous are now much safer. Violent crime in the city has dropped by 75% in the last twelve years and the murder rate in 2005 was at its lowest level since 1963: there were 537 murders that year, for a murder rate of 6.57 per 100,000 people, compared to 2245 murders in 1990. Some feel that the implementation of COMPSTAT crime analysis by the New York Police Department in 1994 is responsible for the positive changes. Overall, New York City had a rate of 2,801.6 crimes per 100,000 people in 2004, compared with 8,959.7 in Dallas; 7,903.7 in Detroit; 7,402.3 in Phoenix; 7,346.8 in San Antonio; 7,194.8 in Houston; 5,470.5 in Philadelphia; 4,376.0 in Los Angeles; and 4,102.7 in San Diego. New Yorkers are famous for doing things "bigger and better," and this sometimes applies to criminal activity: Organized crime has been associated with New York City since the early 20th Century, when legendary mobsters Arnold Rothstein, Meyer Lansky, and Lucky Luciano transformed it, although later decades are more famous for Mafia prosecutions (and prosecutors like Rudolph Giuliani) than for the influence of the Five Families. Another notorious crime story is the serial killings by the "Son of Sam", who on July 29, 1976 began a series of attacks that terrorized the city for the next year. Having a history of crime has often led to the common misconception that New York City still has a high crime rate, but this is not the case. In 2006, as part of Mayor Michael Bloomberg's gun control efforts, the city passed laws establishing a gun offender registry, requiring city gun dealers to inspect their inventories and file reports to the police twice a year, limiting handgun purchases in the city to once every 90 days and banning the use and sale of kits used to paint guns in bright or fluorescent colors, which could confuse police officers into believing that real guns are toys. [edit] See also · New York City Police Department · Timeline of New York City crimes [edit] External link · Precinct Crime Statistics page - NYPD Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City" Categories: Crime in the United States | New York City | Demographics of New York City | New York City Police Department Timeline of New York City crimes and disasters The following is a timeline of New York City crimes and disasters. Contents[hide]· 1 17th century · 2 18th century · 3 19th century · 4 20th century · 5 21st century · 6 Murders by year · 7 See also [edit] 17th century · 1668 - First yellow fever epidemic in the city. [edit] 18th century · 1702 - Yellow fever epidemic kills more than 500 people. · September 21, 1776 - Approximately 1000 houses, a quarter of the city, are destroyed in a fire a week after British troops captured the city during the American Revolution. Arson is speculated and during a round-up of suspicious persons, Nathan Hale is arrested. [1] · August 3, 1778 - Fire near Cruger's Wharf destroys 64 homes. [2] · 1794 - Minor yellow fever epidemic leads to creation of Bellevue Hospital. · 1795 - Yellow fever epidemic kills 732 between July 19 and October 12, from a total population of about 50,000. [3] · December 9, 1796 - The "Coffee House Slip Fire," destroys about 50 structures near Murray Wharf. [4] · 1798 - The "great epidemic", a major yellow fever epidemic, kills 2086 people from late July to November. [5] Epidemics occur in several other years, but this was the worst of them all. [6] [edit] 19th century · 1803 - Yellow fever epidemic. · 1805 - Yellow fever epidemic, during which as many as 50,000 people are said to have fled the city. · May 19, 1811 - Close to 100 buildings burn down on Chatham Street. · 1819 - Yellow fever epidemic. · September 3, 1821 - The Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane causes a storm surge of 13 ft in one hour, leading to widespread flooding south of Canal St., but few deaths are reported. The hurricane is estimated to have been a Category 3 event and to have made landfall at Jamaica Bay, making it the only hurricane in recorded history to directly strike what is now modern New York City. · 1822 - Last important outbreak of a yellow fever epidemic in the city. · 1832 - Cholera Pandemic reaches North America. It breaks out in New York City on June 26, peaks at 100 deaths per day during July, and finally abates in December. More than 3500 people die in the city, many in the lower class neighborhoods, particularly Five Points. Another 80,000 people, one third of the population, are said to have fled the city during the epidemic. [7] [8] · December 16, 1835 - More than 600 buildings are destroyed by a fire which rages for two days in the Financial District. Efforts to stop the fire are limited by sub-zero temperatures which freezes water in hoses, wells, and the East River. 23 insurance companies are wiped out by the resulting claims. · July 25, 1841 - Mary Cecilia Roger, a young woman known popularly as "The Beautiful Cigar Girl," disappeared and her dead body was found floating in the Hudson River three days later. The details surrounding the case suggested she was murdered. The death of this beautiful and well-known girl received national attention for weeks. The story became immortalized by Edgar Allan Poe in his The Mystery of Marie Roget. Although there was intense media interest and an attempt to solve the enigma by Poe, the crime remains one of the most puzzling unsolved murders of New York City. · 1848-1849 - Cholera epidemic begins in December 1848, its spread initially limited by winter weather. By June 1849, it reaches epidemic proportions. Eventually 5071 city residents die. [9] · 1854 - Cholera epidemic kills 2509. · July 13-17, 1863 - Approximately 50,000 people riot in protest of President Abraham Lincoln's announcement of a draft for troops to fight in the American Civil War. Over 100 are killed and many African Americans flee the city. The movie Gangs of New York takes place during the draft riots. · 1866 - Cholera epidemic kills "only" 1137, its spread having been limited by the efforts of the new Metropolitan Board of Health and enforcement of sanitation laws. [10] · July 30, 1871 - A boiler explosion aboard the Westfield II Staten Island Ferry kills 125 among hundreds of Manhattanites making a weekend trip to the beaches. · December 5, 1876 - A stage scenery fire envelopes the Brooklyn Theatre during a performance of "The Two Orphans" and kills at least 276 people, primarily patrons in the upper gallery. [11] · January 13, 1882 - A train wreck occurs just south of Spuyten Duyvil Creek when a local train from Tarrytown crashes into the tail end of an express from Albany which had stopped on the tracks in order to make an emergency repair. At least 10 persons were killed, including a state senator. [12] · March 12-13, 1888 - The "White Hurricane", aka the Great Blizzard of '88, paralyzes the Eastern seaboard from Maryland to Maine, in New York City causing temperatures to fall as much as 60 degrees. About 21 inches (53 cm) of snow fall on the city, but enormous winds whip it into drifts as much as 20 feet deep. Regionally, over 400 people are said to have died in the storm's path. [13] · August 5-13, 1896 - A heat wave prostrates the city, with temperatures exceeding 90°F for nine days both day and night, with stagnant air and oppressive humidity. About 420 people die, mostly in crowded tenements in areas such as the Lower East Side. · September 13, 1899 - Henry Bliss becomes the first person killed in an automobile accident in the United States when he steps off a streetcar at 74th St. and Central Park West and is struck by a taxicab. [edit] 20th century · June 15, 1904 - The General Slocum, carrying 1300 to a picnic site on Long Island, catches fire while on the East River. Over 1000 passengers are killed, ending the existence of the German neighbourhood Little Germany, New York · June 25, 1906 - Stanford White is shot and killed by Harry K. Thaw at what was then Madison Square Gardens. The murder would soon be dubbed "the Crime of the Century". · January 8, 1908 - A train collision in the original Park Avenue tunnel kills 17 and injures 38. · August 9, 1910 - Reformist Mayor William Jay Gaynor is shot in the throat in Hoboken, New Jersey by former city employee James Gallagher. He eventually dies in September 1913 from effects of the wound. · March 25, 1911 - 145 employees, mostly women, are killed in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire near Washington Square Park, some by being forced to jump from the building by the fire. [14] · July 30, 1916 - Black Tom Explosion set off by German saboteurs at a munitions arsenal on a small island in New York Harbor kills seven in Jersey City and causes damage as far as the Brooklyn waterfront and even Times Square. · 1918 - The Great Influenza Pandemic rages across the country and worldwide. In one particularly virulent October day, 851 people died in New York City alone. · November 1, 1918 - The actions of a substitute motorman filling in during a strike lead to a subway crash in Flatbush, Brooklyn. The Malbone Street Wreck kills 97 people heading home from work and injures a hundred more. [15] · September 16, 1920 - The Wall Street bombing kills 40 at "the precise center, geographical as well as metaphorical, of financial America and even of the financial world." Anarchists were suspected (Sacco and Vanzetti had been indicted just days before) but no one was ever charged with the crime. · August 24, 1928 - A subway crash caused by a defective switch below Times Square kills 16 and injures 150. · March 19, 1935 - The arrest of a shoplifter inflames racial tensions in Harlem and escalates to rioting and looting, with three killed, 125 injured and 100 arrested. [16] · August 11, 1937 - Heavy rains cause a tenement in New Brighton, Staten Island, to collapse, killing 19. · September 21, 1938 - The New England Hurricane of 1938 strikes Long Island [17] and continues into New England, killing 564. In New York City, ten people are killed and power is lost across upper Manhattan and the Bronx. · November 16, 1940 - George Metesky plants the first bomb of his sixteen years as "The Mad Bomber". · August 1, 1943 - A race riot erupts in Harlem after an African-American soldier is shot by the police and rumored to be killed. The incident touches off a simmering brew of racial tension, unemployment, and high prices to a day of rioting and looting. Several looters are shot dead, and about 500 persons are injured and another 500 arrested. · July 28, 1945 - A B-25 Mitchell bomber accidentally crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building, killing 13 people. · June 25, 1946 - Fire destroys the St. George terminal of the Staten Island Ferry, killing 3 and injuring 280. · May 13, 1949 - Holland Tunnel fire caused by exploding truck carrying eighty 55-gallon drums of carbon disulfide seriously damages the tunnel's infrastructure and injures 66, with 27 hospitalized, mostly from smoke inhalation. · February 1, 1957 - Northeast Airlines Flight 823 crashes on Rikers Island on takeoff from LaGuardia Airport, killing 21 of the 101 on board. · February 3, 1959 - American Airlines Flight 320 crashes in the East River on approach to LaGuardia Airport, killing 65 of the 73 people on board. · December 16, 1960 - Mid-air collision between TWA Flight 266 (inbound to Idlewild Airport, now JFK) and United Airlines Flight 826 (inbound to LaGuardia Airport) over Miller Field, Staten Island. [18] The TWA aircraft crashed at the site, killing all aboard, while the United aircraft continued flying for about eight miles until it crashed in the Park Slope section of Brooklyn, narrowly missing a school. All 134 aboard the aircraft died, along with six persons on the ground in Brooklyn. · March 1, 1962 - American Airlines Flight 1 crashes immediately after takeoff from Idlewild Airport, killing all 95 on board. · November 30, 1962 - Eastern Air Lines Flight 512 crashes when trying to make a go-round after failing to land at Idlewild Airport in the fog. 25 of the 51 on board are killed. · April 20, 1963 - Three brush fires on Staten Island destroy 100 homes. · March 13, 1964 - Kitty Genovese is stabbed to death in Kew Gardens, Queens by Winston Moseley. The crime is witnessed by numerous people, none of whom aid Genovese or call for help. The crime is noted by psychology textbooks in later years for its demonstration of the bystander effect, although an article published in the New York Times in February 2004 indicated that many of the popular conceptions of the crime were instead misconceptions. [19] · July 18, 1964 - Riots break out in Harlem in protest over the killing of a 15-year old by a white NYPD officer. One person is killed and 100 are injured in the violence. · February 8, 1965 - Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 crashes at Jones Beach when after takeoff from JFK it is forced to evade inbound PanAm Flight 212. All 84 on board are killed. · February 21, 1965 - Black nationalist leader Malcolm X is assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom by three members of the Nation of Islam. · November 9, 1965 - New York City is affected as part of the Northeast Blackout of 1965. · October 17, 1966 - A fire across 23rd St. from Madison Square kills 12 members of the New York City Fire Department when a floor collapses beneath them. It was the worst day in the FDNY's history until September 11, 2001. · July 3, 1968 - Bulgarian immigrant and Neo-Nazi, Angel Angelof, opens fire from a lavatory roof in Central Park, killing a 24-year old woman and an 80-year old man before being gunned down by the police.[20] · June 28, 1969 - A questionable police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a Greenwich Village gay bar, is resisted by the patrons and leads to a riot. The event helps inspire the founding of the modern gay rights movement. · March 6, 1970 - Three members of the domestic terrorist group the Weathermen are killed when a bomb they were preparing accidentally explodes in the basement of a townhouse on 18 West 11th Street.[21] · April 7, 1972 - Mob Boss Joey Gallo is gunned down at Umberto's Clam House in Little Italy. The incident serves as the inspiration for the Bob Dylan's epic "Joey" recorded in 1975. · August 22, 1972 - John Wojtowicz and Salvatore Natuarale hold up a Brooklyn bank for 14-hours, in a bid to get cash to pay for Wojtowicz' gay lover's sex change operation. The scheme fails when the cops arrive, leading to a tense 14-hour standoff. Natuarale is killed by the police at JFK Airport. The incident served as the basis for the 1975 film Dog Day Afternoon. · February 10, 1973 - 40 workers are killed in an explosion while cleaning an empty LNG tank in Bloomfield, Staten Island. · January 24, 1975 - Fraunces Tavern a historical site in lower Manhattan is bombed by the FALN killing 4 people and wounding more than 50. · June 24, 1975 - Eastern Air Lines Flight 66 from New Orleans strikes the runway lights at Kennedy airport, probably due to wind shear. 113 of the 124 people on board are killed. [22] · December 29, 1975 - A bomb explodes in the baggage claim area of the TWA terminal at LaGuardia Airport, killing 11 and injuring 74. The perpetrators were never identified. [23] · July 29, 1976 - David Berkowitz (aka the "Son of Sam") kills one person and seriously wounds another in the first of a series of attacks that terrorized the city for the next year. · May 16, 1977 - A New York Airways helicopter idling at the helipad on the MetLife Building - then the PanAm Building - toppled over and its rotor blade sheared off. The blade killed four people on the roof and then fell over the edge and down 59 stories and a block over to Madison Avenue where it killed a pedestrian. · July 13-14, 1977 - New York City again loses power in the blackout of 1977. Unlike the previous blackout twelve years earlier, this blackout is followed by widespread rioting and looting. · October 12, 1977 - "Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning." During Game 2 of the 1977 World Series between the New York Yankees and the Los Angeles Dodgers, a fire rages out of control at an abandoned elementary school near Yankee Stadium. The images and a dramatic statement on national television by sportscaster Howard Cosell is widely seen as the symbolic nadir of a dark period in city history. The story of 1977 in New York City is later featured in such works as the movie Summer of Sam by Spike Lee and the non-fiction book Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning: 1977, Baseball, Politics, and the Battle for the Soul of a City by Jonathan Mahler. · October 12, 1978 - Sid Vicious allegedly stabs his girlfriend Nancy Spungen to death in their room in the Chelsea Hotel. · May 25, 1979 - Six year-old Etan Patz vanishes after leaving his SoHo apartment to walk to his school bus alone. Despite a massive search by the NYPD the boy is never found, and was declared legally dead in 2001.[24] · March 14, 1980 - Ex-Congressman Allard Lowenstein is assassinated in his law offices at Rockefeller Center by Dennis Sweeney, a deranged ex-associate.[25] · December 8, 1980 - Ex-Beatle John Lennon is murdered in front of his home in The Dakota. · June 22, 1982 - Willie Turks, a black 34-year old MTA worker is set upon and killed by a white mob in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn. 18-year old Gino Bova was convicted of second-degree manslaughter in 1983. · October 29, 1984 - 66-year old Eleanor Bumpurs is shot and killed by police as they tried to evict her from her Bronx apartment. Bumpurs, who was mentally ill, was wielding a knife and had slashed one of the officers. The shooting provoked heated debate about police racism and brutality. · December 22, 1984 - Bernhard Goetz shoots four men on a subway who tried to rob him, generating weeks of headlines and many discussions about crime and vigilantism in the media. · December 16, 1985 - Mob boss Paul Castellano is shot dead in a gangland execution on E. 46th Street in Manhattan. · July 7, 1986 - A deranged man, Juan Gonzalez, wielding a machete kills 2 and wounds 9 on the Staten Island Ferry. In 2000 Gonzalez was granted unsupervised leave from his residence at the Bronx Psychiatric Hospital.[26] · August 26, 1986 - The preppie murder: Jennifer Levin an 18-year old student is murdered by Robert Chambers in Central Park after the two had left a bar to have sex in the park. The case was sensationalized in the press and raised issues over victims' rights, as Chambers' attorney attempted to smear Levin's reputation to win his client's freedom. · November 19, 1986 - 20-year old Larry Davis (criminal) opens fire on NYPD officers attempting to arrest him in sister's apartment in the Bronx. Six officers were wounded, and Davis eluded capture for the next 17 days, during which time he became something of a folk hero in the neighborhood. · December 20, 1986 - A white mob in Howard Beach, Queens, attacks three black men whose car had broken down in the largely white neighborhood. One of the men, Michael Griffith is chased onto Shore Parkway where is he hit and killed by a passing car. The killing prompted several tempestuous marches through the neighborhood led by Al Sharpton. · May 19, 1987 - 11-year old Juan Perez is mauled and killed by two polar bears after he and his friends sneak into their enclosure at the Prospect Park Zoo that night.[27] · November 2, 1987 - Joel Steinberg and his lover Hedda Nussbaum are arrested for the beating and neglect of their 6-year old adopted daughter Lisa Steinberg who died two days later from her injuries. The case provoked outrage that did not subside when Steinberg was released from prison in 2004 after serving 15 years. · April 14, 1989 - Trisha Meili (aka the Central Park Jogger) is violently raped and beaten while jogging in Central Park. The crime is later attributed to a group of young men who were practicing an activity they called "wilding". However, DNA evidence later proved the originally charged teens innocent; a convicted serial rapist confessed to the crime. · August 23, 1989 - Yusuf Hawkins a black 16-year old student is set upon and murdered by a white mob in the Bensonhurst neighborhood of Brooklyn in one of the city's worst-ever racial attacks.[28] · January 25, 1990 - Avianca Flight 52 to Kennedy airport crashes at Cove Neck, Long Island, after missing an approach and then running out of fuel. 73 of 158 passengers are killed. · March 7, 1990 - 12-year old Haitian immigrant David Opont is mugged and set on fire by a 14-year old assailant, who remained anonymous because he was tried as a minor. The attack created an outpouring of support throughout the city for Opont who eventually recovered from his burns. [29] · March 8, 1990 - The first of the Zodiac Killer Heriberto Seda's eight shooting victims is wounded in an attack in Brooklyn. Between 1990 and 1993, Seda will wound 5 and kill 3 in his serial attacks. He is captured in 1996 and convicted in 1998. · March 25, 1990 - Arson at the Happyland Social Club at 1959 Southern Boulevard in the East Tremont section of the Bronx kills 87 people unable to escape the packed dance club. [30] · September 2, 1990 - Utah tourist Brian Watkins is stabbed to death at the Seventh Avenue (IND station) by a gang of youths. Watkins was visiting New York with his family to attend the US Open Tennis tournament in Queens, when he was killed defending his family from a gang of muggers. The killing marked a low point in the record murder year of 1990 and led to an increased police presence in New York. · November 5, 1990 - Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the Jewish Defense League, is assassinated at the Marriott East Side Hotel at 48th Street and Lexington Avenue by El Sayyid Nosair. · August 19, 1991 - A Jewish automobile driver accidentally kills a seven-year-old African-American boy, thereby touching off the Crown Heights riots, during which an Australian Jew, Yankel Rosenbaum, was fatally stabbed by Lemrick Nelson. · August 28, 1991 - A 4 train crashes just north of 14th Street, killing 5 people. Motorman Robert Ray, who was intoxicated, fell asleep at the controls and was convicted of manslaughter in 1992. · March 22, 1992 - Ice buildup without subsequent de-icing causes USAir Flight 405 to crash on takeoff from LaGuardia Airport. 27 of the 51 on board are killed. · December 10-13, 1992 - A noreaster strikes the US Mid-Atlantic coast. The storm surge causes extensive flooding along the city shoreline. · December 17, 1992 - Patrick Daly, Princial of P.S. 15 in Red Hook, Brooklyn is killed in the crossfire of a drug-related shooting while looking for a pupil who had left his school. The school was later renamed the Patrick Daly school after the beloved principal. [31] · February 26, 1993 - A bomb planted by terrorists explodes in the World Trade Center's underground garage, killing six people and injuring over a thousand, as well as causing much damage to the basement. See: World Trade Center bombing · June 6, 1993 - The Golden Venture a freighter carrying 286 illegal immigrants from China runs aground a quarter-mile off the coast of Rockaway, Queens killing 10 passengers.[32] · December 7, 1993 - Colin Ferguson shoots 25 passengers, killing six, on a Long Island Rail Road commuter train out of Penn Station. · March 1, 1994 - Rashid Baz a Lebanese-born Arab immigrant opens fire on a van carrying members of the Lubavitch Hasidic sect of Jews driving on the Brooklyn Bridge. A 16-year old student, Ari Halberstam later dies of his wounds. Baz was apparently acting out of revenge for the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in Hebron, West Bank.[33] · December 22, 1994 - Anthony Baez a 29-year old Bronx man dies after being placed in an illegal chokehold by NYPD officer Francis X. Livoti. Livoti is sentenced to 7 and a half years in 1998 for violating Baez' civil rights.[34] · March 4, 1996 - Second Avenue Deli owner Abe Lebewohl is shot and killed during a robbery. The murder of this popular deli owner and East Village fixture remains unsolved as of 2006.[35] · June 4, 1996 - 22-year old drifter John Royster brutally beats a 32-year female piano teacher in Central Park, the first in a series of attacks over a period of eight days. Royster would go on to brutally beat another woman in Manhattan, rape a woman in Yonkers and beat a woman, Evelyn Alvarez to death on Park Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. In 1998 Royster was sentenced to life in prison without parole.[36] · July 17, 1996 - TWA Flight 800 departs Kennedy airport and crashes in the Atlantic Ocean south of Long Island, killing all 230 people on board. [37] · May 30, 1997 - Jonathan Levin a Bronx teacher and son of former Time Warner CEO Gerald Levin is robbed and murdered by his former student Corey Arthur.[38] · August 9, 1997- Abner Louima is beaten and sodomized with a plunger at the 70th precinct house in Brooklyn by several NYPD officers led by Justin Volpe. · September 2, 1998 - Swissair Flight 111 departs Kennedy airport and crashes off of the coast of Nova Scotia. · January 3, 1999 - 32-year old Kendra Webdale is killed after being pushed in front of an oncoming subway car at the 23rd Street (BMT Broadway Line) station by Andrew Goldstein, a 29-year old schizophrenic. The case ultimately led to the passage of Kendra's Law. · February 4, 1999 - Unarmed African immigrant Amadou Bailo Diallo is shot and killed by 4 New York City police officers, sparking massive protests against police brutality and racial profiling. · March 8, 1999 - Amy Watkins a 26-year old social worker from Kansas who worked with battered women in the Bronx, is stabbed to death in a botched robbery near her home in Prospect Heights, Brooklyn. In 2001, her assailant, David Jamison was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. [39] · October 31, 1999 - EgyptAir Flight 990 departs Kennedy airport and crashes off of the coast of Nantucket. [40] [edit] 21st century · May 24, 2000 - Five employees of a Flushing, Queens, Wendy's restaurant are killed and two are seriously wounded during a robbery that netted the killers $2,400. The incident was dubbed the Wendy's Massacre due to the brutal nature of the killings.[41] · May 10, 2001 - Three people are killed and two are wounded during a robbery in the apartment of actress Jennifer Stahl above the Carnegie Deli in Manhattan. The victims were bound and shot point-blank in the head. [42]According to police Stahl had been using the apartment to sell high-quality Marjiuana to both casual users as well as AIDS and cancer patients. The man convicted of the crime, Sean Salley, was a former roadie for George Clinton and a struggling rapper. He was caught on the run in Florida.[43] · September 11, 2001 - The two 110-story World Trade Center towers and several surrounding buildings are destroyed by two jetliners in a coordinated terrorist attack ("9/11"). One hijacked jet was also crashed into The Pentagon outside Washington, DC and another hijacked jet went down in Pennsylvania. In 2004, the count of the dead in New York City alone from the 9/11 attacks is set at over 2,600 people. It is the worst disaster in New York City's history. · November 12, 2001 - American Airlines Flight 587 crashes into the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens shortly after takeoff from Kennedy airport, killing all 265 on board and five persons on the ground. [44] · July 23, 2003 - Othniel Askew shoots to death political rival City Councilmember James E. Davis in the City Hall chambers of the New York City Council. · August 14, 2003 - New York loses power in a blackout that affects eight states as well as parts of Canada. · October 15, 2003 - 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash: The Staten Island Ferry boat Andrew J. Barberi collides with a pier at the St. George Ferry Terminal in Staten Island, killing ten people and injuring 43 others. [45] · January 27, 2005 - Nicole duFresne an aspiring actress is shot dead in the Lower East Side section of Manhattan after being accosted by a gang of youths.[46] · January 11, 2006 - Nixzmary Brown is allegedly abused to death by her stepfather, Cesar Rodriguez in their Brooklyn apartment. · February 23, 2006 - Criminology graduate student Imette St. Guillen is brutally tortured, raped, and killed in New York City after being abducted outside the Falls bar in the SoHo section of Manhattan. Bouncer Darryl Littlejohn is arrested in connection with the crime.[47] · May 29, 2006 - Jeff Gross, founder of the Staten Island commune Ganas is shot and wounded by former commune member Rebekah Johnson. Johnson remains a fugitive as of 2006.[48] · July 10, 2006 - 66-year old Romanian immigrant Dr. Nicholas Bartha commits suicide by blowing up his townhouse at 34 East 62nd Street in Manhattan while in the basement of the building. Bartha chose to demolish his home rather than relinquish it to his ex-wife as ordered by the courts.[49] · July 27, 2006 - Jennifer Moore, an 18-year old student from New Jersey is abducted and killed after a night of drinking at a Chelsea bar. Her body is found outside a Weehawken motel. 35-year old Draymond Coleman is arrested in connection with the crime. [50] · August 28, 2006 - Matthew Colletta, a 34-year old man suffering from mental illness goes on a shooting spree in Queens, NY. One man is killed and five are wounded before Colletta is apprehended by the NYPD in Queens early the next morning.[51] · October 8, 2006 - Michael Sandy, a 29-year old man is hit by a car on the Belt Parkway after being beaten by a group of white attackers. Sandy died of his injuries on October 13, 2006. The attack, which is being investigated as a hate crime hearkened back to the killing of Michael Griffith in 1986. [52] · October 11, 2006 - A small plane carrying New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle crashes into the 31st floor of a residential building at East 72nd Street and York Avenue in the Upper East Side section of Manhattan. Lidle, 34, is killed in the crash along with his flight instructor.[53] Economy of New York City From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The NASDAQ MarketSite in Times Square. The World Financial Center, containing the offices of many financial firms. The economy of New York City is one of the largest regional economies in the United States. The city is the global center for business and commerce and one of the most important centers in world finance, far surpassing Hong Kong, London and Tokyo. The financial, insurance, and real estate industries form the basis of New York's economy. The city is also the most important center for mass media, journalism and publishing in the United States, and is the preeminent arts center in the country. Medical research, technology, and fashion are also significant sectors. Manufacturing, although declining, remains consequential. The city's stock exchanges are the most important in the United States. The New York Stock Exchange is by far the largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization of listed companies. The NASDAQ has the most companies listed and is third largest in the world by market capitalization of listed companies, although since the NASDAQ is an entirely electronic exchange, its trading does not take place physically in New York City. Many international corporations are headquartered in the city, including more Fortune 500 companies than any other city. Contents[hide]· 1 Statistics and history o 1.1 History o 1.2 Post-September 11, 2001 · 2 International trade · 3 Corporate sector o 3.1 Finance and trade · 4 Media o 4.1 Film o 4.2 Fashion and advertising · 5 High tech o 5.1 Internet & telecom o 5.2 Medicine and biomedical research · 6 Manufacturing and Industrial Sector · 7 References · 8 See also [edit] Statistics and history New York City has an estimated gross city product of $457.3 billion(2006), larger than the GDP of Switzerland ($377 billion). If it were a country, the city's economy would be 17th largest in the world, and at $56,000 per person, New York would have the second highest per capita GDP in the world after Luxembourg. The New York metro region's GMP of $901 billion is larger than the total Gross State Product of every state in the United States except California and Texas. It accounts for 65% of economic output in the state of New York, 75% of economic output in the state of New Jersey and 50% of Connecticut's economic output.[7]As of 2007 the city is the headquarters of 22 Fortune Global 500 corporations (3rd after Tokyo and Paris) and its metropolitan area is home to 33 Fortune Global 500 corporations, also 3rd after Tokyo and Paris metropolitan areas. Over a hundred of the Global 2000 companies have a presence in New York and likewise for the American Fortune 500. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the New York urban area (18.7 million people) had a total GDP of $1,133 billion in 2005 (at purchasing power parity), ranking as the second-largest urban agglomeration GDP in the world after the Tokyo urban area.[1] Real estate is a major force in the city's economy. The total value of all New York City property stood at $802.4 billion in 2006, up by 19 percent from $674.1 billion the previous year.[2] The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006. As of 2000, 3.7 million people were employed in New York City, with Manhattan as the main employment center with 55.6% of all jobs.[3] In 2006 the average weekly wage in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest among the 325 largest counties in the United States. The national average was $784.[4] Wages in Manhattan were also the fastest growing among the nation's 10 largest counties.[4] Brooklyn has 18% of jobs, while 16% of people work in Queens, 7.5% in the Bronx, and 3% in Staten Island. Of those that work in Manhattan, 30% commute from within Manhattan, while 17% come from Queens, 16% from Brooklyn, 8% from the Bronx, and 2.5% from Staten Island. Another 4.5% commute to Manhattan from Nassau County, and 2% from Suffolk County on Long Island, while 4% commute from Westchester County. 5% commute from Bergen and Hudson counties in New Jersey. Smaller percentages commute from outlying suburbs.[3] Some New Yorkers reverse commute to the suburbs: 3% travel to Nassau County, 1.5% to Westchester County, 0.7% to Hudson County, 0.6% to Bergen County, 0.5% to Suffolk County, and smaller percentages to other places in the metropolitan area.[3] [edit] History New York City's economic growth was made possible by its harbor, widely considered one of the finest natural ports in the world. The value of this port was greatly enhanced in 1819 with the opening of the Erie Canal, which gave New York a decisive advantage over the competing ports of Boston and Philadelphia. Trading ships on the East River in 1848. The old port facility was at the South Street Seaport in Manhattan, but today there is still residual activity remaining at Red Hook in Brooklyn, and the Howland Hook Marine Terminal in Staten Island. Red Hook, for instance, handles the majority of the cocoa bean imports to the United States. Since the 1950s, most shipping activity in the area has shifted to Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey. But despite changes in international shipping, trade and the tertiary sector have always remained the real basis of New York's economy. Manufacturing first became a major economic base for New York City in the mid-nineteenth century with the advent of industrialization and the railroad. New York was formerly a national center for clothing manufacture, and some continues, sometimes in sweatshops. There are still around 120,000 manufacturing jobs in the city compared to over a million in the middle of the 20th century. Like international shipping, though, manufacturing gradually declined in the late-twentieth century with rising land values. The city was also a first center of the American film industry, along with Chicago, Illinois, until it moved to Los Angeles, California, and still has some television and movie production. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was a precursor to the Great Depression. In recent years the city has made efforts to diversify its economic base. The city government's Economic Development Corporation maintains industry desks geared toward the financial, media, real estate, biotechnology and retail industries, as well as the city's diverse non-profit sector that encompasses hospitals, schools and arts and cultural institutions. [edit] Post-September 11, 2001 New York City's economy was hurt by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center. The economy rebounded quickly, however, according to a 2006 report from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The report found that there were 100,000 fewer jobs in the city five years after the attacks, but also pointed to other signs of economic health. For example, the average incomes of New Yorkers increased faster than for other Americans during the time period. The study concluded that the economic effects of the terrorist attacks were sharp but short-lived and had largely disappeared by the end of 2002. New York City’s unemployment rate in May 2006 was 5 percent, its lowest level in nearly 18 years, with household employment surpassing both the pre-9/11 peak in 2001 and the previous high mark reached in 1969. The number of city residents with jobs rose above 3.6 million that same month.[8] [edit] International trade New York is unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of every ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. Often this makes the perspective of New York’s business community internationalist and at odds with Washington’s foreign policy, trade policy, and visa policy.[9] China has been New York's leading growth market for exports since 2000. The New York Metropolitan Region is home to more than half of the 32 largest Chinese companies with offices in the United States. These companies represent a broad array of industries including shipping, steel, energy and manufacturing firms, and services. Many have chosen to open headquarters in New York in anticipation of eventual listing on the respective New York stock exchanges and entering U.S. capital markets.[5] New York’s tax code differs from many other states in ways that substantially reduce the effective tax rate for many corporations, particularly foreign firms setting up U.S. headquarters. New York City currently boasts seven Chinese daily newspapers, two Chinese language television stations, and the largest Chinese neighborhood in the United States. New York area airports provide 12 daily flights to Hong Kong and five to Beijing, the most flights out of the eastern half of the United States.[6] In one measure of how international New York City's economy is, data compiled by the agents Knight Frank show foreign owners make up 34% of sales in the city's prime residential market. New York ranks ahead of Paris, where such sales account for 27%, Hong Kong (13%), and Sydney (9%). London, however, is the most cosmopolitan world city in terms of property ownership; more than 51% of homes there worth more than £2m ($3.8m, EU3m) sold in 2005 have gone to overseas buyers from Russia, the Middle East and elsewhere.[7] International shipping has always been a major part of the city's economy because of New York's natural harbor, but with the advent of containerization most cargo shipping has moved from the Brooklyn waterfront across the harbor to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey. Some cargo shipping remains; for example, Brooklyn still handles the majority of cocoa bean imports to the United States.[8] [edit] Corporate sector Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the world, while the Financial District is also the third largest in the United States. New York City has long been the dominant business center of the United States, but with the city's fiscal crisis in the 1970s a new trend began to develop resulting in corporate headquarters and subsidiaries gradually moving to the suburbs and other regions. Since the 1990s, however, New York has regained its magnetic force and is re-establishing its claim as the city of corporate headquarters. The number of headquarters and subsidiaries in Manhattan has more than doubled since 1990, according to the federal Department of Labor. For the very largest American corporations it is important to be in a global city. Surveys done by New York's economic planners have also shown that the personal preference of the chief executive is a factor in determining whether a company moves to or from New York. In 2005 there were 602 stand-alone headquarter operations for major companies in the city.[10] The 280,000 workers in the finance industry collect more than half of all the wages paid in Manhattan, although they hold fewer than one of every six jobs in the borough. The pay gap between them and the 1.5 million other workers in Manhattan continues to widen, causing some economists to worry about the city’s growing dependence on their extraordinary incomes. Those high salaries contribute to job growth, but most of this job growth occurs in lower-paying service jobs in restaurants, retail and home health care and not many jobs in highly paid areas.[11] [edit] Finance and trade The New York Stock Exchange is the largest in the world by dollar volume. Today, New York City is a major center of finance in the world economy, with Wall Street in Lower Manhattan's Financial District. Financial markets based in the city include the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, American Stock Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, and New York Board of Trade. This contributes to New York City being a major financial service exporter, both within the United States and globally. Many corporations also have their headquarters in the city, including companies as prominent and diverse as Altria Group, Time Warner, American International Group, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, JetBlue, Citigroup, DC Comics, Estée Lauder, and Sony Music Entertainment. Many other global companies have large offices in New York, such as General Electric. New York is also home to many of the leading investment banks. There are also a number of hedge funds, brokerages, investment managers, and other financial service companies in the New York City area. As the North American terminus of the transatlantic fiber optic trunkline, New York has extremely high internet connectivity and is the leading international internet gateway in the United States with 430 Gbit/s of international internet capacity terminates. By comparison, the number two U.S. hub, Washington/Baltimore, has 158 Gbit/s of internet terminates.[12] Since the founding of the Federal Reserve banking system, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in Manhattan's financial district has been where monetary policy in the United States is implemented, although policy is decided in Washington by the Federal Reserve Bank's Board of Governors. The New York Fed is the largest, in terms of assets, and the most important of the twelve regional banks. It is responsible for the second district, which covers New York State and the New York City region, as well as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The New York Fed is responsible for conducting open market operations, the buying and selling of outstanding US Treasury securities. In 2003, Fedwire, the Federal Reserve's system for transferring balances between it and other banks, transferred $1.8 trillion a day in funds, of which about $1.1 trillion originated in the Second District. It transferred an additional $1.3 trillion a day in securities, of which $1.2 trillion originated in the Second District. The New York Federal Reserve is the only regional bank with a permanent vote on the Federal Open Market Committee and its president is traditionally selected as the Committee's vice chairman. The bank also has the largest gold repository in the world, larger even than Fort Knox. Its vault is 80 feet (25 m) beneath the street and holds $90 billion worth of gold bullion. See also: Federal Reserve Bank of New York [edit] Media Main article: Media of New York City New York is by far the most important center for American mass media, journalism and publishing. The city is the number-one media market in the United States with 7% of the country’s television-viewing households. Three of the Big Four music recording companies have their headquarters in the city. One-third of all independent films are produced in the Big Apple. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city. The book publishing industry alone employs 13,000 people. For these reasons, New York is often called "the media capital of the world." [edit] Film New York City's film industry is the nation’s second largest after Hollywood in California. Although much smaller, New York's film sector is growing rapidly and its billions of dollars in revenue makes it an important part of the city's economy.[13] It is also a growth sector; according to the Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting New York City attracted over 250 independent and studio films in 2005, an increase from 202 in 2004 and 180 in 2003. More than a third of professional actors in the United States are based in New York.[9] The city's movie industry employs 100,000 New Yorkers, according to the Office, and about $5 billion is brought by the industry to the city's economy every year.[10] International film makers work in the city, as well. The Bollywood film Kal Ho Naa Ho was shot in New York City in 2003, and has proceeded to become the fourth-highest grossing Indian film of all time.[11] Silvercup Studios West, a "vertical Hollywood" to be built in 2007. The Kaufman-Astoria film studio in Queens, built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields. It has also been the set for The Cosby Show and Sesame Street. The recently constructed Steiner Studios is a 15 acre (61,000 m²) modern movie studio complex in a former shipyard where The Producers and The Inside Man, a Spike Lee movie, were filmed. Silvercup Studios revealed plans in February 2006 for a new $1 billion complex with eight soundstages, production and studio support space, offices for media and entertainment companies, stores, 1,000 apartments in high-rise towers, a catering hall and a cultural institution. The project is invisioned as a "vertical Hollywood" designed by Lord Richard Rogers, the architect of the Pompidou Center in Paris and the Millennium Dome in London. It is to be built at the edge of the East River in Queens and will be the largest production house on the East Coast. Steiner Studios in Brooklyn would still have the largest single soundstage, however. Kaufman Studios plans its own expansion in 2007. Miramax Films, a Big Ten film studio, is the largest motion picture distribution and production company headquartered in the city. Many smaller independent producers and distributors are also in New York. [edit] Fashion and advertising Manhattan's Madison Avenue is synonymous with the American advertising industry, while Seventh Avenue is nicknamed "fashion avenue" as it serves as an important center for the fashion industry. Ninety percent of the diamonds imported to the United States pass through New York, and most of these are handled and cut in the city's Diamond District on 47th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. New York also has among the most important scenes for art, music, and theater in the U.S., with an increasingly active artists' community. The city also has a large tourism industry. According to the Center for Women's Business Research, there are nearly 250,000 women-owned firms in New York City. [edit] High tech High-tech industries like software development, gaming design, and Internet services are also growing; New York is the leading international internet gateway in the United States, with 430 Gbit/s of international internet capacity terminates, because of its position at the terminus of the transatlantic fiber optic trunkline. By comparison, the number two U.S. hub, Washington/Baltimore, has 158 Gbit/s of internet terminates.[14] More than two-thirds of New Yorkers have Internet in their homes. [edit] Internet & telecom According to New York’s Economic Development Corporation, telecom carriers, cable companies, Internet service providers and publishers were a $23 billion industry in 2003. This represents over three percent of the city’s economy. The sector employs 43,000 city residents. In 2006 Google moved into 311,000 square feet of office space in the second-largest building in New York City, at 111 Eighth Ave in Manhattan. The location is one of the most important "telecom hotels" in the world, a giant networking facility adjacent to the Hudson Street/Ninth Avenue fiber highway, one of the most critical Internet arteries in the world. Employing more than 500 people, it is Google's largest engineering complex outside of company headquarters. Google products engineered in the New York offices include Maps, Spreadsheets, Checkout, Blog search, and Mobile search. Google's large investment in its New York operations has led to speculation about new multimedia initiatives by the company. [edit] Medicine and biomedical research Medical services and research drive New York's major healthcare industry. The city has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions. New York receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities. Major publicly-traded biopharma companies include Bristol Myers Squibb, Eyetech Pharmaceuticals, ImClone Systems, OSI Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Regeneron, CuraGen and Alexion. Pfizer shifted 1,000 jobs to New York City from New Jersey, Missouri, Michigan and California in 2003. According to the Partnership for New York City, New York institutions create more biotechnology-related patents than any other metropolitan area in the United States, including New Haven, home of Yale University's medical research complex, which produces the greatest per capita output. The health care industry employs approximately 375,000 people in New York City, making it the city's largest employer. 40,000 physicians work at more than 70 hospitals in New York; the city's 20 public hospitals served 1.5 million people in 1998 alone. [edit] Manufacturing and Industrial Sector There are over 233,000 jobs[15] in more than 10,000 New York City industrial businesses[16], with the highest concentration of industrial employment in Manhattan. This includes manufacturing, warehousing, utilities, and transportation. Manufacturing jobs average $41,000 annually (NYS DOL, 2nd Qtr 2005), about $10,000 more than comparable jobs in retail or restaurants. The manufacturing sector has the highest percentage of first-generation immigrants making up 64% of the workforce (NYC Dept. City Planning) and people of color comprising 78% of the production workforce (2004 American Community Survey). These are small businesses, with an average size of 21 employees (NYS DOL, 2nd Qtr 2005). Examples of goods manufactured in the city include broadway costumes, custom-made cabinets, croissant for hotels, and wooden crates for shipping fine art. These items are labor-intensive and require collaboration between the end-user and the manufacturer. In recent years, as real estate and globalization pressures have increased, the remaining manufacturers have become more design-oriented and single customer-focused. To boot, production methods have become cleaner and more technology-driven. Despite the adaptability of New York manufacturers, there remain looming challenges to the sector’s survival. A 2003 city-sponsored survey of the industrial sector identified three major local challenges to retaining businesses: 1) high cost of real estate; 2) high costs of doing business; and, 3) uncertainty about land use policy. A 12,900 square foot biodiesel plant run by Tri-State Biodiesel began construction in Brooklyn in 2007 that will collect used cooking oil from restaurants and process it with methanol and petroleum to create diesel fuel. More than one million gallons of waste oil could be collected in Brooklyn every year according to a 2004 Cornell study. The fuel produces 78 percent less carbon-dioxide emissions than standard diesel. The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.[12] Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents, many of them immigrants who speak little English. Chocolate is New York City's No. 1 specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year.[12] [edit] References 1. ^ PriceWaterhouseCoopers, "UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5. "Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)" (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-03-09. 2. ^ The New York Times. "Property Values in New York Show Vibrancy." January 13, 2007.[1] 3. ^ a b c County-To-County Worker Flow Files. Census 2000. United States Census Bureau. 4. ^ a b Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. "Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $1,453 in Second Quarter 2006", 2007-02-20. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. 5. ^ "New York and China: Building a Global Parternship." The Partnership for New York City, April 2006.[2] 6. ^ "New York and China: Building a Global Parternship." The Partnership for New York City, April 2006.[3] 7. ^ "London's top housing draws the world's billionaires." 25 August 2006 Financial Times.[4] 8. ^ Century, Douglas. "My Brooklyn; Still a Contender on the Waterfront", New York Times, 1999-03-12. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 9. ^ "Creative New York." Center for an Urban Future Dec. 2005.[5] 10. ^ "Hollywood Brings Its Cameras To a New New York." 19 Oct 2006 New York Sun.[6] 11. ^ New York City Economic Development Corporation. [http://www.newyorkbiz.com/International/IntFunFacts.html} 12. ^ a b "More Than a Link in the Food Chain", The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business, 2007-02. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. [edit] See also · List of foreign consulates in New York · List of major corporations based in New York City · New York Stock Exchange · Silicon Alley · Wall Street [hide] v • d • eNew York City History · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · Culture · Music · Sports · Media · Economy · Education · Government · Geography · Demographics · Transportation · New York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_City" Categories: Economy of the United States | Economy of New York City | Economies by city Sports in New York City From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search View of a night game at Yankee Stadium between the New York Yankees and the Minnesota Twins. Horses march in the pre-race post parade at Belmont Park Racetrack. Sports in New York City have a long and distinguished history. The city has a few historic sports venues: Ebbets Field, home of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1913 until 1957, was torn down in 1960, and the Polo Grounds in northern Harlem was the home of the New York Giants of Major League Baseball from 1911 to 1957 (and the first home of the New York Mets) before being demolished in 1964. Also the current Madison Square Garden, atop Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan, is actually the fourth separate building to use that name; the first two were near Madison Square, hence the name, and the third was at 50th Street and Eighth Avenue. Also, Yankee Stadium home of the New York Yankees is considered the most historic venue in North American sports. Immigrants have always influenced sports in New York. Stickball, a street version of baseball, first became popular in the city's Italian and Irish neighborhoods. The popularity of cricket and soccer are growing with immigration from British Commonwealth countries. New York City was also the host of parts of the 1996 World Cup of Hockey, and the 1998 Goodwill Games. In 2005, it bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, but lost to London. Contents[hide]· 1 Major sports o 1.1 Baseball o 1.2 Basketball o 1.3 Football o 1.4 Hockey o 1.5 New York City Teams · 2 Current issues · 3 Other Sports o 3.1 Soccer o 3.2 Rugby o 3.3 New York Cricket o 3.4 Running o 3.5 Tennis o 3.6 Horse racing o 3.7 Arena Football · 4 Sports culture · 5 See also · 6 References [edit] Major sports The New York metropolitan area is the only one in the United States with more than one team in each of the four major sports, with nine such franchises. [edit] Baseball Baseball is generally considered to be the most popular sport in New York City. A "Subway Series" between city teams is a time of great excitement, and any World Series championship by either the New York Yankees or the New York Mets is considered to be worthy of the highest celebration, including a ticker-tape parade for the victorious team. For many baseball fans, the most intense rivalry is between the Yankees and the Boston Red Sox, but in the city the rivalry between the Yankees and the Mets is almost as fierce. There have been 14 Subway Series match-ups between the Yankees and their National League rivals; the Mets (once), and with the two teams that departed for California in the 1950s — the New York Giants (7 times) and Brooklyn Dodgers (6 times). New York City is also home to two minor league baseball teams that play in the short-season Class A New York - Penn League. The Brooklyn Cyclones are a Mets affiliate, and the Staten Island Yankees are affiliated with the Yankees. Three early clubs, the New York Giants, Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Yankees, were among the most storied clubs of professional baseball, and were home to such players as Willie Mays, Jackie Robinson and Babe Ruth. The city currently has two Major League Baseball teams, the Mets, who were formed in 1962, and the Yankees. [edit] Basketball The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The New York Knicks are the city's National Basketball Association team. The New Jersey Nets have announced plans to move to Brooklyn, but have not yet begun construction of their new arena, which is the subject of an acrimonious debate. At Madison Square Garden, New Yorkers can watch the New York Knicks play NBA basketball, the New York Liberty play in the WNBA. Continental Airlines Arena in the Meadowlands, located across the Hudson River in New Jersey, is home to the New Jersey Nets NBA basketball team. The New Jersey Nets are set to become the Brooklyn Nets in the near future which would make them the first major professional sports to play in the historic burough in half a century. Rucker Park in Harlem is a celebrated court where many NBA athletes play in the summer league. [edit] Football New York's NFL teams, the New York Giants and New York Jets, play in Giants Stadium, which is located in New Jersey. Before the opening of Giants Stadium, the Giants played in Yankee Stadium and the Jets in Shea Stadium. Neither team plays in the city itself presently, as both teams play at Giants Stadium, located in the Meadowlands complex in East Rutherford, NJ, and plan to share a new stadium to be constructed nearby. Due to their longer history and generally greater on-field success, the Giants are considered by many people to be the more popular team; they joined the National Football League (NFL) in 1925. The Jets, originally called the New York Titans, were founded in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), changed their nickname to the Jets in 1963, and joined the NFL as part of the AFL/NFL merger in 1970. It is argued that the Jets may actually be more popular with New York's younger generations than the Giants. The Jets are also seen more as "Long Island's Team", which is supported by the fact that they make their home base in Hempstead at Hofstra University, they get more coverage in Long Island-based Newsday, and a larger percentage of their fans come from Long Island. [edit] Hockey The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League play in Madison Square Garden. The Rangers are one of the Original Six -- a term given to the six NHL teams in existence before the league expanded in 1967. The NHL's New Jersey Devils play in the New Jersey Meadowlands at the Continental Airlines Arena, while the New York Islanders, the third NHL team in the Metro area, play their home games in Nassau Coliseum on Long Island. All three teams play in the Atlantic Division, providing fans with intense rivalries. There is an intense rivalry between the Rangers and Devils who have met in the playoffs four times, including a dramatic 7 game series in the 1994 Eastern Conference Finals, ending in a double-overtime goal by the Rangers' Stephane Matteau. The Devils took a 3-2 series lead into Game 6 in New Jersey and jumped out to a 2-0 lead. However, Mark Messier's famous guarantee and hat-trick led the Rangers to victory and a seventh game. As time wound down in Game 7, the Rangers were clinging to a 1-0 lead on a goal when New Jersey's Valeri Zelepukin tied the game with 7.7 seconds left in regulation to silence the Garden crowd and send the game into overtime, where Matteau won it for the Rangers. The two teams have met three other times in postseason play; the Devils' win in 2006 was their only playoff series victory over the Rangers. Though the rivalry has cooled recently, the Islanders and Rangers had a bitter rivalry in the 1970s, as the Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup titles. The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs, with the Islanders winning five of those matchups. The NHL's headquarters are also located in New York City. [edit] New York City Teams Club League Venue Established Championships New York Yankees MLB Baseball Yankee Stadium 1901 26 New York Mets MLB Baseball Shea Stadium 1962 2 New York Rangers NHL Ice Hockey Madison Square Garden 1926 4 New York Islanders NHL Ice Hockey Nassau Coliseum 1972 4 New Jersey Devils NHL Ice Hockey Continental Airlines Arena 1982 3 New York Giants NFL Football Giants Stadium 1925 6 New York Jets NFL Football Giants Stadium 1960 1 New York Knicks NBA Basketball Madison Square Garden 1946 2 New Jersey Nets NBA Basketball Continental Airlines Arena 1967 2 New York Liberty WNBA Basketball Madison Square Garden 1997 0 New York Red Bulls MLS Soccer Giants Stadium 1995 0 New York Dragons AFL Arena Football Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum 1995 0 Long Island Lizards MLL Lacrosse Mitchel Field 2001 2 New York Titans NLL Lacrosse Madison Square Garden 2006 0 New York Athletic Club Rugby Super League Rugby Union Travers Island 1973 1 Old Blue Rugby Super League Rugby Union Pier 40 1964 0 New York Knights AMNRL Rugby League Falls Township Community Park 1997 1 Northern Raiders AMNRL Rugby League Andrews Field 2002 0 Brooklyn Wonders ABA Basketball Kingsborough Community College 2006 0 Staten Island Yankees Minor league baseball (A) Richmond County Bank Ballpark 1999 3 Brooklyn Cyclones Minor league baseball (A) KeySpan Park 1999 1 Brooklyn Knights USL PDL (Minor league soccer) Aviator Field 1994 0 [edit] Current issues All nine major sports franchises play in buildings that will either be replaced or refurbished in the next few years, but these plans are subject to change. New Jersey Nets: Potentially moving to the proposed Barclays Center in Brooklyn. New York Jets and New York Giants: After a proposal to build a stadium on the West Side of Manhattan, as part of the City's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics (which eventually went to London), and aborted attempts to find another suitable home in places such as Flushing Meadows, the Jets and Giants have joined forces to build a new stadium to host both teams on the site of their current home, the Meadowlands. That agreement, however, is in jeopardy, over whether or not to build a retractable roof on the new stadium. The state, which is providing funding for the project, favors a roof, citing it would help bring big events (e.g., the Super Bowl, Final Four, winter concerts, etc.) and additional financial windfall. The Giants and, to a lesser extent, the Jets do not want a roof, fearing that NFL rules regarding a stadium with a retractable roof will eliminate a significant home field advantage, eliminating late season weather conditions as an obstacle for the visitor. The Giants say they will walk away from the project rather than build the stadium with a roof. The new stadium is scheduled to be completed in 2010. New York Yankees: Replacing Yankee Stadium with a New Yankee Stadium, scheduled to be completed in 2009. New York Mets: Replacing Shea Stadium with Citi Field, also scheduled to open in 2009. New York Islanders: Rebuilding the Nassau Coliseum, as well as developing much of the land around it. Planned for 2009, but delays in the bidding process makes that date seem unlikely. New Jersey Devils: Moving to the Prudential Center in Newark; construction is nearing completion and the building is scheduled to open in October 2007. New York Rangers and New York Knicks: Plans have been made to refurbish or rebuild Madison Square Garden. It would be the 5th edition of the arena. [edit] Other Sports A city as large and diverse as New York does not restrict itself to the four major sports, however. The New York metropolitan area is also home to professional soccer and lacrosse teams, such as Red Bull New York in Major League Soccer and both the Long Island Lizards and the New Jersey Pride in Major League Lacrosse. New York is also considered to be the "world capital" of one-wall handball. For a full listing of major sports franchises in and around New York City, see List of New York City sports teams. [edit] Soccer Soccer's popularity in the city is such that jerseys from the English, Irish and Brazilian teams as well as the Liga Mexicana appear in Manhattan as frequently as those of the Mets or the Knicks. In addition to the current Major League Soccer team Red Bull New York, the area was home to the New York Cosmos, arguably the most popular American soccer team ever. Playing in the defunct NASL, the Cosmos were known for fielding some of the world's greatest players including Pelé and Franz Beckenbauer albeit in the waning years of their professional careers. [edit] Rugby Rugby is growing in popularity in New York. The city has two division one rugby union teams, the New York Athletic Club RFC, which was established in 1973 and the Old Blue, both who play in the Rugby Super League (rugby union). The city has numerous other amateur rugby union clubs as well, paying in the New York Metropilitan Rugby Footbal Union. The clubs have contributed to the national team, the Eagles, who have participated at the Rugby World Cup. The City contributes actively with two amateur rugby league sides, Northern Raiders, who play at Andrews Field, and the New York Knights, who play at Falls Township Community Park. The Raiders have yet to win a trophy but the Knights last won the Championship in 2002. New York City consistently produce players of international standard who play in the United States national rugby league team who will soon be competing in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup qualifying semi-final in the UK. [edit] New York Cricket With around 20% of the New York City area's population originating from a cricket playing nation, it is not surprising that cricket's popularity is rising.[1] The majority of players are expatriate and look to cricket to provide a link back to their homes: Often teams are composed of one ethnic or national background - and linked to local social clubs. Since the players are mostly politically weak and financially-strapped immigrants, the sport lacks consistent central funding. Combine these factors with the politics and mis-management of the USACA, and the result is that most facilities are poor; there are no turf wickets (most cricket is played on coconut matting), the outfields are often shared with active soccer games, and the facilities are rudimentary. Despite all the challenges, the standard of cricket can be very good with ex-test and regional representatives playing in some leagues (eg the Commonwealth League). Like any other weekend sport there are also places for the less-skilled enthusiast to play (eg. the Tri State World Series League). New York is the center of the region's cricket, the nexus between all the activity in New York, Connecticut and New Jersey. Most clubs play in the major parks in the outer boroughs, for example: Bronx - Van Courtlandt Park Brooklyn - Prospect Park/Breezy Point Queens - Flushing Meadow/Randall's Island Note - there are no cricket grounds on Manhattan. Most teams also play further afield. The oldest cricket team in America is based in Staten Island, and there are other active teams from Hoboken, New Jersey to Greenwich, Connecticut. [edit] Running The New York City Marathon is an annual marathon foot-race run over a 26.2 mile course through the five boroughs of New York City. Next to the Boston Marathon, it is considered the pre-eminent long-distance annual running event in the United States. The race is produced by the New York Road Runners and has been run every year since 1970. In recent years, it has also been sponsored by financial giant ING. It is held on the first Sunday of November and attracts professional competitors and amateurs from all over the world. Because of the popularity of the race, participation is limited to 35,000 entrants chosen by a lottery system, with preference given to previous participants. The Millrose Games is an annual indoor track and field meet held on the first Friday in February in Madison Square Garden since 1914. The games were started when employees of the Wanamaker's department store formed the Millrose Track Club to hold a meet. The featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. [edit] Tennis The U.S. Tennis Open is the fourth and final event of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held annually in late summer at the USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows Park in Queens. The main tournament consists of five championships: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles and mixed doubles, with additional tournaments for junior and wheelchair players. [edit] Horse racing Aqueduct Racetrack (the Big A) and Belmont Park feature horse racing all months of the year except August. Aqueduct is located within the city limits in Ozone Park, while Belmont is situated just outside the city, in Elmont, New York. Harness racing is offered at Yonkers Raceway north of the city and Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey. [edit] Arena Football The New York Dragons are the current AFL team for NY. [edit] Sports culture Although in much of the rest of the country American football has surpassed baseball as the most popular professional sport, in New York baseball arguably still stirs the most passion and interest. A championship win by any major sports team is considered to be worthy of the highest celebration, including a ticker-tape parade for the victorious team. In the past, ticker-tape parades have been held for the Yankees, Mets, Giants and Rangers. New Yorkers, however, tend to rally around any of the local teams who win (such as the 1994 Stanley Cup champions New York Rangers). Due to their geographic locations, New York has an intense sports rivalry with the cities of Boston and Philadelphia. Aside from the Yankees-Red Sox rivalry, the intra-division competition between teams like the Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles, the Jets and the New England Patriots, the Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies and the Rangers and the Philadelphia Flyers. [edit] See also · Sports in Brooklyn [edit] References 1. ^ Sas, Adrian (Producer). (2006). It's my Park: Cricket [TV-Series]. New York City: NYCTV. [show] v • d • eNew York City [show] v • d • eSports teams based in and around New York City [show] v • d • eSports in North America Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_New_York_City" Category: Sports in New York City Media of New York City From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The media of New York City is internationally influential, with some of the most important newspapers, largest publishing houses, most prolific television studios, and biggest record companies in the world. New York is the largest hub of media production in the United States and is also the nation's largest media market. It is a major global center for the television, music, newspaper and book publishing industries. Three of the Big Four music recording companies have their headquarters in the city. One-third of all independent films in the United States are produced in New York and more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city. The book publishing industry alone employs 13,000 people. With nearly seven percent of the nation's television-viewing households, it is the nation's single largest media market. For these reasons, New York is often called "the media capital of the world."[1] Contents[hide]· 1 Newspapers · 2 Magazines · 3 Book publishing · 4 Radio · 5 Television o 5.1 University TV o 5.2 NYCTV · 6 Film o 6.1 See also · 7 Music · 8 Portrayals of New York in the media · 9 See also · 10 References · 11 External links [edit] Newspapers The ongoing decline of newspaper reading in the United States has left even most big American cities with a single daily. New York City is an exception; it is home to four of the 10 largest papers in the United States. These include The New York Times (circulation 1.1 million), The New York Daily News (circulation 795,000), and The New York Post (circulation 650,000), founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The Wall Street Journal (circulation 2.1 million), published in New York City, is a national-scope business newspaper and the first or second most-read newspaper in the nation, depending on measurement method. New York's use of mass transit gives the city a large newspaper readership base. El Diario La Prensa (circulation 265,000) is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.[2] There are also several borough-specific newspapers, such as The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and The Staten Island Advance. Free dailies mainly distributed to commuters include amNewYork, Hoy and Metro. The city's ethnic press is large and diverse. Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet and Jewish-American newspaper The Forward (פֿאָרװערטס; Forverts), published in Yiddish, English and Russian, and the African-American newspaper The New York Amsterdam News. The Epoch Times, an international newspaper published by the Falon Gong, has English and Chinese editions in New York. There are seven dailies published in Chinese and four in Spanish. Multiple daily papers are published in Greek, Polish, and Korean, and weekly newspapers serve dozens of different ethnic communities, with ten separate newspapers focusing on the African-American community alone.[3] Many nationally-distributed ethnic newspapers are based out of offices in Astoria, Chinatown or Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City.[4] Ethnic variation is not the only measure of the diversity of New York City's newspapers, with editorial opinions running from left-leaning at alternative papers like the Village Voice, libertarian at the New York Press, and conservative at the daily New York Sun. The Onion is a satirical weekly newspaper available nationwide and published from offices in Lower Manhattan. New York Observer covers politics and the city's rich and powerful with unusual depth. The tradition of a free press owes much to John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher who was acquitted in his 1735 landmark court case, setting the precedent that truth was a legitimate defense against accusations of libel. Major newspapers emphasizing coverage of the New York metropolitan region outside the city include Newsday, which covers Long Island, and the The Star-Ledger, which covers New Jersey. See also: List of New York City newspapers and magazines [edit] Magazines The New Yorker magazine publishes reportage, criticism, essays, cartoons, poetry, and fiction. The city has a long history in American magazine publishing. The 19th Century was rife with popular titles: Harper's Weekly launched in 1857 claiming to be "A Journal of Civilization" to readers; St. Nicholas Magazine, a pioneering children's publication; and Collier's Weekly, which counted Upton Sinclair and Ernest Hemingway as contributors. New York Magazine, founded in 1968 by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker, was one of the first "lifestyle" magazines. The New Yorker, founded in 1925 by Harold Ross, is a weekly magazine of arts, literature, and journalism. Today more than 350 magazines have their editorial offices based in the city. New York is home to the corporate headquarters of publishing giants: · Time Warner: Time, People, Sports Illustrated · Condé Nast Publications: The New Yorker, Vanity Fair, Vogue · The Hearst Corporation: Cosmopolitan, Esquire Other national leaders are Rolling Stone published by Wenner Media and Newsweek, owned by the Washington Post Company but edited in Manhattan. See also: List of New York City newspapers and magazines [edit] Book publishing The book publishing industry in the United States is based in New York. Publishing houses in the city range from industry giants such as Penguin Group (USA), HarperCollins, Random House and Simon & Schuster to small niche houses like Soft Skull Press. New York has also been the setting for countless works of literature, many of them produced by the city’s large population of writers (including Paul Auster, Don Delillo, Jonathan Safran Foer, Jonathan Franzen, Jhumpa Lahiri, Jonathan Lethem, John O'Hara, Dorothy Parker, Thomas Pynchon, Susan Sontag, and many others). The New York City metro area, home to the largest number of Jews outside Israel, has also been a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. New York is also home to PEN American Center, the largest of the 141 centers of International PEN, the world’s oldest human rights organization and the oldest international literary organization. PEN American Center plays an important role in New York's literary community and is active in defending free speech, the promotion of literature, and the fostering of international literary fellowship. Author Salman Rushdie is its current president. Some of the most important literary journals in the United States are in New York. These include The Paris Review, The New York Review of Books, n+1, and New York Quarterly. Other New York literary publications include Circumference, Open City, The Manhattan Review, Fence, and Telos. New York is also home to the US offices of Granta. See also: List of books set in New York City [edit] Radio New York City has a tradition as an important place in radio broadcasting. Edward R. Murrow defined American broadcast journalism with his World War II reporting from Europe relayed back to CBS in New York and onward to the rest of the nation. WNYC, New York's flagship public radio station, is the most-listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan and has the largest audience of any public radio station in the United States. It produces several news and cultural programs for national syndication. WFMU, along with KCRW in Los Angeles, is considered by music industry insiders to be one of the most influential open-format indie radio stations in the country. WBAI in Manhattan, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States. Fordham University's WFUV and Columbia University's radio station, WKCR, are also important non-commercial stations in the city. The first New York City radio station to feature a phone-in talk format was WNBC in the late 1960s, (with Long John Nebel in the early morning hours) but the format began in earnest in New York in 1970, when WMCA radio dropped its "Good Guys" top-40 radio format in favor of the "Dial-Log Radio" slate of call-in shows. In addition to mainstay Barry Gray, the format featured such prominent talkers as Nebel, Alex Bennett and Bob Grant. Right-wing talk radio came to New York when WABC switched from an all music format to talk in 1982. Though it began with a moribund "Talkradio" format delivered via satellite from KABC Los Angeles, the station eventually became the home of nationally syndicated conservative powerhouse Rush Limbaugh, who in the Reagan years railed against liberal figures like civil-rights advocate Jesse Jackson and former New York Governor Mario Cuomo. Other high-profile conservative talk radio hosts with national profiles include Laura Ingraham and Sean Hannity at WABC. Recently liberals have responded, first with the shortlive (five years only) WEVD format with Bill Mazer's Mazer in the morning and Sam Greenfield in the afternoon followed by Alan Colmes from 11 PM to 2AM. Then in 2004 the Air America Radio network started, based in New York City, with actor-comedians Al Franken and Janeane Garofalo as their front line stars. Sam Greenfield has since joined the New York affiliate of Air America's morning lineup. A personality who goes by one name, "Lionel", was a host on WABC and has also joined the Air America's New York local lineup. Because Air America is a national network, not shows are picked up by all stations. New York is also home to several famous "shock jock" morning drive shows. They include the new current flavor Opie and Anthony as well as old timer Don Imus, (famous for his controversial statements and interviews of politicos) and morning satire and Elvis Duran and the Z Morning Zoo on Z-100. WXRK "K-Rock" 92.3 used to be the home of Howard Stern until his move from terrestrial radio to Sirius Satellite Radio. WQHT, also known as "Hot 97", is an influential high-profile commercial radio station that is arguably the nation's premier hip-hop station. Doctor Dre and Ed Lover were morning hosts at the station in the 1990s. The highest-rated Spanish language radio show in the United States is the morning radio program El Vacilón de la Mañana, broadcast on WSKQ and hosted by Luis Jimenez. New York is became home to America's first 24 hour sports talk station, WFAN, in 1987. [edit] Television See also: List of television shows set in New York City Tom's Restaurant in Morningside Heights, famous as Monk's in Seinfeld and as Tom's Diner in the Suzanne Vega song of that name. Roughly 100,000 New Yorkers are employed in the film and television industry, which contributes about $5 billion to the city's economy annually. New York City is the home of the three traditional major American television networks, ABC, CBS and NBC. They each have local broadcast owned and operated station. FOX owns and operates WNYW (5) and WWOR (9). In addition there s Board of Education station WNYE. Plus there are the two Hispanic language stations on UHF chnanels 41 and 47 which are the New York area affiliates of Univision and NBC owned Telemundo respectively. It is also the headquarters of several large cable television channels, including MTV, Fox News, HBO and Comedy Central. Silvercup Studios was the production facility for the popular television shows Sex and the City and The Sopranos. MTV broadcasts programming from its sound stage overlooking Times Square, several blocks away from the theater housing The Late Show with David Letterman. Saturday Night Live is broadcast from NBC's studios at Rockefeller Center, where The Today Show is also taped. BET is headquartered on 57th Street. The Colbert Report is produced by Comedy Central on 54th Street, and The Daily Show, also produced by Comedy Central, is taped just a few blocks over on 11th avenue and 53rd street. Over a thousand people are involved with producing the various Law & Order television series. In 2005 there were more than 100 new and returning television shows taped in New York City, according to the Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting. WNET, New York's largest public television station, is a primary national provider of PBS programming. The oldest public access channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, well known for its eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming. There are eight other public access channels in New York, including Brooklyn Cable Access Television. As part of use of local rights-of-way, the cable operators in New York have granted access to PEG cable channels for public access, educational and government programming. They also carry the New York State legislative channel available on cable packages with sufficient bandwidth. Another notable channel in the city is NY1, Time Warner Cable's first local news channel, known for its beat coverage of outerborough neighborhoods. Its coverage of City Hall and state politics is closely watched by political insiders. [edit] University TV Finally, the City University of New York's cable channel provides on air telecourses in psychology, physics, geography, history as well as vast array of cultural programing on CUNY TV, while New York University (NYU) has its NYUTV. [edit] NYCTV Main article: NYCTV The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that produces several original Emmy Award-winning shows including Blue Print New York and Cool in Your Code, as well as coverage of city government. Other popular programs on NYCTV include music shows; New York Noise showcases music videos of local, underground, and indie rock musicians as well as coverage of major music-related events in the city like the WFMU Record Fair, interviews of New York icons (like The Ramones and Klaus Nomi), and comedian hosts (like Eugene Mirman, Rob Huebel, and Aziz Ansari). The Bridge, similarly, chronicles old school hip hop. The channel has won 14 New York Emmys and 14 National Telly awards. See also: NYC Media Group [edit] Film New York's film industry is much smaller than that of Hollywood, but its billions of dollars in revenue makes it an important part of the city's economy and places it as the second largest center for the film industry in the United States.[5] It is also a growth sector; according to the Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting New York City attracted over 250 independent and studio films in 2005, an increase from 202 in 2004 and 180 in 2003. More than a third of professional actors in the United States are based in New York.[6] The city's movie industry employs 100,000 New Yorkers, according to the Office, and about $5 billion is brought by the industry to the city's economy every year.[7] International film makers work in the city, as well. The Bollywood film Kal Ho Naa Ho was shot in New York City in 2003, and has proceeded to become the fourth-highest grossing Indian film of all time.[8] Silvercup Studios West, a "vertical Hollywood" to be built in 2007. In the earliest days of the American film industry, New York was the epicenter of filmmaking. However, the better year-round weather of Hollywood made it a better choice for shooting. The Kaufman-Astoria film studio in Queens, built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields. It has also been the set for The Cosby Show and Sesame Street. The recently constructed Steiner Studios is a 15 acre (61,000 m²) modern movie studio complex in a former shipyard where The Producers and The Inside Man, a Spike Lee movie, were filmed. Silvercup Studios revealed plans in February 2006 for a new $1 billion complex with eight soundstages, production and studio support space, offices for media and entertainment companies, stores, 1,000 apartments in high-rise towers, a catering hall and a cultural institution. The project is invisioned as a "veritical Hollywood" designed by Lord Richard Rogers, the architect of the Pompidou Center in Paris and the Millennium Dome in London. It is to be built at the edge of the East River in Queens and will be the largest production house on the East Coast. Steiner Studios in Brooklyn would still have the largest single soundstage, however. Kaufman Studios plans its own expansion in 2007. Miramax Films, a Big Ten film studio, is the largest motion picture distribution and production company headquartered in the city. Many smaller independent producers and distributors are also in New York. [edit] See also · Film festivals in New York City · List of films set in New York City · List of New York City Television and Film studios [edit] Music Main article: Music of New York City In the 1930s New York-based RCA was the nation's largest manufacturer of phonographs. In the late 19th and early 20th century, most sheet music in the United States — especially the popular songs of the day, many now standards — was printed at Tin Pan Alley, so called because the constant sound of new songs being tried out on pianos in the publishing houses was said to sound like a tin pan. By the early 1960s the radio and musical stars of the Golden Age of Broadway gave way to the Brill Building's "Brill Sound." In the 1980s, hip hop labels including Def Jam, Roc-A-Fella, and Bad Boy Records were founded in New York, creating what is known as East Coast hip hop. These labels continue to be among the largest hip-hop labels in the world. Two of the "Big Four" music labels, Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group, also have their world headquarters in New York. Many major music magazines are headquartered in the city as well, including Blender Magazine, Punk Magazine, Spin and Rolling Stone.[9] [edit] Portrayals of New York in the media Taxi Driver showed a violent, if not totally realistic, vision of the New York of the 1970s. Because of its sheer size and cultural influence, New York has been the subject of many different, and often contradictory, portrayals in mass media. From the sophisticated and worldly metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and chaotic urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver, New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life. In the early years of film New York City was characterized as urbane and sophisticated. By the city's crisis period in the 1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and violence. With the city's renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex and the City showed life in the city to be glamorous and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of crime dramas, such as Law & Order and the Spider-Man film series, continue to use the city as their setting despite New York's status as the safest large city in the United States after plummeting crime rates over many years. An essay appearing in the Arts section of the New York Times in April 2006 quoted several filmmakers, including Sidney Lumet and Paul Mazursky, describing how modern cinema shows the city as far more "teeming, terrifying, exhilarating, unforgiving" than contemporary New York actually is, and the consequential challenge this poses for filmmakers.[10] The article quotes Robert Greenhut, Woody Allen's producer, as saying that despite the increased sanitization of modern New York, "New Yorkers' personalities are different to Chicago. There's a certain kind of vibrancy and tone that you can't get elsewhere. The labor pool is more interesting than elsewhere — the salesgirl with one line, or the cop. That's who directors are looking for." James Sanders, editor of Scenes From the City: Filmmaking in New York, 1966-2006, is quoted in the article as predicting that future films in New York City will move away from the well-worn setting of upper-middle class Manhattan neighborhoods to the outer boroughs, where they will begin examining the crosscurrents emanating from ethnic neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx. Both Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto IV are set in Liberty City, a remake of New York City. New York City officials were appalled when they saw how detailed and realistic that the Grand Theft Auto IV version of Liberty City is in comparison to their city. [edit] See also · The New York Times · New York Daily News · The Wall Street Journal · NYC Media Group · The New Yorker · Jewish American literature · The Washington Post · Newsweek · Culture of New York City · Media in Boston, Massachusetts [edit] References 1. ^ The State of New York. See The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation Request for Expressions of Interest 2005.[1] 2. ^ "Editor & Publisher International Year Book 2004." Found at infoplease.com.[2] 3. ^ "New York City's Ethnic Press." Gotham Gazette.[3] 4. ^ Independent Press Association of New York.[4] 5. ^ Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting.[5] 6. ^ "Creative New York." Center for an Urban Future Dec. 2005.[6] 7. ^ "Hollywood Brings Its Cameras To a New New York." 19 October 2006 New York Sun.[7] 8. ^ New York City Economic Development Corporation. [http://www.newyorkbiz.com/International/IntFunFacts.html} 9. ^ Has the Music Scene Died in New York?. Gotham Gazette. Retrieved on September 7, 2005. 10. ^ "New York City as Film Set: From Mean Streets to Clean Streets." The New York Times 30 April 2006.[8] [edit] External links · The Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting - The city's film commission · Manhattan Neighborhood Network - The first free public access channel in the United States · Taxi Radio (Show for NYC taxi drivers) [hide] v • d • eNew York City History · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · Culture · Music · Sports · Media · Economy · Education · Government · Geography · Demographics · Transportation · New York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_New_York_City" Categories: American culture | Arts in the United States | New York City media | American media by market | Lists of media by city Demographics of New York City From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Population growth (blue) and population loss (red) from 1990 to 2000. (Click on image to see full key and data.) The demographics of New York City depict a uniquely large and ethnically diverse metropolis, the largest city in the United States, with a population defined by a long history of international immigration. New York City is home to more than 8 million people, accounting for about 40% of the population of New York State and a similar percentage of the New York metropolitan area, home to about 20 million. Over the last decade the city has been growing faster than the region. Demographers estimate New York's population will reach 9.4 million by 2025. Throughout its history New York City has been a major point of entry for immigrants; the term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the city and 36% of its population was foreign born.[1][2] Contents[hide]· 1 Current demographics o 1.1 Population o 1.2 Immigration o 1.3 Ethnic composition o 1.4 Households o 1.5 Income o 1.6 Religions · 2 Population projections · 3 Historic population figures · 4 Major ethnic and national groups o 4.1 African Americans and foreign born blacks o 4.2 Chinese o 4.3 South Asian o 4.4 German o 4.5 Irish o 4.6 Italian o 4.7 Polish o 4.8 Jewish o 4.9 Romanian o 4.10 Puerto Rican · 5 References · 6 See also · 7 External links [edit] Current demographics [edit] Population New York City compared 2000 Census Data New York LA Chicago New York State United States Total population 8,085,742 3,694,820 2,896,121 18,976,457 281,421,906 Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000 +9.4% +6% +4% +5.5% +13.1% Population density 26,402.9/mi² 7,876.8/mi² 12,750.3/mi² 402/mi² 80/mi² Median household income (1999) $38,293 $36,687 $38,625 $43,393 $41,994 Per capita income (1999) $22,402 $20,671 $20,175 $23,389 $21,587 Bachelor's degree or higher 27% 26% 26% 27% 24% Foreign born 36% 41% 22% 20% 11% White 44% 30% 31% 62% 69% Black 28% 12% 37% 16% 12% Hispanic (any race) 27% 46% 26% 15% 13% Asian 10% 10% 4% 6% 4% New York is the largest city in the United States, with a city proper population more than double the next largest city, Los Angeles (or roughly equivalent to the combined populations of Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston, America's second, third, and fourth most populous cities respectively). The estimated 2005 population of New York City is 8,213,839 (up from 7.3 million in 1990).[3] This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. Over the last decade the city has been growing rapidly. Demographers estimate New York's population will reach between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.[4] In 2000 the life expectancy of New Yorkers surpassed that of the United States national average. Life expectancy for females born in 2000 in New York City is 80.2 years and for males is 74.5 years.[5] New York's two key demographic features are its density and diversity. The city has an extremely high population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²), about 10,000 more people per square mile than the next densest large American city, San Francisco.[6] Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²).[7] The city has a long tradition of attracting international immigration and Americans seeking careers in certain sectors. As of 2006, New York City has ranked number one for seven consecutive years as the U.S. city people would most like to live in or near.[8] [edit] Immigration Throughout its history New York City has been a principal entry point for immigration to the United States. The city experienced major immigration from Europe in the 19th century and another major wave in the early 20th. Since the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, and particularly since the 1980s, New York City has seen renewed rates of high immigration. Newer immigrants are from from Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.[2] Among American cities, this proportion is higher only in Los Angeles and Miami.[7] While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest countries of origin are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Guyana, Mexico, Ecuador, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia and Russia.[9] About 170 languages are spoken in the city.[1] Between 1990 and 2000 the city admitted 1,224,524 immigrants.[10] [edit] Ethnic composition New York City is a minority-majority city. In 2005 44% of the population was white. 25.3% of the population was black or African American, 11.6% was Asian and 0.4% were American Indian. Another 17% belonged to some other race and 1.6% of New Yorkers belonged to more than one race.[11] The city has several demographically unique characteristics. The borough of Queens is the only large county in the United States where the median income among black households, about $52,000 a year, has surpassed that of whites.[12] It is also the nation's most ethnically diverse county.[13] The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel.[14] It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's South Asians,[15] and the largest African American community of any city in the country. Among the most notable ethnicity is the Puerto Rican population, NYC has about 800,000 Puerto Ricans and has the largest Puerto Rican population outside of Puerto Rico. Another historically significant ethnic group are Italians, who emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century, New York City is home to the largest Italian population in the US. The Irish also have a notable presence; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the fifth century A.D.[16] % Foreign born by borough 1970-2000Borough 1970 1980 1990 2000 Brooklyn 17.5 23.8 29.2 37.8 Queens 21.0 28.6 36.2 46.1 Manhattan 20.0 24.4 25.8 29.4 Bronx 15.6 18.4 22.8 29.0 Staten Island 9.0 9.8 11.8 16.4 Total 18.2 23.6 28.4 35.9 Source: NYC.gov[17] [edit] Households The 2000 census counted 3,021,588 households with a median income of $38,293. 30% of households had children under the age of 18 and 37% were married couples living together. 19% had a single female householder, and 39% were non-families. 32% of all households were made up of individuals and 10% were single residents 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.32. The population was spread out with 24% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 21% from 45 to 64, and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The median age in New York City in 2000 was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 males. The borough of Manhattan is experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%.[18] The increase is driven mostly by affluent white families with median household incomes over $300,000. [edit] Income 1999 per capita income was not uniform across the boroughs. Family income was much higher in each borough. Overall, the distribution of household income in New York City is characterized by tremendous disparities. This phenomenon is especially present in Manhattan, which in 2005 was home to the wealthiest census tract with a household income of $188,697, as well as the poorest, where household income was $9,320.[19] The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets. In 2006 the average weekly wage in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest among the largest counties in the United States.[20] Wages in Manhattan were the fastest growing among the nation's 10 largest counties.[20] Among young adults in New York who work full time, women now make more than men. In 2005 those women made $5,000 more than men.[21] Nationally, women’s wages still lag behind men. Overall, Manhattan is one of the highest-income places in the United States with a population over one million. In particular, ZIP code 10021 on Manhattan's Upper East Side, with over 100,000 inhabitants and a per capita income of over $90,000, is one of the largest concentrations of extreme wealth in the United States. The outer boroughs, especially Queens and Staten Island, have large middle class populations. New York City's per capita income in 2000 was $22,402; men and women had a median income of $37,435 and $32,949 respectively. 21.2% of the population and 18.5% of families were below the poverty line, of whom 30.0% were under the age of 18 and 17.8% were 65 and older. The richest New Yorker, oil magnate David H. Koch, is worth an estimated $12 billion.[22] The poorest New Yorkers, 1.5 million people with incomes below the poverty line, are collectively worth less than Mr. Koch's net worth. Of Forbes Magazine's 400 richest Americans, 45 live in New York City, and they are each worth at least $1 billion.[22] New York City's unemployment rate in October of 2006 was 4.1%, lower than the nationwide rate of 4.4%.[23] [edit] Religions Religious groups in New York CityBorough Population2000 census %Catholic % notaffiliated %Jewish %Protestant Estimated %Not Counted,Mostly BlackProtestant Brooklyn 2,465,326 37 4 15 8 33 Queens 2,229,379 29 37 11 5 15 Manhattan 1,593,200 35 14 20 9 19 Bronx 1,357,589 43 16 6 5 29 Staten Island 464,573 57 15 7 5 14 Total 8,110,067 37 18 13 6 23 Source: ARDA[24] [edit] Population projections New York has had the highest population among American cities since the first census in 1790. Growth forecasts project New York will maintain this position. The Department of City Planning estimates the city's residents will swell from 8.1 million in 2004 to nearly 9.4 million in 2025. Similar estimates are made by Urbanomics, a consultant to the New York Metropolitan Transportation Council, an intergovernmental planning group. Their study projects that by 2025, the Bronx will be home to 1.5 million people and Brooklyn to 2.8 million. This would mean both boroughs would surpass their mid twentieth century population peaks. Queens will have 2.8 million people, the study says, and Staten Island nearly 600,000; records for both boroughs. Manhattan, with 1.7 million, will still be short of the more than two million people who lived there early in the twentieth century, many in densely packed tenements. The Urbanomics projections estimate a continuing decline of non-Hispanic whites, although births will again outnumber deaths among non-Hispanic whites after 2010; the number of black residents will also begin to decline in 2015. Hispanics and Asians will drive overall population growth until 2025; New York's population is then expected to expand more slowly, to nearly 9.5 million in 2030. That would represent a 16% increase from 2004. According to Urbanomics, between 2025 and 2030 among Asians the total of births over deaths will more than double. The projections also expect the net migration to New York — people arriving versus leaving — will more than triple. New York's economic makeup is also projected to change, becoming generally wealthier; 36% of households are expected to earn more than $100,000 in 2025 compared with 14% now after adjusting for inflation.[25] [edit] Historic population figures New York City's population with each borough's, in millions. New York City, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island Each borough's historical population growth, decade over decade. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island Historical Population of New York City pre-Greater New York City[26] Year Manhattan Brooklyn Queens* Bronx** Staten Is. Total 1790 33,111 4,549 6,000 2,000 3,827 49,487 1800 60,489 5,740 7,000 2,000 4,563 79,792 1810 96,373 8,303 7,000 3,000 5,347 120,023 1820 123,706 11,187 8,000 3,000 6,135 152,028 1830 202,589 20,535 9,000 3,000 7,082 242,206 1840 312,710 47,613 14,000 5,000 10,965 390,288 1850 515,547 138,882 19,000 8,000 15,061 696,490 1860 813,669 279,122 33,000 24,000 25,492 1,175,283 1870 942,292 419,921 45,000 37,000 33,029 1,477,242 1880 1,206,299 599,495 57,000 52,000 38,991 1,953,785 1890 1,515,301 838,547 87,000 89,000 51,693 2,581,541 1900*** 1,850,093 1,166,582 152,999 200,507 67,021 3,437,202 1910 2,331,542 1,634,351 284,041 430,980 85,969 4,766,883 1920 2,284,103 2,018,356 469,042 732,016 116,531 5,620,048 1930 1,867,312 2,560,401 1,079,129 1,265,258 158,346 6,930,446 1940 1,889,924 2,698,285 1,297,634 1,394,711 174,441 7,454,995 1950 1,960,101 2,738,175 1,550,849 1,451,277 191,555 7,891,957 1960 1,698,281 2,627,319 1,809,578 1,424,815 221,991 7,781,984 1970 1,539,233 2,602,012 1,986,473 1,471,701 295,443 7,894,862 1980 1,428,285 2,230,936 1,891,325 1,168,972 352,121 7,071,639 1990 1,487,536 2,300,664 1,951,598 1,203,789 378,977 7,322,564 2000 1,537,195 2,465,326 2,229,379 1,332,650 443,728 8,008,278 * Queens County excluding modern day Nassau County.** Bronx County excluding modern day Westchester County.*** First census after the consolidation of the five boroughs.. [edit] Major ethnic and national groups [edit] African Americans and foreign born blacks 125th Street in Harlem, an African American cultural center. According to the 2000 Census, New York City has the largest population of self-defined African-American residents of any US city, at over 2 million within the city's boundaries. Due to the city's large black population, several of the city's neighborhoods are historical birthplaces of urban black culture in America namely places such as Bedford Stuyvesant, Harlem, and the South Bronx. It has the largest population of black immigrants (at 568,814) and descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean (especially from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Guyana, Bahamas, Dominican republic, and Haiti), and of sub-Saharan Africans. An April 3, 2006 New York Times article noted, however, that for the first time since the U.S. Civil War, the African-American population was declining, based on emigration to other regions, a declining African-American birthrate in New York, and decreased immigration of blacks from the Caribbean and Africa.[27] In 2005, the median income among black households in Queens was close to $52,000 a year, surpassing that of whites. No other county in the country with a population over 65,000 can make that claim.[28] [edit] Chinese See also: Chinese American and Chinatown, Manhattan. Falun Gong followers medidating in a Chinatown plaza. Like other Chinatown districts in American cities, the Chinatown neighborhood of Manhattan is an ethnic enclave with a large population of Chinese immigrants. By the 1980s, it had surpassed San Francisco's Chinatown to become the largest enclave of Chinese immigrants in the Western hemisphere, but in the last few years it too has been outgrown by the lesser-known but larger New York City Chinatown community in nearby Flushing, Queens. · Chinatown, Manhattan, New York · Flushing, Queens, New York · Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York [edit] South Asian According to 2005 American Community Survey Estimates, New York City is home to approximately 275,000 persons from the countries of India (226,587), Pakistan (34,310), Bangladesh (18,825), and Sri Lanka (1,094), and comprise a combined 3.5% of New York City's population.[29] A majority of them are concentrated in Queens neighborhoods such as Richmond Hills, Kew Gardens, Jackson Heights, and Ozone Park. In the borough of Queens, the South Asian population is approximately 170,000, where they comprise 8% of the population. [edit] German See also: German Americans Heavy German immigration to the United States occurred between 1848 and World War I, during which time nearly 6 million Germans immigrated to the U.S. The Germans became widespread throughout the Northern half of the country, especially the Midwestern states. Today German-Americans are the largest self-reported ethnic group in the United States. Carl Schurz, a refugee from the unsuccessful first German democratic revolution of 1848, served as United States Secretary of the Interior and as United States Senator from Missouri. Carl Schurz Park in Manhattan is named after him. The influence of German immigration can still be felt in areas of New York City. The Yorkville neighborhood on the Upper East Side of Manhattan was a center of German-American culture. As of the 2000 census 255,536 New Yorkers reported German ancestry.[30] In the middle of the nineteenth century, Little Germany, in what is now Alphabet City, was the first non-English speaking urban enclave in the United States. [edit] Irish Main article: Irish Americans in New York City The Irish community is one of New York's major ethnic groups, and has been a significant proportion of the City's population since the waves of immigration in the late 1800s. New York City's St. Patrick's Day Parade dates to 1762. As a result of the Irish Potato Famine, many Irish families were forced to emigrate from the country. By 1854, between 1.5 and 2 million Irish left their country. In the United States, most Irish became city-dwellers. With little money, many had to settle in the cities that the ships they came on landed in. By 1850, the Irish made up a quarter of the population in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. The Irish play a significant role in city politics, the Roman Catholic Church and the New York City Fire Department and Police Department. As of the 2000 census 420,810 New Yorkers reported Irish ancestry.[31] According to a 2006 genetic survey by Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, about one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the fifth century A.D.[32] · Woodlawn, Bronx, New York · Woodside, Queens, New York · Maspeth, Queens, New York · Sunnyside, Queens, New York · North Riverdale, Bronx · Riverdale, Bronx · Bay Ridge, Brooklyn · Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn · Vinegar Hill, Brooklyn · Belle Harbor, Queens · Breezy Point, Queens · Sunnyside, Queens · Rockaway Beach, Queens · Roxbury, Queens · Woodside, Queens · St. George, Staten Island [edit] Italian See also: Italian-American Street vendors at the Feast of San Gennaro in Manhattan's Little Italy. New York City has a large population of Italian Americans, many of whom inhabit ethnic enclaves in Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island. The largest wave of Italian immigration to the United States took place in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Between 1820 and 1978, 5.3 million Italians immigrated to the United States, including over two million in the years 1900-1910 alone. Only the Irish and Germans immigrated in larger numbers. Italian families first settled in Little Italy's neighborhoods, the first and most famous one being the one around Mulberry Street, in Manhattan. As of the 2000 census 692,739 New Yorkers reported Italian ancestry, making them the largest European ethnic group in the city.[33] New York metropolitan area is home to 3,372,512 Italians, which is the third largest concentration in the world after Milan and Rome metropolitan areas. In some Italian-American communities, Saint Joseph's Day (March 19) is marked with celebrations and parades. Columbus Day is also widely celebrated in these communities, as are the feasts of some regional Italian patron saints, most notably Feast of San Gennaro (September 19) by those claiming Neapolitan heritage, and Santa Rosalia (September 4) by Sicilians. · Arthur Avenue (Bronx), New York · Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York · Morris Park, Bronx, New York · Cobble Hill, Brooklyn, New York · Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn, New York · Mulberry Street, Manhattan (New York's Little Italy) · Pleasant Avenue, East Harlem, Manhattan, New York · Howard Beach, Queens, New York · Staten Island, New York [edit] Polish Image:Parada4.jpg Pulaski Day Parade in New York City, major Polish-American festival Polish-Americans live in the city generally in Brooklyn (Greenpoint and Williamsburg). The neighborhood is sometimes referred to as "Little Poland" due to its large population of working-class Polish immigrants, reportedly the second largest concentration in the United States after Chicago. As of the 2000 census 213,447 New Yorkers reported Polish ancestry.[34] Polish-American culture, press In New York are many of Polish and Polish-American cultural, community and scientific institutions, include: · Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America · Polish Cultural Institute · New York Dance & Arts Innovations Inc. In NYC Polish-Americans publish many important Polish media in America, include: · The Polish Review, an English-language scholarly journal published quarterly since 1956 by PIASA. · Nowy Dziennik[1], the leading Polish-language daily newspaper in the U.S. founded in 1971. · Kurier Plus[2], a Polish-language weekly magazine makes in Greenpoint founded in 1987. · The Post Eagle[3], English-language Polonia's leading independent weekly founded in 1963. The magazine has subrscribers in 4 countries and 46 U.S. states. · The White Eagle[4], a double-language (Polish and English) bimonthly magazine, the largest Polish-American periodical based on the number of local editions and its reach. The newspaper is currently published in six local editions including: New England, Connecticut, Florida, Arizona / Nevada, Pennsylvania and West Coast. · Super Express USA[5], a Polish-language daily newspaper founded in 1995. The newspaper's seat is located in Corbin Building, at John Street, Manhattan. · Polska Gazeta[6], a Polish-language daily newspaper with headquarters in Brooklyn. The paper is available in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Circulation averages 12,000 copies a day from Monday to Friday and exceeds 17,000 for combined Sat/Sun (weekend) edition. [edit] Jewish See also: American Jews Two girls wearing banners with the slogan "ABOLISH CHILD SLAVERY!!" in English and Yiddish. Probably taken during the May 1st, 1909 New York labor parade. The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish population in the world outside Israel. New York's Jewish population in 2001 was approximately 1.97 million, 1.4 million more than in Jerusalem but 600,000 less than in Gush Dan, Israel's largest metropolitan area; however, Tel Aviv proper (non-metro/within municipal limits) has smaller population than the Jewish population of New York City proper, making New York the largest Jewish community in the world.[[35] In 2002, an estimated 972,000 Ashkenazic Jews lived in New York City and constituted about 12% of the city's population. New York City is also home to the worldwide headquarters of the Hasidic Chabad-Lubavitch group and the Bobover and Satmar branches of Hasidism. The Jewish presence in New York City dates to the 1600s when a Jewish community relocated from Recife seeking freedom of worship. Major immigration of Jews to New York started in the 1880s, with the increase of antisemitism in Central and Eastern Europe. The number of Jews in New York City soared throughout the beginning of the 20th century and reached a peak of 2 million in the 1950s, when Jews constituted one-quarter of the city's population. New York City's Jewish population then began to decline because of low fertility rates and migration to suburbs and other states, particularly California and Florida. A new wave of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union began arriving in the 1980s and 1990s. Many have settled in south Brooklyn and in parts of the Bronx; specifically middle-class neighborhoods, such as Riverdale. The first Jewish immigrants settled mainly in the tenement houses of the Lower East Side. Today New York City's Jewish population is dispersed among all the boroughs; Brooklyn's Jewish population in 2003 was estimated 456,000, and Manhattan's at 243,000. While a quarter of New York Jews are not religious, the Orthodox community is rapidly growing, while the numbers of Conservative and Reform Jews are declining. Like the Irish, the Jewish community has played an important role in New York City's politics; Jewish voters traditionally vote in large numbers and have often supported politically liberal ideas. [edit] Romanian The Romanian community of New York is the largest in United States and North America, with unofficial figures showing 200,000 Romanians in New York. They are mainly concentrated in the Bronx as well as in parts of Manhattan and Staten Island. The Romanian Day Festival shows the strong community of Romanians living in New York, because it is one of the only seven emigrant communities in NY that has the Broadway closed. [edit] Puerto Rican Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York The 2005 National Puerto Rican Parade. Puerto Ricans have both immigrated and migrated to New York. The first group of Puerto Ricans moved to New York in the mid 19th Century when Puerto Rico was a Spanish Colony and its people Spanish subjects and therefore they were immigrants. The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York did so after the Spanish-American War, when Puerto Rico became an American possession and after the approval of the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 which gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and allowed them to travel without the need of a passport between the island and the United States mainland, thereby becoming migrants. However, the largest wave of migration came about in the 1950s in what became known as "The Great Migration" with the advent of air travel. As a result of the great migration more than a million Puerto Ricans once called New York City home. Now the Puerto Rican population is around 800,000 and New York City still has the largest Puerto Rican population outside of Puerto Rico. [edit] References 1. ^ a b New York State Office of the State Comptroller. "Queens: Economic Development and the State of the Borough Economy", 06-2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. 2. ^ a b New York City Department of City Planning. "The Newest New Yorkers: 2000", 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 3. ^ 4. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000-2030", 12-2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. See also Roberts, Sam. "By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City", New York Times, 2006-02-19. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 5. ^ New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. "Summary of Vital Statistics", 2003-04-21. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. 6. ^ For cities with more than 200,000 residents.G.I.S. Lounge U.S. Population Density, 2000 Census. Retrieved on 2006-01-29. 7. ^ a b U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000 Data for the State of New York. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 8. ^ Harris Interactive. "California and New York City Most Popular Places People would choose to Live", 2005-09-11. Retrieved on 2007-03-02. 9. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "Appendix Table 5-4: Ten Largest Sources of the Foreign-Born by County New York Metropolitan Region, 2000", 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. 10. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "2000 Census", 2000. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 11. ^ United States Census Bureau. 2005 American Community Survey: New York City. 12. ^ Roberts, Sam. "Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens", The New York Times, 2006-01-10. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. 13. ^ O'Donnell, Michelle. "In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th...", New York Times, 2006-07-04. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 14. ^ United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York. "Jewish Community Study of New York", 2002. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. 15. ^ Asian American Federation of New York. "Census Profile:New York City's Indian American Population", 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. 16. ^ Moore, Laoise T. (February 2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland". The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2): 334-338. See also Wade, Nicholas. "If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve", The New York Times, 2006-01-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-16. 17. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "The Newest New Yorkers: 2000", 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. 18. ^ Roberts, Sam. "In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers, Rich White Families Lead Way", The New York Times, 2007-03-27. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 19. ^ Roberts, Sam. "In Manhattan, Poor Make 2 Cents for Each Dollar to the Rich", The New York Times, 2005-04-09. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. 20. ^ a b Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. "Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $1,453 in Second Quarter 2006", 2007-02-20. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. 21. ^ Women are Winners. The New York Times (07-20-2007). 22. ^ a b New York Magazine. "Mind the Income Gap", 2006-11-06. Retrieved on 2006-11-08. 23. ^ The New York Times. "City’s Unemployment Rate Falls to Its Lowest Level in 30 Years", 2006-11-17. Retrieved on 2006-11-17. 24. ^ The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), Year 2000 Report Churches were asked for their membership numbers. 25. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000-2030", 12-2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. See also Roberts, Sam. "By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City", New York Times, 2006-02-19. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. 26. ^ University of Virginia (2000-02-11). Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. See also University of Virginia. Historical Census Browser. 27. ^ The New York Times. "[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? There is not evidence that the Black population is declining especially if you include those who are 1)Black in combination with other races; 2)Black Hispanic ; 3)the large numbers of Black New Yorkers who are institutionalized for one reason or another(American Community Survey(US Census) does not include them in its yearly counts. For some reason, the New York Planning Commission carves the first two categories out of the US Census 2000 figures then compares the remaining figure with the 1990 figures. The US Census has found that the average age of categories 1 and 2 are between 12 and 18 years old. Follow-up surveys by the US Census Bureau and the Pew Hispanic Survey are the sources for these items. Native Born and Foeign-born Blacks have had and continue to have considerable interaction with each other including cross-cultural exchanges,sharing neighborhoods, political coalitions, and intermarriages. Theres=F30F12FB38540C708CDDAD0894DE404482 New York City Losing Blacks, Census Shows]", 2006-04-03. Retrieved on 2006-04-04. 28. ^ The New York Times. "Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens", 2006-10-01. Retrieved on 2006-10-01. 29. ^ Asian American Federation of New York. "Census Profile:New York City's Indian American Population", 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Asian American Federation of New York. "Census Profile:New York City's Pakistani American Population", 2004. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. 30. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "2000 Census", 2000. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 31. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "2000 Census", 2000. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 32. ^ Moore, Laoise T. (February 2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland". The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2): 334-338. See also Wade, Nicholas. "If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve", New York Times, 2006-01-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-16. 33. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "2000 Census", 2000. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 34. ^ New York City Department of City Planning. "2000 Census", 2000. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 35. ^ Simpletoremember.com. "World Jewish Population, Analysis by City", 2001. Retrieved on 2006-06-22. [edit] See also · Demographics of The Bronx · Demographics of Brooklyn · Demographics of Manhattan · Demographics of Queens · Demographics of Staten Island · Crime in New York City [edit] External links · New York City Department of City Planning Population Division [7] · New York City Department of City Planning Census Fact Finder [8] · The Newest New Yorkers, 2000, by the NYC Population Division, uses Census information and other federal and local data to take a detailed look at the origins, spatial settlement, and other characteristics of the foreign-born population in New York City and in the larger metropolitan region.[9] · http://www.muninetguide.com/index.php [hide] v • d • eNew York City History · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · Culture · Music · Sports · Media · Economy · Education · Government · Geography · Demographics · Transportation · New York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City" Categories: Demographics of the United States | Demographics of New York City Jewish American literature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. It encompasses traditions of writing in English, primarily, as well as in other languages, the most important of which has been Yiddish. While critics and authors generally acknowledge the notion of a distinctive corpus and practice of writing about Jewishness in America, many writers resist being pigeonholed as 'Jewish voices'. Also, many nominally jewish writers cannot be considered representative of Jewish American literature, one example is Isaac Asimov. Beginning with the memoirs and petitions composed by the Sephardic immigrants who arrived in America during the mid 17th century, Jewish American writing grew over the subsequent centuries to flourish in other genres as well, including fiction, poetry, and drama. It reached some of its most mature expression in the 20th century "Jewish American novels" of Henry Roth, Saul Bellow, Bernard Malamud, Chaim Potok, and Philip Roth. Their work explored the conflicting pulls between secular society and Jewish tradition which were acutely felt by the immigrants who passed through Ellis Island and by their children and grandchildren. More recent authors like Paul Auster, Michael Chabon, Jonathan Safran Foer and Art Spiegelman have continued to examine dilemmas of identity in their work, turning their attention especially to the Holocaust and the trends of both ongoing assimilation and cultural rediscovery exhibited by younger generations of American Jews. Modern Jewish American novels often contain (a few or many) Jewish characters and address issues and themes of importance to Jewish American society such as assimilation, Zionism/Israel, and Anti-Semitism, along with the recent phenomenon known as "New Anti-Semitism." Magazines such as The New Yorker have proved to be instrumental in exposing many Jewish American writers to a wider reading public. [edit] Further reading · Chametzsky, Jules, et al. Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-393-04809-8 · Fried, Lewis, Ed. Handbook of American-Jewish Literature: An Analytical Guide to Topics, Themes, and Sources. Greenwood Press, 1988. ISBN 0-313-24593-2 · Furman, Andrew. Israel Through the Jewish-American Imagination: A Survey of Jewish-American Literature on Israel, 1928-1995. SUNY Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7914-3251-3 · Kramer, Michael P. and Hana Wirth-Nesher. The Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-79293-2 · Kugelmass, Jack, Ed. Key Texts in American Jewish Culture. Rutgers University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8135-3221-3 · Nadel, I. B. Jewish Writers of North America: A Guide to Information Sources. Gale Group, 1981. ISBN 0-8103-1484-3 · Rubin, Derek, Ed. Who We Are: On Being (and Not Being) a Jewish American Writer. Schocken, 2005. ISBN 0-8052-4239-2 · Weber, Donald. Haunted in the New World. Indiana University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-253-34579-0. The book's subtitle, Jewish American Culture from Cahan to The Goldbergs, reflects its broad critical focus. [edit] See also · American literature · Culture of New York City · Early English Jewish literature · Hebrew literature · Israeli literature · Ladino literature · List of Jewish American authors · List of Jewish American playwrights · List of Jewish American poets · Secular Jewish culture · Yiddish literature [edit] External links · Comprehensive historical overview of Jewish American literature Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" Categories: American literature | Yiddish literature | Jewish writers | Jewish American history | Jewish American writers | Jewish film and theatre | Jewish literature Music of New York City From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Carnegie Hall, a major music venue in New York The music of New York City is a diverse and important field in the world of music; no American city has as central a place in music history as New York City. It has long been a thriving home for jazz, rock and the blues, and is the birthplace of salsa and hip hop. The city's culture, a melting pot of nations from around the world, has produced vital folk music scenes such as Irish-American music and Jewish klezmer. Beginning with the rise of popular sheet music in the early 20th century, New York's Broadway musical theater and Tin Pan Alley's songcraft, New York has been a major part of the American music industry.[1] Music author Richie Unterberger has described the New York music scene, and the city itself, as "(i)mmense, richly diverse, flashy, polyethnic, and engaged in a never-ending race for artistic and cosmopolitan supremacy".[1] Despite the city's historic importance in the development of American music, there are those who feel that its status has declined in recent year, due to a combination of increased corporate control over music media, an increase in the cost-of-living and the rise of local music scenes whose success is facilitated by the cheap communication provided by the Internet [2]. Contents[hide]· 1 Institutions and venues · 2 Festivals, holidays and parades · 3 Music history o 3.1 Early history o 3.2 Classical and art music history · 4 Popular music o 4.1 Tin Pan Alley o 4.2 Musical theatre o 4.3 Blues and jazz o 4.4 Greenwich Village o 4.5 Disco and house o 4.6 Salsa o 4.7 Hip hop · 5 New Wave o 5.1 Punk and alternative rock o 5.2 Alternative rock · 6 References · 7 Notes · 8 See also [edit] Institutions and venues Main article: New York City arts organizations New York has been a center for the American music industry since the earliest phonograph records in the early 20th century. Since then, a number of companies and organizations have set up headquarters in New York, from the Tin Pan Alley publishers and Broadway to modern independent rock and hip hop labels, non-profit organizations and others. Many music magazines are headquartered in New York, including Blender Magazine, Punk Magazine, Spin and Rolling Stone.[3] The Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Carnegie Hall is one of the most important music venues in the world, especially for classical music; the Hall is noted for its excellent acoustics. The venue was named for philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, but fell into disrepair in the 20th century until being renovated between 1983 and 1995. Radio City Music Hall was also a major venue after opening 1932, and was also recently renovated; it is now a significant architectural attraction as an example of the Art Deco style.[4] Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, located in New York, is the largest performing arts center in the world and the Center is home to twelve resident organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York Philharmonic, New York City Ballet, Chamber Music Society, New York City Opera, Juilliard School, Lincoln Center Theater, and Jazz at Lincoln Center.[5] The New York Philharmonic, which performs at Avery Fisher Hall, is the oldest orchestra in the United States, founded in 1842. As of 2005, Lorin Maazel is the conductor. The Philharmonic has made more than 500 recordings since 1917, and was one of the first to broadcast live performances, beginning in 1922.[6] The New York Philharmonic produced celebrated composers such as George Bristow and Theodore Thomas; Bristow was a fiercely nationalistic composer who left the Philharmonic because he felt it did not glorify American music adequately, a situation he, and later Thomas, attempted to rectify.[7] The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, home of the New York City Opera and New York City Ballet. Other institutions and organizations in New York include the Brooklyn Academy of Music, New York City Ballet and the Jazz Foundation of America. And let us not forget long defunct venues like the Aeolian Hall of Rhapsody in Blue fame and the old Metropolitan Opera (demolished 1967) at 1411 Broadway between W 39th and W 40th. The Apollo Theater has long been a place for African American performers to begin their careers; it has such an iconic status that Congress has declared it a national landmark. The New York club scene is an important part of the city's music scene, birthplace to many styles of music from disco to punk rock; some of these clubs, such as Studio 54, Max's Kansas City, Mercer Arts Center and CBGB's, have reached an iconic status across the United States. New York is home to several major jazz clubs, including Birdland, Sweet Rhythm (formerly Sweet Basil), Village Vanguard and The Blue Note, the latter being one of the premier spots for jazz lovers. There was a time--now long gone--that 52nd Street in Manhattan, with its numerous clubs, was one of jazz's epicenters. The Greenwich Village folk scene is home to venues such as the long-standing landmark The Bottom Line (now defunct; NYU bought property). New York's rock scene includes clubs such as Irving Plaza and Maxwell's, while the city's avant-gard "downtown" scene includes The Kitchen, Roulette and Knitting Factory. The Latin and world music scene features venues such as S.O.B.'s and the Wetlands Preserve.[1] [edit] Festivals, holidays and parades New York City has a long history of using music in various festivals and parades, though the vibrant local music scene has meant that festivals aren't as big a draw as in many cities, since residents are near major sources of live music all the time. The diverse groups of immigrants living in New York have each brought with them their own holiday traditions. As a result, major festivals of music in New York include the Chinese New Year celebrations, Pulaski Day Parade and the St. Patrick's Day Parade run by the Ancient Order of Hibernians; New York is home to the largest St. Patrick's Day Parade in the world, a tradition that has continued since 1762 due to the large Irish population in New York. Irish folk music and folk-rock are the major styles at the two-day Guinness Fleadh festival. The College Music Journal Network's annual Music Marathon has been held since 1980, providing a major showcase for new music. Central Park Summerstage, a series of free concerts presented by City Parks Foundation and hosting performers of many kinds, is also a major part of New York's summer music scene, which also includes the July Intel New York Music Festival. There are numerous New York jazz festivals, including the Texaco New York Jazz Festival, Panasonic Village Jazz Festival, the JVC Jazz Festival, and the free Charlie Parker Jazz Festival.[1] City Parks Foundation also presents CityParks Concerts each summer, a series of thirty free concerts in ten parks across all five boroughs of the city. [edit] Music history The first music performed in the area that is now New York City was that of the Lenape Native Americans who lived there. However, little is known of these peoples' musical lives. The earliest documented music comes after the foundation of the city (then called New Amsterdam) by Dutch explorers, who controlled the area until the British conquest in 1664. The music of New York City's colonial era was primarily British in character, gradually evolving as the United States became independent and developed a distinct culture; the influence of African American music became very important as the city's African American population increased throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. By the 1830s, New York City was gradually becoming the most important cultural center in the United States, and was a home for many varieties of folk, popular and classical music. Late in the 19th century, many influential conservatories and venues were founded, including the world-famous Metropolitan Opera House and Carnegie Hall. New York's status as a center for musical development continued into the 20th century, leading to the foundation of many companies associated with the American music industry in the city. These companies included sheet music publishers, based around an area called Tin Pan Alley, and later record labels and other organizations and institutions. The rise of the Broadway theatres began in the early part of the century; the songs from Broadways musicals became some of the earliest American popular music, and eventually came to be treated as pop standards. [edit] Early history As the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, New York City was populated by Dutch settlers who left little musical trace behind, excepting some songs such as "Dutch Prayer of Thanksgiving", "Rosa" and "The Little Dustman". Under English rule, sea shanties, open-air singing gardens, sometimes with fireworks, ballads and other Anglo-Irish traditions became widespread. New York's colonial ballads were often topical, concerning the events of the day and the local gossip. Beginning in 1732, ballads were placed together with a story tying them together, forming a performance genre called the ballad opera, the best-known of which is The Beggar's Opera, first performed in 1752. The same period, the early to mid-18th century, also saw the first concerts held in New York City, and the arrival of William Tuckey, who helped establish church music in the city.[8] Painting based on The Beggar's Opera, Scene V, William Hogarth, c. 1728 New York's rise as the intellectual and artistic center of the United States occurred in the 1830s. This period, which coincided with an upsurge in American nationalism, saw major growth in choral music, with musical societies being formed in most major cities, like New York; these choral societies remained a fixture of American music throughout the 19th century. Military bands were also common throughout the country, as was singing family troupes such as the Hutchinson Family. Later still, minstrel shows, comic and musical acts performed by whites in blackface, spread across the country. In New York, Italian operas were very popular throughout much of the century.[7] Near the end of the 19th century, modern conservatories opened in many cities, and New York became the home of the Metropolitan Opera House in 1882 and Carnegie Hall in 1891, the latter's opening being marked by an appearance by the famed Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. In 1892, Antonín Dvořák became Director of the National Conservatory of Music. Dvořák, a Bohemian composer, was fascinated with Native and African American folk music, and he was enthusiastic about encouraging a nationalist American field of music that utilized those fields. Dvořák only stayed on for three years before returning to Bohemia, though he influenced later composers such as his pupil, the African American composer Harry Thacker Burleigh.[7] George Bristow was an important composer of the latter 19th century. He was a violinist with the New York Philharmonic, later conducting an orchestra called the Harmonic Society. He attempted to popularize an indigenous American sound in his music, using nationalist elements such as a Native American melody in his Symphony No. 4. Theodore Thomas also worked at the New York Philharmonic before forming the New York Symphony Orchestra. He hired many of the best performers of the day in an attempt to lure in audiences, and he promoted a more casual atmosphere to encourage attendance and enthusiasm.[9] [edit] Classical and art music history New York's position as a center for European classical music can be traced back to the early 19th century. The New York Philharmonic, formed in 1842, did much to help establish the city's reputation. The first two major New York composers were William Fry and George Bristow, both of whom were involved in a well-known 1854 controversy over the Philharmonic's programming choices. The controversy consisted of a series of letters published in the Musical World and Times following a poor review of Fry's Santa Claus Symphony. Fry's first letter, responding angrily to the review, claimed that the Philharmonic had played no pieces by American composers, to which Bristow responded that the Philharmonic had played one piece, an overture he had composed. Henry C. Timm, one of the founders of the Philharmonic, responded by noting a number of recently-composed works.[9] Both Fry and Bristow, despite their support for American compositions, were very European in style. Fry's most notable composition was the opera Leonora, which received mixed reviews upon its opening and was criticized for its debt to Vincenzo Bellini's bel canto style. Bristow was also very European in his style, and was a violinist and conductor with the Philharmonic until the 1854 controversy, though he later rejoined. His most important work was the opera Rip Van Winkle, and was very popular at the time; most influentially, Rip Van Winkle used an American folktale rather than European imitations.[9] The New York native Edward MacDowell was a major late 19th century composer, though he spent most of his productive time in Boston. His first concerto was premiered in New York in 1888, and he returned the following year to premier another concerto. MacDowell eventually began using elements of American folk music in his compositions, especially the Woodland Sketches. The Bohemian composer Antonín Dvořák came to New York in 1892 to head the National Conservatory. A fervent nationalist, Dvořák used the folk music of his native land in his music, and encouraged American composers to do the same. One of the Conservatory's students, the African American Harry Burleigh, introduced him to the songs of the minstrel shows and spirituals, and Dvořák was deeply moved, enough to write a well-known essay in an 1895 issue of Harper's declaring that American composers should use the diverse folk elements of their country in their compositions.[9] In the early 20th century, the New York classical music scene included Charles Griffes, originally from Elmira, New York, who began publishing his most innovative material in 1914. His collaboration with other area performers and composers on The Kairn of Koridwen was an early attempt to use musical themes adopted from non-Western cultures, specifically, Japanese and Javanese music. He was to continue in this vein with the score for Rupert Brooke's "Wai Kiki", the ballet Sho-Jo, or — the Spirit of Wine, A Symbol of Happiness and his orchestral composition The Pleasure-Dome of Kubla Khan. Besides Griffes, New York composers included Marion Bauer, Leo Ornstein and Rubin Goldmark,[9] all three of which were either Jewish immigrants or the children of Jewish immigrants. The best-known New York composer, indeed, the best-known American classical composer of any kind, was George Gershwin. Gershwin was a songwriter with Tin Pan Alley and the Broadway theatres, and his works were strongly influenced by jazz, or rather the precursors to jazz that were extant during his time. It is not clear that he was a classical musician, though neither is it clear that he worked in jazz, popular music or any other field — he primarily synthesized and utilized elements of many styles, including the music of New York's Yiddish theatre, vaudeville, ragtime, operetta, jazz, Tin Pan Alley and Broadway songs, the music of the Gullah people and the impressionist and post-Romantic music of European composers. Some of his most famous compositions were the Rhapsody in Blue and Concerto in F, both of which utilized jazz idioms. Gershwin's work made American classical music more focused, and attracted an unheard of amount of international attention [10]. Following Gershwin, the first major composer was Aaron Copland from Brooklyn, who used elements of American folk music, though it remained European in technique and form. His works included the Organ Symphony (which was well-received, earning him comparisons to Stravinsky), the jazz-affected Music for the Theatre, the music for the ballet Appalachian Spring and the Piano Variations. Later, he turned to the ballet and then serial music.[9] The early to mid 20th century New York classical music scene also produced composers such as Roger Sessions, an academically oriented composer known for operas such as Motezuma. The similarly academic William Schuman became known for writing symphonies such as Symphony No. 2, New England Triptych and the Third Symphony; Schuman also became president of Juilliard, changing the school by forming the Juilliard String Quartet and merging the Institute of Musical Art with the Juilliard Graduate School, as well as hiring teachers such as Williams Bergsma, Peter Mennin and Hugo Weisgall, who went on to teach future luminaries such as Steve Reich and Philip Glass.[9] In the middle of the 20th century, the most influential New York composers included the Massachusetts native and conductor and composer Leonard Bernstein, known for his works Prelude, Fugue and Riffs, Serenade, Chichester Psalms and the musicals On the Town and West Side Story. Another major composer was Elliott Carter, whom John Warthen Struble claimed would likely be remembered as "the most significant of the mid-20th century... composers [because he] reconceived and restructured the fundamental language of Western art music in evolving his powerful personal style... his music has earned immense respect from colleagues of virtually every esthetic stripe, as well as three generations of performing musicians and audiences". Carter's compositions included the Wind Quintet and the Sonata for Cello and Piano. In addition to Carter and Bernstein, in the mid-20th century, New York produced the film composer Bernard Herrmann, Gunther Schuller and serialist Leon Kirchner.[9] Many of the later 20th century composers in various modernist and minimalist styles came from outside of New York City, such as John Cage from Los Angeles, though many studied, performed or conducted in New York, the center for American music. John Corigliano, however, is a New York native who has worked exclusively in tonal idioms for most of his career. Steve Reich innovated a technique known as phasing, in which two musical activities are begun simultaneously and repeated, gradually drifting out of sync with each other in a natural evolution; Reich was also very interested in non-Western music, incorporating African rhythmic techniques in his compositions Drumming.[9] Most recently, New York has become home to a Manhattan-based scene sometimes vaguely called New Music. These composers and performers are strongly influenced by the minimalist works of Philip Glass, a Baltimore native based out of New York, Meredith Monk and others. The most famous person from this scene is easily John Zorn, often cited as a jazz musician though he works in many fields and idioms. Others include Arto Lindsay, John Lurie, Laurie Anderson and Bill Laswell.[1] [edit] Popular music New York is the center of the American music industry, and by extension, is one of the major centers for popular music worldwide. The city attained an iconic musical status in the early 20th century. Later, New York retained its position as the major center for the American music industry, despite the rise of other cities such as Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville, and San Francisco The African American genre of jazz was closely associated with New York by the middle of the 20th century, when a number of avant-garde performers helped created styles such as hard bop and free jazz. Later still, New York was the major American home for the punk rock and New Wave movements, and was the scene for the invention of both African American hip hop music and Latino salsa music. Musicians from New York have also dominated the Jewish-American klezmer scene, the Greenwich Village old-time music revival, and the straight 1960s pop music exemplified by the Brill Building sound. [edit] Tin Pan Alley Main article: Tin Pan Alley Tin Pan Alley was a center for music publishing around the turn of the 20th century. Numerous professional songwriters lived in the area, churning out songs ready for mainstream America during a time that music, like other aspects of American culture, was becoming a national rather than a regional affair.[11] Tin Pan Alley was originally in an area called Union Square, and it had become the major center for music publishing by the mid-1890s.[12] The songwriters of this era wrote formulaic songs, many of them sentimental ballads [13]. Some of the most notable publishers included Willis Woodward, the Witmark house of publishing, Charles K. Harris, and Edward B. Marks and Joseph W. Stern. Stern and Marks began writing together as amateurs in 1894, with "The Little Lost Child"; the song became a hit after it attracted the attention of popular stage performer Della Fox. However, Paul Dresser was, in the words of David Ewen, the "richest contributor of sentimental ballads to Union Square". He was an original composer, less maudlin, less cloyingly sentimental and less cliché-ridden than his contemporaries [14]. In addition to the popular, mainstream ballads and other clean-cut songs, some Tin Pan Alley publishers focused on rough songs such as "Drill Ye Tarriers" in 1888, believed to have been written by an unskilled laborer turned stage performer named Thomas F. Casey. Coon songs were another important part of Tin Pan Alley, derived from the watered-down songs of the minstrel show with the "verve and electricity" brought by the "assimilation of the ragtime rhythm". The first popular coon song was "New Coon in Town", introduced in 1883, and was followed by a wave of coon shouters such as Ernest Hogan and May Irwin [15]. [edit] Musical theatre The early 20th century also saw the growth of Broadway theatre, a group of theatres specializing in musicals. Broadway became on the preeminent locations for musical theater in the world, and produced a body of songs that led Donald Clarke to call the era (ca. 1914 to 1950), the golden age of songwriting. The need to adapt enjoyable songs to the constraints of a theater and a plot enabled and encouraged a growth in songwriting and the rise of composers such as George Gershwin, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin and Jerome Kern. Most of these songwriters were Jewish, descended from Jews who fled the persecution of the Russian Empire.[11] Professional Yiddish theater in New York began in 1882 with a troupe founded by Boris Thomashefsky. The plays in the late 19th century were realistic, while in the beginning of the 20th century, they became more political and artistic in orientation. Some performers were well-respected enough to move back and forth between the Yiddish theatre and Broadway, including Bertha Kalich and Jacob Adler. Some of the major composers included Abraham Goldfaden, Joseph Rumshinsky and Sholom Secunda,[9] while playwrights included David Pinski, Solomon Libin, Jacob Gordin and Leon Kobrin. [edit] Blues and jazz The New York blues was a type of blues music, characterized by significant jazz influences and a more modernized, urban feel than the country blues. It arose in New York City in the early part of the 20th century, and quickly spread to other urban areas and, often, more affluent listeners than country blues, which is distinctively rural in nature. Prominent musicians from this field include Lionel Hampton and Joe Turner. Charlie Parker In New York City, jazz was fused with stride (an advanced form of ragtime) and became highly evolved. Fletcher Henderson's jazz orchestra, first appearing in 1923, included Coleman Hawkins and later, Louis Armstrong, became wildly popular and helped invent swing music. Though Henderson was among the first major New York jazz musicians, he was not as able to adapt to the rapidly changing style as some of his contemporaries, such as Duke Ellington. When Ellington moved to New York City, he inaguarated a legion of jazz musicians that did the same and moved the center of jazz's development from Chicago to New York. The style that developed from New York's big jazz bands became known as swing music; it was a very danceable and catchy style, played originally by large black orchestras. Later, white bands led by people such as Jimmy Dorsey and Benny Goodman began to dominate. These large orchestras produced a number of instrumentalists that had a profound effect on the later evolution of jazz, including Coleman Hawkin's tenor saxophone innovations, electric guitarist Charlie Christian and improvisational Lester Young. Star vocalists also emerged, mainly women such as the bluesy Billie Holiday and the scat singer Ella Fitzgerald.[1] New York's jazz scene was the home of bebop, which evolved over many years and reached its full identity in the mid-1940s. Charlie Christian, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk were among the major innovators of the style. Bebop "polarized listers, critics and musicians alike" because it differed from swing in many important ways, including a lack of typical riffs and danceable beats, the use of melodic progression and the chords as the basis for all soloing and improvising. In the 1950s, jazz began to diversify into a number of new genres, spread out into many cities. The West Coast became a home for cool jazz, though the style's major innovator was New York-based Miles Davis. New York was also a major center for hard bop, and was home to Sonny Rollins and Art Blakey. Late in the 1950s, the Los Angeles-based Ornette Coleman moved to New York, bringing with him the nascent style of free jazz. He was later joined by a number of others, most famously including John Coltrane; Coltrane and his contemporaries, such as Albert Ayler and Sun Ra.[1] The last few decades have seen a further diffusion of jazz from New York and other major long-time capitals, to cities and regions across the United States and the world. Many New York jazz performers during this period played fusions of jazz with rock and other styles; among the earliest of these modern musicians was Carla Bley, cofounder of the Jazz Composers Orchestra Association, an independent distribution company for avant-garde and jazz artists. The city has also been home to the well-known modern performer Wynton Marsalis and the large M-Base Collective, as well as people such as John Zorn who use jazz as a prominent part of their experimental music in many different styles.[1] [edit] Greenwich Village Main article: Greenwich Village Beginning in the 1940s, New York City was the center for a roots revival of American folk music. Many New Yorkers, especially young people, became interested in blues, Appalachian folk music and other roots styles. In Greenwich Village, many of these people gathered; the area became a hotbed of American folk music as well as leftist political activism. The performers associated with the Greenwich Village scene, many of whom were not originally from New York, had sporadic mainstream success in the 1940s and 50s; some, such as Pete Seeger and the Almanac Trio, did well, but most were confined to local coffeehouses and other venues. Performers such as Dave Van Ronk and Joan Baez helped expand the scene by appealing to college students, while Bob Dylan became a mainstream folk-rock star in the 1960s. [edit] Disco and house Disco is an up-tempo style of dance music that originated in the early 1970s, with its center in the United States in New York. As discotheques grew more popular later in the decade, they began moving to larger venues. Many of these were in New York, including Paradise Garage and Studio 54. In the early 1980s, house music, a direct descendent of disco, was forged in the underground clubs of Chicago, Detroit, and New York. The common element of most house music is a 4/4 beat generated by a drum machine or other electronic means (such as a sampler), together with a solid (usually also electronically generated) bassline. Upon this foundation are added electronically generated sounds and samples of music such as jazz, blues and synth pop. [edit] Salsa Salsa is a style of Latin music that incorporates multiple styles and variations. It was developed by mid-1970s groups of New York City-area Cuban and Puerto Rican immigrants to the United States, and stylistic descendants such as 1980s salsa romantica [citation needed]. Salsa, along with other Latin American genres, has become extremely popular in New York City. Latin dancing is also very popular. [edit] Hip hop For more details on this topic, see East Coast hip hop. New York City is a prominent part of hip hop music. The genre began there at neighborhood block parties when DJs, such as DJ Kool Herc, began isolating percussion breaks in funk and R&B songs, eventually rapping while the audience danced. For many years, New York was the only city with a major hip hop scene, and all of the early recordings came from New York. People such as Kurtis Blow and LL Cool J brought hip hop to the mainstream for the first time, while so-called East Coast rap was perfected by artists including Eric B. & Rakim. By the early 1990s, however, West Coast rap, from Los Angeles, was gaining national fame. In 1992, Dr. Dre's The Chronic became a national hit and made the West Coast the most popular center of hip hop. The East Coast, however, included multi-platinum artists such as Puff Daddy, Jay-Z and Notorious B.I.G., along with critically acclaimed acts such as Wu-Tang Clan, Nas, Big L, and Busta Rhymes. Today the city has a major influence on the hip hop scene. [edit] New Wave [edit] Punk and alternative rock New York City had the earliest documented punk rock scene in the United States. Drawing on local influences such as The Velvet Underground, Richard Hell and the New York Dolls, punk music developed at clubs such as CBGB and Max's Kansas City. Patti Smith, Talking Heads, Blondie, and other artsy New Wave artists were popular in the mid to late 1970s, as bands like the Ramones were establishing an American punk rock sound. No Wave existed almost only in New York and raised Glenn Branca, Lydia Lunch and Sonic Youth. In the early 1980s, hardcore punk was developing primarily in Southern California and Washington, D.C.. The New York hardcore scene was founded by 1981, and bands such as Reagan Youth, and Kraut led the initial charge. By 1985, the New York hardcore scene had become inhabited by straight edgeers and skinheads, including bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags, Heart Attack, Kraut, Youth of Today and Murphy's Law.In 1991, Ukulele Post Punk band Uke til u puke formed in New York City. With the collapse of the CBGB hardcore matinees, due to constant violence, a more activist DIY scene began to develop around ABC No Rio and the squats of the Lower East Side. New York has been at the center of the United States third wave ska scene since the foundation of Moon Ska Records in the early 1980s by Robert 'Bucket' Hingley. Some of the bands to come from this scene were Skinnerbox, The Toasters, The Slackers, Agent 99, and Stubborn All-Stars. The record label released bands from many different cities, such as Floridians Less Than Jake. [edit] Alternative rock Several groups of the new Garage Rock Revival, such as The Strokes, Interpol, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, The Walkmen, Liars, The French Kicks and The Bravery come from New York City's Indie rock scene. [edit] References · Blush, Steven (2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. ISBN 0-92291-571-7. · Burk, Cassie, Virginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips (1942). America's Musical Heritage. Laidlaw Brothers. · Clarke, Donald (1995). The Rise and Fall of Popular Music. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-11573-3. · Ewen, David (1957). Panorama of American Popular Music. Prentice Hall. · Ferris, Jean (1993). America's Musical Landscape. Brown & Benchmark. ISBN 0-697-12516-5. · Has the Music Scene Died in New York?. Gotham Gazette. Retrieved on September 7, 2005. · About Lincoln Center. Lincoln Center. Retrieved on August 29, 2005. · New York City's Radio Music Hall Recaptures Its Past. National Trust. Retrieved on August 29, 2005. · History of the New York Philharmonic. New York Philharmonic. Retrieved on August 29, 2005. · Unterberger, Richie (1999). Music USA: The Rough Guide. The Rough Guides, 1-65. ISBN 1-85828-421-X. [edit] Notes 1. ^ a b c d e f g h Richie Unterberger, The Rough Guide to Music USA, pgs. 1-65 2. ^ Gotham Gazette The Gotham Gazette specifically notes the rise of Pitchfork, based out of Chicago, as a source for New York music info; since Pitchfork is not a New York-based company, this is held to be evidence of a decline in New York's importance (note: Pitchfork's popularity is cited to the New York Observer) 3. ^ Has the Music Scene Died in New York?. Gotham Gazette. Retrieved on September 7, 2005. 4. ^ New York City's Radio Music Hall Recaptures Its Past. National Trust. Retrieved on August 29, 2005. 5. ^ About Lincoln Center. Lincoln Center. Retrieved on August 29, 2005. 6. ^ History of the New York Philharmonic. New York Philharmonic. Retrieved on August 29, 2005. 7. ^ a b c Ferris, Jean (1993). America's Musical Landscape. Brown & Benchmark. ISBN 0-697-12516-5. 8. ^ Burk, Cassie, Virginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, America's Musical Heritage 9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Struble, The History of American Classical Music 10. ^ Struble, pg. 122 . After Gershwin, American classical music became focused as it had never been focused before. And the world began to sit up and listen. 11. ^ a b Clarke, Donald (1995). The Rise and Fall of Popular Music. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-11573-3. 12. ^ Ewen, David (1957). Panorama of American Popular Music. Prentice Hall. 13. ^ Ewen, pg. 94 (T)hese publishers devised formulas by which songs could be produced with speed and dispatch... Songs were now to be produced from a serviceable matrix, and issued in large quantities: stereotypes for foreign songs, Negro songs, humorous ditties, and, most important of all, sentimental ballads. 14. ^ Ewen, pg. 98 Less disposed toward clichés than so many of his rivals, elss inclined to stretch an emotion to the point of maudlin and cloying sentimentality, Dresser was a composers whose finest ballads have a winning charm and a lingering fragrance. 15. ^ Ewen, pg. 101 and Clarke, pg. 62Ewen attributes "New Coon in Town" to Paul Allen, though Clarke attributes it to J. S. Putnam, though both agree on the year, 1883 [edit] See also · Culture of New York City [hide] v • d • eNew York City History · Neighborhoods · Architecture · Tourism · Culture · Music · Sports · Media · Economy · Education · Government · Geography · Demographics · Transportation · New York City Lists · New York City Portal · New York State The Five Boroughs: The Bronx · Brooklyn · Manhattan · Queens · Staten Island Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City" Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Music of New York City | American music history