【语法一刻】英文单词的构造,词根词缀的小秘密
阿梓阿
“Affix - the building blocks of English”

Affix 词缀
“英文单词好难记啊,那么多字母组在一起,顺序一换又是另一个意思,实在让人头大” 一定很多小伙伴这样想过,对不对?其实,英文单词的构造并不是杂乱无章的,而都是有规律可循的。就像我们中国的文字分为偏旁部首,英文单词都是由词根、词缀组合而成的。词根(root)指的是一个单词最内里的基础,而词缀(affix)指的是在词根基础上添加的能改变词性或者词义的点缀物。比如在单词impossible里,im-是词缀,-possible是词根;在单词unlikely里,un-是放在词根之前的词缀(前缀prefix),-like-是词根,-ly是放在词根之后的词缀(后缀suffix)。

Prefix 前缀
Prefix叫做前缀,其实pre-就是一个前缀,意思为在...之前。前缀本身有自己的意思,同学们可以根据它们来猜单词的大意。但前缀并不是独立的单词,它们必须依附在词根之上。我们来看一些常见的前缀:
- pre- (before)
- The outcome waspredetermined.(The outcome was determined before)
- preview, precook, prepare, prewash,prepay
- mis- (wrong)
- That word ismisspelled.(The word is spelled wrong)
- misbehave, mislead, misunderstand, misspell, misread
- non- (not)
- The noise was nonstop.(The noise did not stop.)
- nonexistent, nonessential, nondairy, noncommercial, nonfiction
- un- (not)
- His work wasunsatisfactory.(His work was not satisfactory)
- unnecessary, uncontroversial, unchain, untie, untidy, unsettling
- dis- (lack of, not)
- They weredispleased.(They were not pleased.)
- dislike, disqualify, disappear, disobey, disappoint, disconnect
- in- (not)
- The work wasincredible.(The work was not believable)
- incorrect, independent, indifferent, indefinite, inability, insensitive

Suffix 后缀
Suffix叫做后缀。suf-fix这个单词里,suf-是个前缀,意思为在...之后。后缀本身有自己的意思,同学们可以根据它们来猜单词的大意。但后缀并不是独立的单词,它们必须依附在词根之后。我们来看一些常见的后缀:
- -ly (like)
- She waswonderfully(She was striking like wonder)
- vividly, untimely, willingly, crazily, affectionately,anonymously
- -able (able to)
- The part isadaptable.(The part is able to adapt)
- believable, foldable, tolerable, sufferable, readable, elaborate
- -ible (able to)
- The writing wasincomprehensible.(The writing was not able to be comprehended.)
- possible,editable, defensible, frangible, eligible, submersible
- -er (noun, someone who)- (not)
- His work wasunsatisfactory.(His work was not satisfactory)
- chaser, lawnmower, lawmaker, viper, punisher, commander
- -ful (full of)
- The flower isbeautiful.(The flower is full of beauty)
- delightful, doubtful, fearful, purposeful, forceful, thankful
- -less (without)
- The old television wasworthless.
- careless, peerless, restless, worthless, defenseless, flawless
Cranberry Morpheme 蔓越莓词素
最后,告诉大家一个有趣的小知识,并不是所有的英文单词都是由词根词缀组成的!有时候,在一些没有独立意义的字母组合(语言学里叫做词素Morpheme),后面或者前面加上一个有独立意义的词根或词缀,从而组合成单词。这种无独立意思的字母组合,叫做cranberry morpheme- 蔓越莓词素。

举个栗子,蔓越莓 (cranberry) 这个单词本身,是由两个部分构成的:cran-,和-berry。大家都知道berry是浆果莓,那么有谁知道cran是啥意思?它!没!有!意!思!cranberry里面的cran,就是一个典型的cranberry morpheme。而跟蔓越莓相似的黑莓 (blackberry),就是由独立词根black(黑色)和词缀berry(浆果莓)组成的。相似的另一个常见的cranberry morphemes蔓越莓词素是:overwhelm,overwhelming,overwhelminglyover-这个前缀意思为超出,额外的。那么大家猜一猜,whelm是什么意思呢?(同样的,它没有意思)


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