浅析英国人（军队）绰号的由来

原始资料来自维基百科 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 英国，提起这个词，很多人脑海中浮现的就是米字旗，雄狮，抑或是大本钟等印象。熟悉军事的朋友也许更进一步，会想起碟状钢盔，抑或是日不落帝国时代的红衣军团。 那么，如果你对历史书籍，电影，有一定的了解，一定会熟悉或者听说过这个词“Tommy”。这是英国大兵的一个别称，而英国军队使用的钢盔，武器，也常常被称为“汤米盔”“汤米枪”。这儿容我说一个比较有意思的“巧合”：第一次世界大战时，协约国，尤其是英联邦国家，常常以“Jerry”来称呼其对手——德军士兵。而巧的是英国士兵的外号为“Tommy”，又时常缩略为“Tom”，于是战争变成了Tom和Jerry之间的较量，这不得不让人联想起著名的猫和老鼠动画片，不禁捧腹。 这一次，我们就从Tommy一词，作为抛砖引玉，来看看日不落帝国子民在其他国家人民心目中是什么样的形象吧！ [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 1.Ang Moh Main article: Ang mo. "Ang Moh" is a term to describe British and other Western nationalities in Malaysia and Singapore. It originates from the Hokkien dialect language referring to the "red hair" British military based in the Straits Settlements after the Second World War. Ang Moh，红毛猴，红毛鬼子。源自二战战后，当地平民对英国等西方国家在马来西亚，新加坡的驻军士兵的一种称谓。该词源自闽南方言。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 2.Limey Main article: Limey. Limey is a Caribbean and North American slang nickname for British people, originally referring to British sailors and seamen. This term is believed to derive from lime-juicer, referring to the Royal Navy and British Merchant Navy practice of supplying rations of lime juice to British sailors to prevent scurvy. The term "Limey" is thought to have originated in the Caribbean in the 1880s. An alternate explanation comes from the Limes Britannicus, which was the northern most border of the Roman Empire dividing Scotland and England but it is unlikely that this term was well known in the Caribbean and North America at the time this nickname arose. A certainly false etymology is that "Limey" is a derivative of the phrase "Cor blimey" ("God blind me!"). Limey，英国人，英国水手。该词是加勒比及北美地区对英国人，尤其是英国海员的称谓。该词是从英国海军士兵的口粮中一种预防海员得败血症的酸橙汁得名而来的。而Limey这个词，可以追溯到19世纪80年代。 另一种可能的解释，源自罗马帝国远征不列颠群岛时期。当时罗马军队在英格兰和苏格兰地区之间最北部设立的一个岗哨，名叫Limes Britannicus。Limey 可能因此得名。按照这个解释，该词也许在不列颠群岛适用，但是在相隔甚远的加勒比地区，这个假设显然是难以立足的。 一个比较明显的错误说法是："Limey"是“Cor blimey”（“God Blind Me”）一词的衍生词。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 3.Pommy The term pommy, pom or pomme, in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, commonly denotes a person of British (usually of English heritage) origin. A derogatory term, it was controversially ruled no longer offensive in 2006 by the Australian Advertising Standards Board and in 2010 by the New Zealand Broadcasting Standards Authority. Despite these changing views, many British people or those of British origin consider the expression offensive or racist when used by people not of British origin to describe English or British people, yet acceptable when used within that community: for example, the community group British People Against Racial Discrimination was among those who complained to the Advertising Standards Board about five advertisements poking fun at "Poms", prompting the 2006 decision. Pommy，Pom，Pomme。主要指对在澳大利亚，新西兰，以及南非的英国人，尤指拥有英格兰血统的英国人。该词起初包含贬义，但被澳大利亚广告标准委员会，新西兰广播标准管理局分别在2006年和2010年定义为非贬义词汇。尽管如此，不少英国以及含有英国血统的人士仍然对该词相当敏感，在英国人自己圈子里使用尚可接受，但是该词从一个非英国或不含英国血统的人士口中说出且用来形容他们（英国人）时，英国人会将其看做是对自己的一种贬义的歧视。英国反种族歧视组织曾对某5个针对“Poms”含有调侃意义的广告，向澳大利亚广告标准委员会提出过投诉。这些事件促使了2006年澳大利亚广告标准委员会对于该词的重新定义。 The origin of this term is not confirmed and there are several persistent false etymologies. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) strongly supports the theory that pommy originated as a contraction of "pomegranate". The OED also suggests that the reason for this is that pomegranate is extinct Australian rhyming slang for immigrant; it cites an article from 14 November 1912, in a once-prominent Australian weekly magazine The Bulletin: "The other day a Pummy Grant (assisted immigrant) was handed a bridle and told to catch a horse." A popular alternative explanation for the theory that pommy is a contraction of "pomegranate", relates to the purported frequency of sunburn among British people in Australia, turning their fair skin the colour of pomegranates. However, there is no hard evidence for the theory regarding sunburn. Pomegranates are also a Middle Eastern fruit and was fairly insignificant fruit in Australia and not well known until recently. Another unofficial explanation is that P.O.M. stands for 'Prisoner of Millbank ' or that P.O.H.M.E. stands for 'Prisoner of Her Majesty's Exile'. However, the OED states that there is no evidence for these terms or abbreviations being used and that they are an unlikely source. Historian Richard Holt maintains the origin of the term comes from English cricket tours of Australia where the English gentlemen amateurs would drink Pommery Champagne in preference to Australian beer. 该词的由来一直没有被权威证实，并且关于该词的由来，有几个应当推翻的错误假说。牛津英语词典（OED）认为该词是由石榴（pomegranate）一词简化而来。OED认为，pomegranate该词是澳洲早期移民中的一种押韵俚语，但是现在已经不再使用了。OED引用了一份资料，源自一本当时著名的周刊杂志在1912年11月14日的一个公告："The other day a Pummy Grant (assisted immigrant) was handed a bridle and told to catch a horse."【a “Pummy Grant”，Grant显然是人名，而Pummy指的应该就是俚语中英国人的意思】。 另一个比较流行的解释是，Pommy是石榴（pomegranate）一词的缩写，当时在澳大利亚的英国人，皮肤经常被澳大利亚强烈的阳光晒伤而变成成石榴色。但是并没有确凿的证据证明“阳光晒伤”这个理论。并且当时石榴是一种中东地区的水果，在当时的澳大利亚并不是很知名。 另一种非官方的解释是 ，P.O.M其实是 Prisoner of Millbank的略写，P.O.H.M.E.代表Prisoner of Her Majesty's Exile。但是OED认为并没有确凿的证据证明这些缩写在当时被使用过，所以这种说法并不靠谱。 历史学家Richard Holt认为这个绰号的起源是在英国板球锦标赛在澳洲主场比赛期间。相比澳洲啤酒，英国业余选手往往偏好喝Pommery香槟酒。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 4.Rosbif/Rosbeef Today, the French enjoy calling the English Rosbifs (French pronunciation: [ʁɔsbif]) due to their tendency to turn bright red from over-exposure to the hot French sun—particularly when holidaying in the warmer climate of Southern France. But the original explanation of this French term is that rosbif referred to the English style of cooking roast beef, and especially to the song The Roast Beef of Old England. In Portugal, the term bife (literally meaning steak, but sounding like beef) is used as a slang term to refer to the British. There is a feminine form, bifa, mainly used to refer to British female tourists. Rosbif/Rosbeef。烤牛肉。当今法国人热衷于将他们的英国邻居冠上“Rosbifs”（烤牛排，烤牛肉）之美称，因为越来越多的英国人来到日照充沛的法国南部享受日光浴，享受日光时常常会因日晒过度把原本浅红色的皮肤晒成了深色。然而这个绰号的出处其实是用著名的英式烤牛排来指代英国人，英国民间有一首歌就叫“The Roast Beef of Old England”，可见英式烤牛排的名望。在葡萄牙，单词“Bife”（本意是指牛排，但是听着和Beef很像）有一个俚语含义就是指代英国人，甚至还有针对女性的形式：“Bifa”，通常指英国女性游客。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 5.Rooinek, Khaki, Soutie In South Africa the term 'Pom' may also be used, while Afrikaans speakers use the term rooinek (literally 'red neck', another reference to sunburning). During the Second Boer War, they became known as Khakis, in reference to the colour of their uniforms - which, by then, was no longer the red coats so unsuitable to the South African climate. Another common term in South Africa used mostly by the Afrikaans is Soutie or Sout Piel. This is from the concept that the Brits have one leg in Britain and one leg in South Africa, leaving the penis hanging in the salt water. Sout Piel means Salt Penis (or rather "dick"). However, this term refers more specifically to British people who have settled in South Africa, as they are more likely to be imagined as having one foot in each country than a Briton who is simply visiting as a tourist.[citation needed] Rooinek, Khaki, Soutie。红脖子，卡其，“咸湿老二”（生殖器。。。） 在南非，Pom常常用来指代英国人，而说南非语的人常常用“Rooinek”来形容英国人，字面意思是红色脖子，暗指在南非日光下被晒成红色的皮肤 在第二次布尔战争中，英国人又得到另一个新绰号“Khakis”（卡其，也可以说卡其小子，卡其男。whatever）这得名于他们的制服色。而熟知的红外套在南非的气候条件下已经不再适合了。 另一个比较常见的绰号是“Soutie”或“Sout Piel”。英国本土离南非相隔大海，而英国人一脚踏在不列颠本土，另一脚踏在南非，而两腿之间的老二则悬挂在海上，“Sout Piel”就是“Salt Penis”的意思，等同于我们所说的 "dick"。。。这一种说法常常指那些已经定居在南非的英国人，可以想象他们两腿分叉站立的情景。而不像普通的英国游客四处游走。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 6.Island Apes A pejorative German name for the British is Inselaffen, which means 'island apes' or 'island monkeys. Island Apes 海岛人猿，海岛猴子。这是德国人对英国人的一种贬义称呼。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 7.Britisher, Angrez, Angrej, Ingraj, Anggrit, Firang, Sayip, Engilisi The term Britisher is still used in India, and to a lesser extent in the United States, but is largely obsolete elsewhere, mainly being replaced by the term Briton.[citation needed]. Brit is increasingly used both as a noun and an adjective in the US and elsewhere (as well as in Britain itself), and is an apparent contraction of Britisher or Briton (cf Britpop). Angrez, Angrej, Ingraj, Anggrit are versions of French word Anglais meaning Englishman. Ingraj is used in Maharashtra (Marathi) and West Bengal (Bengali) region of India to refer to British people. Engrez is of Slavic origin and is sometimes used to refer to British people. "Engilisi" is of Persian origin. Britisher, Briton, Angrez, Angrej, Ingraj, Anggrit, Anglais, Ingraj, Engrez, Engilisi 英国人。 “Britisher”该词至今仍在印度以及美国（程度较轻）使用。在其他地方大都不再使用该词，往往被“Briton”给代替了。“Brit”（“Britisher”或“Briton”的缩写）在美英等国广泛使用，既做名词又做形容词。 “Angrez, Angrej, Ingraj, Anggrit” 这些词都是“Anglais”的同义词，意为英国人。 “Ingraj”在印度的马哈拉施特拉邦（马拉地语）以及西孟加拉（孟加拉语）地区，表示英国人。 “Engrez”是一个斯拉夫词汇，有时也用来指代英国人。 “Engilisi”是波斯语词汇，代表英国人。 Among South Asians, Angrez has the same meaning, although its more specific meaning is Englishman, with Angrezan for an English woman. This is mostly seen as an ethnic, rather than a territorial, term and applied specifically for people of Anglo-Saxon origin. So people of South Asian origin living in England do not usually refer to themselves as Angrez or Angrezan. Replacing the z with j and j with z is common practice especially amongst people from India, particularly Indian Punjab; hence it would be "Angrej" (masculine) and "Angrejan" (female). Pakistanis and especially Urdu speakers always pronounce z and j correctly. The word Firangi, when broken down, (Fi-Rangi) literally means "Other Colour". Although this term is the most commonly used word used by Indians for anybody from another country or another colour, this term has never been challenged as 'Racially Abusive' or Offensive. It is also widely used in its shortened form, "Firang". 在南亚，“Angrez”只英国男性，“Angrezan”指英国女性。这种说法通常见于称呼盎格鲁-撒克逊人种的英国人，而往往不受地域限制，无论对方是否居住在英国或者持有英国国籍。所以在英国出生的南亚人士并不会称自己是“Angrez”或“ Angrezan”。通常，印度人，尤其是旁遮普邦人会将“Z”替换为“J”，同样的，把“J”替换为“Z”，于是英国人又得到了两个新外号："Angrej" (男性) ，"Angrejan" (女性)。而巴基斯坦人，尤其是乌尔都人能够正确的发出z和j两个音。 “Firangi”该词，细分后能够发现，“Fi-Rangi”意为“其他颜色”。尽管这个词被印度人针对不同国家不同肤色的人广泛使用，这个词从未被质疑含有“种族歧视”的意义，该词的缩写形式“Firang”也广泛使用 The adjective Gora (Gori for females) is also commonly used amongst South Asians and South Asian British to refer to white Britons, although the term literally translates to "fair-skinned one", and thus could and is applied to individuals of any ethnicity with a fair complexion including south Asians themselves. The adjective has also been used as a noun to describe white people—hence its potential as a racial slur. Indian Punjabis use the term Englandi for any other citizen of England, including Asian British people, regardless of that person's ancestral ethnicity. Malayalis of Kerala use the term Sayyip to refer to a male westerner. The feminine equivalent is Madaamma. In Thai, the word anggrit (อังกฤษ) is used to described both the English in particular, and the British in general. The terms Scotland and Scot are also used to describe the people, country and whisky of Scotland. Gora（女性：Gori），这个词在南亚人以及南亚的英国人中，常常用来形容英国的白人。这个词字面意思表示“皮肤白皙的”，因此用来形容任何种族的人都不为过，包括南亚地区人士。而这个形容词有时也被当做名词使用，用来指代白人，这种语境下该词含有潜在的种族歧视。 印度的旁遮普邦人使用“Englandi”一词，形容除了本邦以外的一切英国公民，包括亚裔，这个用法不考虑被形容对象的祖先民族。 喀拉拉邦的马拉雅拉姆人用“Sayyip”一词形容西方男性，用“Madaamma”一词形容西方女性。 在泰国，“anggrit”一词被用来形容英格兰人，常常被用来指代英国人。“Scotland”和“Scot”被用来形容苏格兰人，苏格兰地区，以及苏格兰的威士忌。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 8.John Bull John Bull was originally a character created by John Arbuthnot in 1712 to satirise the Whig war party. Later in the 18th century, British satirical artists James Gillray, Thomas Rowlandson and George Cruikshank contrasted the stout and healthy British cartoon character with scrawny French revolutionary sans-culottes Jacobins. During the 19th century the American cartoonist Thomas Nast also drew John Bull. This character has tended to be more popular in England, and to be more associated with England, than with either, Scotland, Wales, or Ireland. In light of this fact, John Bull's creator, John Arbuthnot, gave John Bull a sister, Peg, to represent the Scots. 约翰.布尔（又称“约翰牛”）这个角色最初由约翰.阿布斯诺特在1712年创作，用来讽刺辉格党主战派。在18世纪后期，英国的讽刺艺术家约翰.格尔瑞，托马斯.罗兰森和乔治.克鲁克肖恩克曾对比粗壮健康的英国卡通人物和瘦骨如柴的法国**人物“无套裤汉”雅各宾。在19世纪，美国漫画家托马斯.纳斯特也曾绘画过约翰.布尔，这个角色在英格兰地区大受欢迎，而在苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰地区则并不十分受欢迎。鉴于这个情况，约翰.布尔的原作者，约翰.阿布斯诺特创作了一个新角色“佩格”，作为约翰布尔的妹妹，用她来代表苏格兰。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 9.Tommy The name Tommy for any soldier in the British Army is particularly associated with World War I. The French and the British Commonwealth armies used the name "Tommy" for the British. "Tommy" is derived from the name Tommy Atkins which had been used as a generic name for a soldier for many years (and had been used as an example name on British Army registration forms). The precise origin is the subject of some debate, but it is known to have been used as early as 1743. Rudyard Kipling published the poem Tommy (part of the Barrack Room Ballads) in 1892 and in 1893 the music hall song Private Tommy Atkins was published with words by Henry Hamilton and music by S. Potter. In 1898 William McGonagall wrote Lines In Praise of Tommy Atkins. The paybooks issued to all British soldiers of World War I used the name "Tommy Atkins" to illustrate how they should be filled in. “Tommy”一词在第一次世界大战时期被用来指代英国军队中的一切士兵，法国和英联邦士兵使用“Tommy”形容英国士兵。“Tommy”一词是从Tommy Atkins演变而来， 后者在很长一段时间中是英国士兵的一个代名词。（当时该姓名在英国陆军登记表格中作为一个范例名）该词的确切起源一直众说纷纭。有可靠的资料证明该称谓早在1743年[1]就已经开始被使用了。拉迪亚德.吉卜林在1892年发表了一首歌谣诗“Tommy”（该诗是他创作的军营歌谣中的一部分）。另外，吉卜林创作的音乐厅歌曲“Private Tommy Atkins”（由亨利.汉密尔顿填词，S.波特作曲）在1893年也被发表。在1898年，威廉.麦克戈奈尔也写过一首关于Tommy Atkins的赞美诗。 第一次世界大战期间，在发放给全体英军士兵的薪酬单上，使用了化名“Tommy Atkins”来指导士兵如何填表。 *** 有人发现1743年一封从牙买加寄出的关于当地部队兵变的信件中写到：“除了那些从北美来的陆战队员和汤米.阿金斯们表现得很出色。”（"except for those from N. America ye Marines and Tommy Atkins behaved splendidly"） **** [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 10.Redcoat The term Redcoat is a defunct slang term (along with "lobsterback") for a British soldier. This term applied from the mid-17th century to around 1902 when British Army soldiers wore distinctive Venetian Red coats as part of their formal fighting wear and military dress uniforms. This term, "redcoat", is often used in a modern sense towards the British in a jovial manner. However, the term "redcoat" has become somewhat associated with all Canadians because of the distinctive flame-red dress uniforms of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), which are worn only during ceremonies. Redcoat红大衣: 红大衣一词，（和Lobsterback，龙虾背一词同义）也是针对英国士兵的一个俚语，该词现在已经不再使用。Redcoat一词得名的原因是因为在17世纪中期到1902年间，英国士兵身穿鲜红色威尼斯式大衣作为他们的作战服以及军常服。Redcoat一词尽管已经失效，但是在现代常常在褒义正面的语境下被提起，仍然有其意义。 有趣的是，Redcoat一词和加拿大人也有一定关系，因为皇家加拿大骑警们（RCMP）在特殊庆典上也同样会身着鲜艳的火红色制服。 [本文为本人全文翻译，转载请注明原作者 Turner Boyd] 11.Suddo, Ingrisikarayo "Suddo","Ingrisikarayo" are Sri Lankan, Sinhalese names for British and other western white skinned people “Suddo”，”Ingrisikarayo”，是斯里兰卡人，僧伽罗人对于英国人以及其他白色肤色的西方人的称谓。 [完]