认识过程在沟通与解决问题中的应用

http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/communication.html

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Cognitive Processes and Communication

认识过程与沟通

Adapted from Linda V. Berens, Dynamics of Personality Type: Understanding and Applying Jung's Cognitive Processes (Telos Publications, 2000) *Used with permission.

You cannot not communicate. Everything we do or don’t do communicates something. Each of the cognitive processes is associated with different kinds of communication. Once you are aware of your own preferred processes, you can begin to notice how your preferences influence how and what you communicate. You can also identify how these preferences may be a source of misunderstanding and conflict.

你不可能不与外界交流。我们的任何所作所为（或不作为）均在与外界沟通。每项认知过程均以不同的方式在沟通中发挥作用。一旦你意识到了自己所偏好的主要功能，你便能够开始注意到它是如何在你的沟通中发挥作用的。你同样也会注意到，它们是怎样造成误解和冲突的。

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Communication and Relationships

沟通与人际关系

Communication and problem solving occur in the context of relationships. When there is a problem, it is helpful to sort out the various ways people are different from each other, and to find ways they can connect.

沟通与问题的解决会在人际关系中出现。当出现问题时，找到人们的不同解决之道，并发现其中的联系会极有助益。

Effective communication results when we are open to working through our diverse perspectives. Each cognitive process brings different premises to our conversations. True dialog occurs when we can suspend hasty or dogmatic perception and judgment. In the ideal situation, we may hope to bridge our differences just by knowing about how others are different and therefore being more open. The reality is, this may not happen by itself. We tend to reject the positive aspects of our less-preferred cognitive processes because our experience of them is so negative. For example, Mary’s leading role process is introverted Thinking. She experiences introverted Feeling most often in its negative aspect of the devilish role with a somewhat childish, “I want . . . ,” rather than a more mature, “This is what is important.” When she began working with someone for whom introverted Feeling was a leading role process, she experienced him as dogmatic, unyielding, and off target rather than as someone who was tuned in to values that could help them prioritize their projects and better accomplish their goals. It was only when she started recognizing her own projections and taking her own wants and values more seriously that she became open to her coworker’s contributions.

当我们能够开放性地接受不同观点时，有效沟通便随之出现。不同的认知过程会在对话中预设不同的前提。唯有当我们不再匆忙感知或是武断推定时，真正意义上的对话才刚刚开始。在理想状况下，我们会寄望于仅靠了解他人与自己的不同之处，进而便可使自己更加开放，以为就此即能轻易消除分歧。事实上，这等情况不可能自动发生。我们通常会拒绝接受自己并不擅长的认知过程中所包含的积极面，因为我们对于它们的过往经验实在太过负面。举例来说，Mary的主导功能是内倾思考（Ti）。她所经验到的内倾情感（Fi）功能（第八功能，魔鬼——参见http://www.douban.com/group/topic/6063350/）通常会发挥消极作用，以极幼稚的形式表现为“我想要……”，而非表现为成熟的“这便是重点所在”。当她与主导功能是内倾情感的人协作时，她会视其为教条主义者，死脑筋，不切实际的家伙，而不是将之视为价值观明晰，能分清项目的轻重缓急，有助于达成目标的人。只有当她开始意识到这是种投射行为，并更加严肃地正视自己的需求与价值时，才会更加接受她同事的贡献。


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Problem Solving and the Cognitive Processes

认知过程与解决问题的模式

Adapted from Linda V. Berens, Dynamics of Personality Type: Understanding and Applying Jung's Cognitive Processes (Telos Publications, 2000) *Used with permission.


INFORMATION-ACCESSING PROCESSES—Perception

信息获取方式——感知

Extraverted Sensing: Experiencing and noticing the physical world, scanning for visible reactions and relevant data

Being attracted to and/or distracted by changing external events. Adapting and changing your mind according to the situation. Focusing on facts. Asking lots of questions to get enough information to see the pattern. Going ahead and responding to raw data. Physical self-expression.

Se（外倾感觉）：经验与注意到物质世界，瞄到可见的反应及相关数据

被变化中的外界事物吸引/或因此分心。不断适应新情况并由此改变你的思想。关注事实。会大量提问以掌握足够的信息来弄清状况。保持进展并对原始数据作出回应。身体层面的自我表达。

Introverted Sensing : Recalling past experiences, remembering detailed data and what it is linked to

Being heavily influenced by prior experiences. Distrusting new information that doesn’t match. Assuming an understanding of a situation because it resembles a prior one. Focusing on facts and stored data. Giving lots of specific, sequential details about something. Rating and making comparison.

Si（内倾感觉）：回顾过去的经验，忆起数据的细节与它们间的联系

会严重受到先前经验的影响。不信任与之不符合的新信息。假定已了解某个情况——因其与过去的情况类似。关注事实和已被归档的数据。会针对某事提供大量具体而有序的细节。比较事物并进行评级。

Extraverted iNtuiting: Inferring relationships, noticing threads of meaning, and scanning for what could be

Being attracted to new ideas and possible realities. Holding different and even conflicting ideas and values in mind at once without articulating them. Assuming a meaning of something. Focusing on inferences and hypotheses. Extemporaneously connecting ideas.

Ne（外倾直觉）：推断事物间的联系，注意到一连串的意义，对可能性的感知

被新的想法和潜在的联系所吸引。在头脑中同时接纳不同的甚至相互冲突的观点而无需使之明晰。推设某事物的意义。关注推论和臆测。将想法即兴连接。

Introverted iNtuiting: Foreseeing implications, conceptualizing, and having images of the future or profound meaning

Being strongly influenced by a vision of what will be, which may involve an abstract, even vague understanding of complexities that are difficult to explain. Focusing on a preconceived outcome or goal. Perhaps not articulating or even aware of premises or assumptions behind envisioned implications. Describing implications and the final picture.

Ni（内倾直觉）：预见暗藏的含义，形成概念，展望未来图景，或含义深远的意象

受到“将要如何”的愿景强烈影响，其间可能包括极为抽象，难于理解和解释的复杂事物。关注预期的结果或目标。可能会难于认清（甚至是意识到）除了自我想像以外的事。描绘含义与最终图景。


ORGANIZING-EVALUATING PROCESSES—Judgment

组织评价方式——判断

Extraverted Thinking: Organizing, segmenting, sorting, and applying logic and criteria

Expressing thoughts directly, readily critiquing and pointing out what has been left out or not done. Getting to the point efficiently and getting the task done. Taking decisive action, which may be misread as closed mindedness. Focusing on logic and criteria for setting up systems of organization.

Te（外倾思考）：组织，分析，整理，运用逻辑与标准

直接表达思想，轻易批判与指出那些被遗漏或未完成的事项。直指重点，高效完成任务。果断行动，有时会被误认为过于狭隘。关注体系的组建中的逻辑和准则。

Introverted Thinking: Analyzing, categorizing, and figuring out how something works

Defining principles, differences and distinctions. Pointing out inconsistencies and critiquing inaccuracies. Engaging in detached observation which can be misread as dislike or disapproval. Not expressing thoughts unless illogic and inaccuracy are overwhelming. Focusing on identifying, analyzing, naming, and categorizing.

Ti（内倾思考）：分析，分类，找出事物运作的方式

界定原则，差异与分歧。指出矛盾，批判不精准之处。观察事物时超然物外，有时会被误认为不喜欢或不感兴趣。不会轻易表达思想，除非毫无逻辑或充满谬误的言论似乎在占上风。关注识别，分析，命名与分类。

Extraverted Feeling: Considering others and responding to them

Expressing positive and negative feelings openly. Disclosing personal details to establish rapport. Pointing out how to attend to needs of others and complaining when others are not considerate. Expressing of warmth, caring and concern and interest in others, which can be misread as suffocating or not attending to a task. Focusing on appropriateness and connectedness.

Fe（外倾情感）：顾及他人并对他们作出回应

自由地表达自己正面与负面的情绪。谈论个人的私事以拉近与他人的距离。指出如何照顾到他人的需求，在他人并不体贴时会抱怨。表达对他人的温暖，关怀，关心与兴趣，有时会被误认为令人窒息或不注意正事。关注恰当与连系。

Introverted Feeling: Evaluating importance and maintaining congruence

Clarifying what is important. Pointing out contradictions and incongruities between actions and espoused values. Expressing quiet reserve, which is often misread as aloofness. Adamantly insisting on what is important, or what you want or like. Not expressing inner convictions unless important values are comprised.

Fi（内倾情感）：评估事物的重要性，保持协调一致

弄清哪些是重要的。指出实际行动与理想信念间的矛盾冲突。表达方式安静而有所保留，常被误认为是冷漠孤僻。对自认为的重要事物，或者欲求与喜好会极其坚持。不会轻易表达内心的信念，除非重要的价值包括在内。


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Some Important Communication Principles:

沟通中的重要原则：

·Develop and trust your leading role and supporting role processes. This is how you were designed to operate.

——发展并信任你的主导功能与辅助功能。这是你工作的自然方式。

·Chances are, you will be naturally attracted to situations where those processes are appropriate and effective.

——有可能你会自然地被吸引进某种情况里，这些功能会自然而然地有效发挥它们恰当的作用。

·When you get stuck, find a way to engage your relief role process. It should provide a way out of being stuck.

——当你陷入僵局时，设法让第三功能出来工作。它将让你柳暗花明。

·For important decisions, consciously engage as many processes as you can. Find friends, family, or coworkers who can help you fill in the gaps and suggest aspects you might not have considered.

——做重大决定时，运用尽可能多的认识过程。让你的朋友，家人或同事来帮你弥补缺陷，在你没有想到的方面为你提供帮助与建议。

·When you want to consciously engage an introverted process, you may need to set aside time to be alone.

——当你有意运用内倾功能时，或许需要留出时间独处。

·When you want to consciously engage an extraverted process, seek out the company of others.

——当你有意运用外倾功能时，去寻找同伴。

·Be open to input from all sources.

——对所有的来源保持开放接纳。

·Be patient with yourself and know that when you have to use a less-preferred process, it will take more energy.

——对自己保持耐心，懂得当你在运用自己并不偏爱的功能时，需要投入更多的精力。

Adapted from Linda V. Berens, Dynamics of Personality Type: Understanding and Applying Jung's Cognitive Processes (Telos Publications, 2000) *Used with permission.