阿波罗11号（Apollo 11）

阿波罗11号（Apollo 11）是美国国家航空航天局的阿波罗计划中的第五次载人任务，是人类第一次登月任务，三位执行此任务的宇航员分别为指令长尼尔•阿姆斯特朗(Neil Armstrong)、指令舱驾驶员迈克尔•科林斯(Michael Collins)与登月舱驾驶员巴兹•奥尔德林(Buzz Aldrin)。1969年7月20日，阿姆斯特朗与奥尔德林成为了首次踏上月球的人类。 阿波罗11号的成功实现了美国总统肯尼迪在1961年5月25日的演说中声称美国会在1970年以前“把一个宇航员送到月球上并把他安全带回来”的目标。 目录 [隐藏] • 1 任务成员 o 1.1 替补成员 o 1.2 支持团队成员 • 2 任务介绍 o 2.1 发射与登月 o 2.2 踏上月球 o 2.3 返回地球 • 3 意外情况下的电视演说 • 4 图片 • 5 通讯 • 6 任务徽章 • 7 趣闻 • 8 请参看 • 9 外部链接 • 10 参考文献 [编辑] 任务成员 • 尼尔•阿姆斯特朗 (曾执行双子星8号以及阿波罗11号任务)，指令长 • 巴兹•奥尔德林 (曾执行双子星12号以及阿波罗11号任务)，登月舱驾驶员 • 迈克尔•科林斯 (曾执行双子星10号以及阿波罗11号任务)，指令/服务舱驾驶员 [编辑] 替补成员 替补成员同样接受任务训练，在主力成员因各种原因无法执行任务时接替。 • 吉姆•洛威尔 (Jim Lovell，曾执行双子星7号、12号、阿波罗8号以及阿波罗13号任务)，指令长 • 弗莱德•海斯 (Fred Haise，曾执行阿波罗13号任务)，登月舱驾驶员 • 比尔•安德斯 (Bill Anders，曾执行阿波罗8号任务)，指令舱驾驶员 [编辑] 支持团队成员 支持团队并不接受任务训练，但被要求能够在会议时代替某位宇航员，并参与任务计划的细节敲定。他们也经常在任务被执行时担任地面通讯任务。 • 罗纳德•埃万斯 (Ronald Evans，曾执行阿波罗17号任务) • 肯•马丁利 (Ken Mattingly，曾执行阿波罗16号、STS-4以及STS-51-C任务) • 杰克•斯威格特 (Jack Swigert，曾执行阿波罗13号任务) • 威廉•波格 (William Pogue，曾执行天空实验室4号任务) [编辑] 任务介绍 [编辑] 发射与登月 在发射现场超过一百万的人群之外，全世界约有创记录的六亿人观看了发射的现场直播。装载着阿波罗11号的土星5号火箭于1969年7月16日13时32分(UTC，当地时间9时32分)在肯尼迪航天中心发射升空，12分钟后进入地球轨道。在环绕地球一圈半后，第三级子火箭点火，航天器开始向月球航行。30分钟后，指令/服务舱从土星5号分离，在转向后与登月转接器(Lunar Module Adaptor)中的登月舱连接。月球转移轨道射入(TLI)将航天器射向月球。 阿波罗11号于7月19日经过月球背面，很快点燃了主火箭並进入了月球轨道。在环绕月球的过程中，三名宇航员在空中辨认出了计划中的登月点。 阿波罗11号的登陆点在静海(Mare Tranquillitatis)南部，在Sabine D环型山西南20公里处。这个登陆点被选择的原因是它比较平整(来自于流浪者8号(Ranger 8)、勘察员5号(Surveyor 5)以及月球轨道器(Lunar Orbiter)提供的信息)，也就不会在降落和舱外活动时制造太多困难。登陆之后，阿姆斯特朗把登陆点称做“静海基地”。 奥尔德林在月球上留下的鞋印。这是一个测试月球表面风化层的实验的一部分。 7月20日，当飞船在月球背面时，呼号为“鹰号”的登月舱从呼号为“哥伦比亚号”的指令舱中分离。科林斯独自一人留在“哥伦比亚”上，围着登月舱飞行了数圈，仔仔细细地检查了一遍，以确保这个飞行器一切正常。检查过后，科林斯做了一个简单的告别手势——“两位多加保重”——便离开了。科林斯的任务是留在指令舱中并绕月球环行，在以后的24个小时中只能监测控制中心与鹰号之间的通讯并祈祷登月一切顺利。如果鹰号发生了意外并且不能够从月面起飞的话(可能性极大)，科林斯就只能独自一人返回地球。 很快，阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林启动了鹰号的推进器并开始下降。他们很快意识到它“飞过头”了：他们向月面降落时，表明计算机过载的警报器开始响起。鹰号在下降弹道中多飞了4秒，也就是说登月点会离计划西面若干公里远。导航计算机出现了若干次异常的程序警报。在休斯顿的约翰逊太空中心，飞行控制指挥官史蒂夫•贝尔斯(Steve Bales)面临着一个关键的、一刹那间的抉择——终止登月计划(这也意味着终止整个飞行计划，因为飞行器上的燃料仅够进行一次尝试)，或者命令宇航员按照计划行动，不要理会登月舱计算机出现的问题。贝尔斯后来承认，他是“凭着直觉”允许阿姆斯特朗尝试登月的。重新开始注意窗外之后，阿姆斯特朗发现他们正处在一块岩石和一片硬地之间。计算机失灵导致他们飞过了预选着陆区，而燃料也很快就要耗尽了。此时，阿姆斯特朗选择了手动控制登月舱。登月舱不断下降，燃料开始耗尽——登月舱位于月面上空大约9米，所剩燃料仅够用30秒钟——阿姆斯特朗在遍布砾石和陨石坑的月面冷静地找到一处适合于着陆的地方，并驾驶登月舱稳稳地降落在月球上。准确的登陆时间是1969年7月20日下午4时17分43秒(休斯顿时间)。 装载着阿波罗11号的土星5号(1969年7月16日) 阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林互相看了一眼，会心地笑了。休斯顿飞行控制中心内鸦雀无声，大家都在静静地等待着。终于，他们听到了阿姆斯特朗的声音：“休斯顿，这里是静海基地。‘鹰’着陆成功。”飞行控制中心顿时爆发出一阵热烈的欢呼声。在登月舱里，阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林把手伸过仪表盘，默默地握了一下。 登月过程中的程序警报是“执行溢出”，意味着导航计算机无法再规定时间内完成预定任务。后来发现，溢出的原因是登月舱的对接雷达在降落时没有关闭，使计算机仍然监视并不在使用的雷达。由于在紧急关头的一句“继续”，史蒂夫•贝尔斯后来获得了一枚总统自由勋章。 降落后不久，在舱外活动的准备工作开始之前，奥尔德林通过无线电向地球念道： “这里是登月舱驾驶员。我想利用这个机会让所有正在听的人，不论他们是谁或在哪里，静下来，回顾一下过去几小时所发生的一切，并以他或者她自己的方式表示感恩。”("This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.") 作为共济会的成员，奥尔德林接下来进行了圣餐礼。奥尔德林将他所进行的圣餐礼保密，甚至都没有告诉他的妻子，因为阿波罗8号宇航员在月球轨道中念的《创世记》使航空航天局被无神论者麦达琳•默里•欧黑尔(Madalyn Murray O'Hair)起诉。 [编辑] 踏上月球 阿姆斯特朗踏上月球 7月21日2点56分(UTC)，鹰号降落六个半小时后，阿姆斯特朗扶着登月舱的阶梯踏上了月球，说道：“这是我个人的一小步，但却是全人类的一大步(That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.)。”奥尔德林不久也踏上月球，两人在月表活动了两个半小时，使用钻探取得了月芯标本，拍摄了一些照片，也采集了一些月表岩石标本。 • 奥尔德林踏上月球（文件信息） o 看不到影片吗？請參見幫助頁面。 [编辑] 返回地球 阿波罗计划 之前任务: 阿波罗10号 之后任务: 阿波罗12号 阿波罗1号 | 阿波罗4号 | 阿波罗5号 | 阿波罗6号 | 阿波罗7号 阿波罗8号 | 阿波罗9号 | 阿波罗10号 | 阿波罗11号 | 阿波罗12号 阿波罗13号 | 阿波罗14号 | 阿波罗15号 | 阿波罗16号 | 阿波罗17号 来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%9711%E5%8F%B7” 页面分类(5): 正在编辑的条目 | 载人航天 | 月球航天器 | 1969年 | 阿波罗计划 Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. It was the fifth human spaceflight of the Apollo program, and the third human voyage to the moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, it carried Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon, while Collins orbited above. The mission fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of "landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s. Contents [hide] • 1 Crew o 1.1 Backup crew o 1.2 Support crew • 2 Mission highlights o 2.1 Launch and lunar landing o 2.2 Lunar surface operations o 2.3 Lunar ascent and return • 3 Communications link • 4 Mission insignia • 5 Contingency television address • 6 See also • 7 Photo Gallery • 8 References • 9 Further reading and external links o 9.1 NASA Reports o 9.2 Multimedia [edit] Crew The crew for the mission was composed of Neil Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin, lunar module pilot. Armstrong had previously flown in Gemini 8, Collins in Gemini 10, and Aldrin in Gemini 12. Armstrong was a member of the second group of NASA astronauts; Collins and Aldrin the third group. • Neil Armstrong (2), commander • Michael Collins (2), command module pilot • Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin (2), lunar module pilot *Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission. [edit] Backup crew • James Lovell (flew in Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, Apollo 13), commander • Bill Anders (flew in Apollo 8), command module pilot • Fred Haise (flew in Apollo 13), lunar module pilot [edit] Support crew • Ronald Evans (flew in Apollo 17) • Ken Mattingly (flew in Apollo 16, STS-4, STS-51-C) • Jack Swigert (flew in Apollo 13) • Bill Pogue (flew in Skylab 4) [edit] Mission highlights [edit] Launch and lunar landing In addition to one million persons crowding the highways and beaches near the launch site, an estimated audience of over 600 million people viewed the event on television; a new record at that time.[2] President Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V from the Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969 at 13:32 UTC (9:32 A.M. local time). It entered Earth's orbit 12 minutes later.[1] After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon. About 30 minutes later, the command/service module pair separated from the last remaining Saturn V stage, and docked with the lunar module still nestled in the Lunar Module Adaptor. A translunar injection burn (TLI) then launched the combined spacecraft towards the moon. Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon on July 19 and fired its Service propulsion engine in order to enter lunar orbit. In the several orbits that followed, the crew got passing views of their landing site. In the southern Sea of Tranquility about 20 km (12 mi) southwest of the crater Sabine D (0.67408N,23.47297E), the landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers, as well as by Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft. It was therefore unlikely to present major landing or extra-vehicular activity (EVA) challenges.[3] Buzz Aldrin bootprint. It was part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar regolith. On July 20, 1969, while on the far side of the Moon, the lunar module, called Eagle after the eagle present on the insignia, separated from the Command Module, named Columbia after the columbiad cannon used to launch moonships in Jules Verne's novel From the Earth to the Moon. Some internal NASA planning documents referred to the callsigns as Snowcone and Haystack; these were quietly changed before being announced to the press.[4] Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged. Armstrong and Aldrin used Eagle's descent engine to right themselves and descend to the lunar surface. As the landing began, Armstrong reported they were "running long"; Eagle was 4 seconds further along its descent trajectory than planned, and would land miles west of the intended site. The LM navigation and guidance computer reported several unusual "program alarms" as it guided the LM's descent, taking the crew's attention from the scene outside as the descent proceeded. In NASA's Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, controller Steve Bales told the flight director that it was safe to continue the descent in spite of the alarms; the computer was merely reporting it was overtasked and that nothing was wrong with the spacecraft. Once Armstrong returned his attention to the view outside it was apparent that the computer was guiding them toward a field of large rocks scattered around a large crater. Armstrong took manual control of the lunar module at that point, and with Aldrin's assistance, calling out data from the radar and computer, guided it to a landing at 20:17 UTC on July 20 with about 15 seconds of fuel left.[5] The first words spoken from the surface were Aldrin's, who reported "Contact Light" as the Eagle's landing probe touched the moon. Armstrong reportedly forgot to shut the engine off at this point, and the Eagle settled gracefuly to the ground. The Saturn V carrying Apollo 11 took several seconds to clear the tower on July 16, 1969. The program alarms were "executive overflows", indicating that the computer could not finish its work in the time allotted. The cause was later determined to be the LM rendezvous radar being left on during the descent, causing the computer to spend unplanned time servicing the unused radar.[6] Although Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions, they also encountered a premature low fuel warning. It was later found caused by the lunar gravity permitting greater propellant 'slosh', uncovering a fuel sensor; extra baffles in the tanks were subsequently added.[5] Armstrong bestowed the name Tranquility Base on the landing site immediately after touchdown to the partial confusion of the staff at Mission Control.[5] Shortly after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin broadcast that: This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.[7] He then took Communion, privately. At this time, NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis), which demanded that their astronauts refrain from religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin (an Episcopalian) chose to refrain from directly mentioning this. He had kept the plan quiet, not even mentioning it to his wife, and did not reveal it publicly for several years. [8] [edit] Lunar surface operations Neil Armstrong takes his first step onto the Moon At 2:56 UTC on July 21, six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong made his descent to the Moon surface and spoke his famous line "That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind".[1] Aldrin joined him, saying, "Beautiful. Beautiful. Magnificent desolation." The two spent two-and-a-half hours drilling core samples, photographing what they saw and collecting rocks. It has long been assumed that Armstrong mistakenly omitted the word "a" from his famous remark, rendering the phrase redundant. Armstrong thought he had said it and claimed he did indeed say it. A digital audio analysis conducted by Peter Shann Ford, an Australia-based computer programmer, suggests Armstrong did, in fact, say "a man", but the "a" was inaudible due to static noise and the limitations of communications technology of the time. Ford and Auburn University professor of history James R. Hansen, Armstrong's authorized biographer, presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives; completed at the end of September 2006, it confirms Armstrong did say "a" and settles the long-standing controversy. (Armstrong has expressed his preference that written quotations include the "a" in parentheses.)[9] • Buzz Aldrin steps onto the Moon (file info) o Problems viewing the video? See media help. They planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP) and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through Eagle's twin triangular windows, which gave them a 60° field of view. Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled. Armstrong had some initial difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his Portable Life Support System PLSS. According to veteran moonwalker John Young, a redesign of the LM to incorporate a smaller hatch was not followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack, so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[10][11] Buzz Aldrin poses on the Moon allowing Neil Armstrong to photograph both of them using the visor's reflection. The Remote Control Unit controls on Armstrong's chest prevented him from seeing his feet. While climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle's side and activate the TV camera.[12] The first images used a Slow-scan television system which was incompatible with commercial broadcast technology at the time so the images rebroadcasted were played on screens mounted in front of conventional television cameras.[13] The signal was picked up at Goldstone in the USA but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia. Minutes later the TV was switched to normal television, and the feed was switched to the more sensitive radio telescope station at the Parkes Observatory in Australia. Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and were immediately broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[14] After describing the surface dust ("fine and powdery ... I only go in a small fraction of an inch, but I can see the footprints of my boots"[12]), Armstrong stepped off Eagle's footpad and into history as the first human to set foot on another world, famously describing it as "one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind."[15] He reported that moving in the Moon's gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around".[12] In addition to fulfilling President John F. Kennedy's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s, Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system; therefore, Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition. He then collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. He removed the TV camera from the MESA, made a panoramic sweep, and mounted it on a tripod 12 m (40 ft) from the LM. The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Photo of the actual plaque left on the moon (attached to the ladder of the LM Descent Stage). Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backwards, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[12] A visible shockwave formed as the Saturn V encountered Max Q at about 1 minute 20 seconds into the flight (altitude 12.5 km, 4 km downrange, velocity 440 m/s). Together the astronauts planted the U.S. flag, then took a phone call from President Richard Nixon. The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated thermal meteoroid garment. They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismograph and a laser ranging retroreflector. Then Armstrong loped about 120 m (400 ft) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of East Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used the geological hammer to pound in the tubes - the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documented sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 min. Neil Armstrong works at the LM in one of the few photos taken of him from the lunar surface. NASA photo as 11-40-5886 During this period Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. Rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, however, so Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.[16] [edit] Lunar ascent and return Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing more than 22 kg (48 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor. Armstrong then jumped to the ladder's third rung and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, one Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. They then repressurised the LM, and settled down to sleep.[17] While moving in the cabin Aldrin accidentally broke the circuit breaker that armed the main engine for lift off from the moon. There was initial concern this would prevent firing the engine, which would strand them on the moon. Fortunately a felt-tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch.[17] Had this not worked, the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine.[18] After about seven hours of rest, they were awoken by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54 UTC, they lifted off in Eagle's ascent stage, carrying 21.5 kilograms of lunar samples with them, to rejoin CMP Michael Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit.[1] After more than 2½ hours on the lunar surface, they had left behind scientific instruments such as a retroreflector array used for the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment. They also left an American flag and a plaque (mounted on the LM Descent Stage ladder) bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and Richard Nixon. The inscription read Here Men From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We Came in Peace For All Mankind. After rendezvous with Columbia, Eagle was jettisoned and left in lunar orbit. Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle's orbit had decayed resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.[19] The astronauts returned to earth on July 24, welcomed as heroes. The splashdown point was 13°19′N 169°9′W, 2,660 km (1,440 nm) east of Wake Island, or 380 km (210 nm) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (15 mi) from the recovery ship, USS Hornet. President Nixon was aboard the vessel to welcome the astronauts as they entered a trailer which would serve as a quarantine facility. They had been picked up after an hour afloat.[1] The command module is displayed at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.. The trailer is displayed at the Smithsonian's Udvar-Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia. The crew of Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to earth, visited by Richard Nixon. The three Apollo 11 astronauts would later be welcomed by the American public on August 13, 1969, in triumphant parades through New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles on the same day. That evening in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate Apollo 11, attended by Members of Congress, 44 Governors, the Chief Justice, and ambassadors from 83 nations. President Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Many nations would honor the first moon landing by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins. On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a Joint Session of Congress on Capitol Hill. They presented two U.S. flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that had been carried to the surface of the moon with them. [edit] Communications link Early in the planning of Project Apollo, NASA decided to combine all communications between spacecraft and Earth into a single multiplexed feed called 'The Unified S-Band System',[20] including audio communications, television images, crew medical telemetry and the spacecraft systems telemetry. The signal was picked up by three purpose-built stations, called Goldstone (California), Honeysuckle Creek (Australia) and Fresnedillas (Spain), and backed-up by the three nearby deep space network stations (known as 'wing stations'). All of the signals were routed to NASA's communications center (now the Goddard Space Flight Center) in Greenbelt, Maryland. Intelsat satellites began taking over the trans-oceanic transmissions toward the end of the 1960s, and NASA ended its contracts for the submarine telephone circuits, which were then reallocated by telephone administrations for normal voice use.[21] On 14 July 1969, two days before last day of the launch window, the INTELSAT III satellite over the Atlantic failed, cutting off the link between the dish in Spain and Greenbelt, Maryland. It was decided that the problem needed to be fixed by two hours before launch time, or the launch would be scrubbed - potentially the last launch opportunity in 1969.[21] The Early Bird satellite was activated, but there were concerns that it might not have enough power to get a signal to the United States. So, with great difficulty, twelve undersea telephone circuits were made available to NASA from six countries, for their inverse multiplexed signal. An official with the Spanish communications authority helped the team secure the circuits with his own personal list of contacts. The last circuit using inverse multiplexing was accepted by NASA just minutes before the time limit.[21] [edit] Mission insignia The familiar patch of Apollo 11 was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". He picked an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its beak, and drew a moon background with the earth in the distance. (Collins drew the light shining on the earth from the wrong direction; it would have shone from the top of the patch.) NASA officials said the talons of the eagle looked too "warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the claws. The crew decided the Roman numeral XI would not be understood in some nations and went with Apollo 11; they decided not to put their names on the patch to "allow it to symbolize everyone who worked on the moon landing". All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch. The LM was named Eagle to match the insignia. When the Eisenhower silver dollar was revived a few years later, the patch design provided the eagle for the back of the coin; the design was kept for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar. [edit] Contingency television address A speech titled "In Event of Moon Disaster" was prepared by William Safire for President Nixon to read on television in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon. Following this address, radio communications with the moon would have been cut off, the astronauts left alone to die, while a clergyman was to commend their souls to "the deepest of the deep" in the fashion of a burial at sea.[22]