制作地图不仅仅是门技术，还是门艺术

2008-10-05 10:48:53 　　来自: lijuankate (北京)

Making Maps的评论   

　　原文发表在：http://lijuan.yo2.cn/2008/10/05/reading-making-maps-not-only-a-kind-of-techonology/
　　
　　制作地图不仅仅是门技术，还是门艺术。
　　
　　简单而言，应该从以下两句话入手：
　　
　　 * 内容：首先要自己清楚做此图的目的，然后才能明确此图需要重点突出的内容；
　　 * 形式：把地图上的所有元素（图形、文字等）都简单看成是图，让它们尽可能（大小、形状、颜色等）的去突出表现重点内容，然后再用美学、心理学的基本原理来排布使其美观；
　　
　　原书(visual guide)有若干图示，更加清晰易懂。
　　What is a map?
　　A graphic statement that locates facts.(and people tend to select the facts that make their case.)
　　Maps don't simply locate things: they can lead us to insights,discoveries, and new ways of understanding;(e.g. alfred wegener suggested a single large continent, Pangea)；Less detail; Entire earth all at once; Seeing the invisible;
　　
　　 1. Why are you making your map?
　　 1.
　　 * Computer monitor
　　 o 14-point type;point and line symbols 15% larger than those on a paper map;
　　 o more distinct patterns:avoid pattern variations that are too fine or detailed;
　　 o use color: subtle color variations may not be visible on every monitor;white will be more intense than black;
　　 o for the internet, save your map at 72dpi, and size the map to fit in a browser window
　　 (no scrolling)
　　 o work on different monitors(RGB, LCD)
　　 * Projected
　　 o Greater map size is offset by the increased viewing distance.
　　 o increase type size, point and line symbol size;
　　 o more distinct patterns;
　　 o intensify your colors for projection:many projectors wash-out colors;
　　 * Black and white, on paper
　　 o map size should match final paper size, with appropriate margins;
　　 o 10-point type;smaller and finer point and line symbols;
　　 o more subtle patterns;more data and more complex data;
　　 o substitute a range of greys and black and white for color;
　　 o black will be more intense than white;
　　 * Color, on paper
　　 o use color value(light red vs. dark red)to show differences in amount or importance;
　　 o use color hue(blue vs. red) to show differences in kind;
　　 o never print a color map in black and white; redesign for black and white;
　　 * Posters
　　 o design map title and mapped area so they are legible from across the room;
　　 o type,point and line symbols are legible from an arm's length;
　　 o follow color conventions for color printed maps;
　　 o use white as background, for most posters are viewed in a well-lighted room;
　　 * Why are you making your map?
　　 o Frequently the quality of a map is a matter of perspective,not design.
　　 o Clarify your intent: different goals produce different maps!
　　 * Who is your map for? (Norvices VS Experts)
　　 o more peripheral information on map explaining content and symbols;
　　 o less information,less variables of information,less detail;
　　 o follow map design conventions of norvices/experts;
　　 * What is the final medium?
　　 * Evaluating your map
　　 o Documentation
　　 + simply keeping records of what you do while you make your map, for future reference
　　 o Formative evaluation
　　 + continually asking if the map is working while you are making it;
　　 o Impact evaluation
　　 + informal and formal evaluation of the success of the map once it is complete;
　　 2. Mappable data
　　 * Getting data
　　 * Organizing data
　　 * Quantifying data
　　 * Transforming data
　　 * ......
　　 3. Map-making tools
　　 * Without computers
　　 * On the internet
　　 * With GIS
　　 * Graphic design tools
　　 4. Map design
　　 * Geographic framework
　　 o Map projection : maintain area,shape,distance,and direction;
　　 o Map scale : verbal, visual, numerical;
　　 o Map coordinates:
　　 * Map layout
　　 o Map pieces
　　 + Title : what,where,when;
　　 + Legend : any map symbol unfamiliar to your audience;
　　 + Scale : scale indicator;
　　 + Explanatory text : map content and your goals;
　　 + Directional indicator : left;
　　 + Sources,credits : data sources,map maker,map projection and coordinate;
　　 + Border : narrow,grey-not too noticeble;
　　 + Insets,locator maps;
　　 o Focus
　　 + Eye movement : [reading order] start in the upper left and end in the lower right;
　　 + Visual center : [importance] slightly above the actual center;
　　 o Balance
　　 + Heavier : larger,darker,brightly colored,simpler and more compact in shape, and closer to the map edge(particular the top);
　　 + Lighter : smaller, lighter, dully colored, complex or irregularly shaped, and closer to the map center;
　　 + symmetry and asymmetry;
　　 o The grid
　　 + sight-lines: minimizing the number of sight-lines;
　　 + grid symmetry:
　　 * Intellectual and visual hierarchies
　　 o Figure-ground defined and illustrated : figure stands out; other are the ground;
　　 o Design guides for intellectual and visual hierarchies;p149
　　 o Enhancing visual hierarchies on maps : figure has visual difference, more detail, sharp edges, layering(ground appears to continue behind the figure),coarser textures,simple closed shapes;
　　 * Map generalization and classification
　　 o Generalization
　　 + Selection : vital to the intent of your map;
　　 + Simplification : less complex, yet still recognizable;
　　 + Smoothing : features which are naturally smooth and sinuous(rivers);
　　 + Displacement : move features which interfere with each other to differentiate;
　　 + Enhancement : adds details, help understand important features;
　　 + Dimension conversion : when changing scale;
　　 o Classification
　　 + Qualitative data : use color hue and shape and texture to symbolize different classes;
　　 + Quatitative data : use color value and size to symbolize different classes;
　　 * Map Symbolization
　　 o Qualitative VS Quatitative p201
　　 + Qualitative : shape,color hue,texture;
　　 + Quatitative : size,color value,color intensity,texture;
　　 o Aggregated( VS Individual ) p210
　　 + Choropleth : derived data(densities,rates); shading of area;
　　 + Graduated : totals; size of a symbol;
　　 + Cartograms : totals and derived data(densities,rates); size of geographic areas;
　　 + Dot map : totals; number of dots;
　　 + Surface map : derived data(densities,rates); shading of area;
　　 * Types on maps
　　 o Type style : nominal(qualitative) information;
　　 + Times Roman used for historical information,implies tradition,dignity and solidity;
　　 + Sans serif used for natural features, implies newness,precision,authority;
　　 o Type size : ordered(qualtitative) differences;
　　 o Type weight : ordered(qualtitative) differences;
　　 o Type form : both nominal and ordered differences; e.g. spacing,case,color;
　　 o Type placement :
　　 + labeling points: 1=best,8=worst; p242
　　 + labeling lines: above,horizontal,repeat;
　　 + labeling areas: curve;away from borders;
　　 * Color on maps： color differences should suggest differences in your data(qualitative,binary,ordered)
　　 * Finishing your map
　　


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