International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition (國際動物命名規約第四版)
2009-04-11 13:54:22
1. 國際動物命名規約第四版 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition 顏聖紘 來源網址: http://digileps.biology.nsysu.edu.tw/digilep_alpha/public/zh/index.php 臺灣大鱗翅群模式標本及文獻數位典藏 對於動物系統分類學工作者來說,除了針對其目標分類群本身進行科學性探索之外,尚得必須在命名處理(nomenclatural treatment)及文獻引用上謹慎小心,而所有作為的依據,則源於國際動物命名規約。國際動物命名規約第三版自1985年出版後,眾多分類學者與命名規約委員會委員便開始倡議以第四版修訂第三版所列不足之必要性。事實上,第四版的規約內容草案早在兩年多前便已在國際動物命名規約委員會之網站http://www.iczn.org公布並徵詢意見。在今年九月左右,第四版的規約便正式出版並提供各機關個人訂購,並於公元兩千年一月一日起生效。以下筆者簡要說明第四版規約各條款(article)之主要變革: 新學名之建立(Establishment of new names) 1. 1999年後發表之新學名若未註明其為新創設者將被視為不合法名(unavailable name),如新種sp. nov.、新屬gen. nov.、新科fam. nov.或新名nom. nov.。以何種文字記述則依該文章所使用語言決定。 2. 1999年後創設之新種級分類群必須指定指定模氏(式)標本(全模標本holotype或同模標本syntypes)。 3. 1999年後將要求作者指明所創設新種級分類群之模式標本存放地點。 4. 1999年後所創設之新屬級分類群,包含化石分類群,皆須指定模式種。 5. 1999年所創設之新科級分類群學名,作者若發覺其模式屬名變更字尾為科名後將造成與其它科級分類群同名(homonym),可不依拉丁文法完全使用其模式屬名進行字尾變更,以避免同名之出現。 選模標本之制定(Lectotype designations) 6. 1999年後制定是選模標本必須使用"選模(lectotype)"字樣或其它等義翻譯文字,並且必須註明制定選模對釐清該分類群學名之目的。 影響新模制定事項(Matters affecting neotypes) 7. 若一個已被指定新模的種或亞種,先前被視為遺失之種具名模式標本(全模、同模、選模或先前制定之新模標本)又被尋獲,則尋獲之模式標本則自動取代後來指定之新模成為該種或亞種之模式標本。若此舉造成命名混淆或命名不穩定,則作者應向國際動物命名規約委員會申請重新制定新模式標本。 重新制定新模式標本之權責(Commission for reinstatement of the neotype) 8. 若一種級分類群其現存指名模式標本身份無法確認,以至該學名無法正確應用於某特定分類群,則作者可向委員會要求排除原模式標本並指定新模式標本。 影響發表之變革(Changes affecting publication) 9. 1999年後未印刷於紙張之研究作品(如光碟),若以多量同質發行並儲存於至少五個具名且公開之圖書館中將被視同有效發表。 10. 在動物命名規約之下,以下項目將不被視為有效發表: (a) 由電子媒體傳播之文字及影像。 (b) 下載印刷之文字或影像。 (c) 交付研討會、研習會或各項會議之報告摘要、海報及課程講義。 (d) 1999年後,若作者自行提早將其研究成果在其論文正式刊出前影印或抽印發行將被視為無效發表,但若該抽印本註明發行時間則仍被視為有效發行。 保留名之考量(Measures empowering authors to act in the interests of preserving established usage ) 11. 若一學名在過去50年至少已被10位作者在25份出版品中被視為有效(valid),則作者將被要求不要以1899年後從未被使用之舊同物異名或同名取代之以維命名穩定性。但作者將依條款(23.9)被要求提出足夠合理之證據以保留此名不被舊同物異名或同名所取代。 12. 即使一學名之原始拼法或文法錯誤,作者將被要求保留此特殊拼法以維命名穩定性. 13. 若一作者發現一屬級分類群之模式種指定源於模式標本之誤定,則基於命名穩定性之考量且不需向委員會申請,該作者將可逕行指定已遭誤判之種類或與該屬名實際相關之種類為其模式種。但該作者進行此項作為時必須引用規約70.3條款。 14. 1999年後,若一廣被使用之科級分類群學名被發現其發表年代晚於其次階科級分類群名,則此廣用名將不被其次階科級分類群學名所取代。 法規效力過渡期之處置(Transitional arrangements) 15. 若一研究成果於1999年投稿但未於1999年12月31日前刊出,則可不適用於新版規約。如有必要,委員會應被要求將其使其成為有效發表。但若該論文於1999年間發表但作者已在新版規約之23.9及70.3條款下(如前所述)進行命名作為,則該項作為則將被新版規約所規範。 筆者個人對於新版規約新增規約處理部份動物命名處理亂象深表贊同。然而由於動物命名規約對於有效出版、合法名之認定、標本存放處、模式標本指定以及發表語言文字使用仍較國際植物命名規約(ICBN)來得寬鬆,再加上許多公認之合理作為仍屬建議(Recommendation)而非屬條款(Article)且並不具強制效力,事實上仍無法有效避免命名處理之困擾。因此如何在系統分類的科學研究與命名處理之間達到盡善盡美,仍需所有研究者的努力。 原文刊登於中華昆蟲通訊 2000年 第8卷 第1期: 15-16 2. 國際動物命名規約常見辭彙 aberration, ab. 異常個體 A shortened form of a word or title. In zoological works genus-group names are often abbreviated to one or two letters; such abbreviations should always be followed by a full stop (period), and they should not be used on the first mention of the name. The same applies to abbreviations of specific names cited in trinominal names of subspecies. 當與一個新名稱連同使用時,此術語被視為該名稱所指示者,是一個亞種以下的實體(q.v.),因而不適用[第45條6.2] act, nomenclatura1 命名舉動 A published act which affects the nomenclatural status (q.v.) of a scientific name or the typification of a nominal taxon. 一項會影響一個學名的命名地位(q.v.),或一個命名分類單元的模式化的發表舉動。 available nomenclatural act. 適用命名舉動 One that is published in an available work. 在一適用著作物中發表的命名舉動。 invalid nomenclatural act. 無效命名舉動 Any available nomenclatural act that is not valid under the provisions of the Code. 在本規約各項規定之下為無效的任何適用命名舉動。 unavailable nomenclatural act. 不適用命名舉動 One published in an unavailable work. 在一不適用著作物中發表的命名舉動。 valid nomenclatural act. 有效命名舉動 One that is to be accepted under the provisions of the Code (i.e. the earliest available nomenclatural act, relevant to a particular name or nominal taxon, which does not contravene any provision of the Code). 在本規約各條款之下被接受的命名舉動(亦即最早的切合於一個特別名稱或命名分類單元的適用命名舉動,並且不與本規約的任何規定相抵觸)。 agreement, gender 性屬一致 Agreement in grammatical gender between a generic name and Latin or latinized adjectival or participial species-group names combined with it originally or subsequently. 是指一個屬名和原來或後來相與組合的拉丁文或拉丁化形容詞或分詞性的種群名稱之間的文法性屬的一致。 allotype 異模式 See under type. 見type條下。 anagram 顛字名稱 A name formed by the rearrangement of the letters of a word or words. 將一個或幾個字的字母重新排列所形成的名稱。 anonymous 匿名的,不署名的 (1) Of a work: one that does not state the name(s) of the author(s). (2) Of a name or nomenclatural act: one of which the authorship cannot be determined from the work itself [Art. 50.1]; see Article 14 for the availability of anonymous names or nomenclatural acts. (3) Of an author: one whose identity cannot be determined from the work itself. (1)一著作物:未署明其著者(一人或多人)的姓名。(2)一個名稱或一項命名舉動:著者的身份不能由著作物本身來確定者[第50條1];關於匿名之名稱或命名舉動的適用性,見第14條。(3)一著者:其身份不能由其著作物的本身來確定者。 Articles 條款 The mandatory provisions of the Code. 本規約的強制性款目。 auctorum (auct. or auctt.) 一般作者所認為的 A Latin term meaning "of authors", often given to indicate that a name is used in the sense of a number of subsequent authors and not in its (different) sense as established by the original author. 一個拉丁文術語,通常用於若干後來著者使用某個名稱時所認知的意義,有別於原命名者在建立該名稱時所訂定的(不同)意義。 author (pl. authors) 著者、命名者 The person(s) to whom a work, a scientific name, or a nomenclatural act is attributed [Arts. 50, 51] (see also anonymous). For the purposes of the Code, if a work is attributed to an editor, or an official (e.g. Secretary), or a body (e.g. a committee or a commission), only that person(s) actually responsible for the work, name, or act, is deemed to be the author [Art. 50]. 一著作物、學名或命名舉動所歸屬的人(一人或多人)[第50條,51條](亦見anonymous條)。基於本規約的意旨,如果一著作物歸於一編者,或一職員(例如祕書),或一團體(例如一個小組或委員會),惟有實際負責該著作物、名稱或命名舉動的人(一人或多人)被視為其著者[第50條] availability (available, a.) 合法性 (1) Of a work: see under work. (2) Of a name: see under name. (3) Of a nomenclatural act: see under act. (1)一著作物:見work條下。(2)一名稱:見name條下。(3)一命名舉動:見act條下。 binomen (pl. binomina) or binominal name 二名式名稱 The combination of two names, the first being a generic name and the second a specific name, that together constitute the scientific name of a species [Art. 5.1]. Any interpolated names [Art. 6] are not counted as components of a binomen. 兩個名稱的組合,第一個是屬名,第二個為種本名,共同構成一個物種的學名[第5條1]。任何插入其間的名稱[第6條]不算作一個二名式名稱的組成部分。 binominal nomenclature 二名式命名法 See under nomenclature. 見nomenclature條下。 Binominal nomenclature, Principle of. 二名式命名原則 See Principle of Binominal Nomenclature. 見Principle of Binominal Nomenclature條。 Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 動物命名法公報 The official periodical of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 國際動物命名法委員會的正式刊物。 case 案例;格 (1) A nomenclatural problem presented to the Commission for a ruling (see Declaration, Direction, Opinion). (2) An inflectional form of nouns and adjectives in grammar, of which the nominative and genitive are used in zoological nomenclature. (1)一項提交委員會裁決的命名問題(見Declaration、Direction、Opinion條)。(2)在文法上有字尾變化的名詞和形容詞;其主格與所有格應用於動物命名法中。 change, mandatory 強制性改變 (1) A change in the spelling of the suffix of a family-group name required by Article 34.1. (2) A change in the ending of a specific or subspecific name required by Article 34.2. (1)應第34條1的要求而改變一個科群名稱的字尾的拼法。(2)應第34條2的要求而改變一個種本名或亞種本名的結尾部分。 Code 規約 (1) An abbreviation of the title International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; (2) a reference to that and other International Codes of taxonomic nomenclature (i.e. those regulating the scientific names used in bacteriology and botany). (1)全名「國際動物命名規約(International Code of Zoological Nomenclature)」的簡稱。(2)一種對動物命名以及其他分類學命名法國際規約(亦即用以規範細菌學與植物學中的學名的規約)的參考資料。 collection 收藏品 An assemblage of specimens compiled and maintained for purposes of study and/or display. 為了研究和/或展示而搜集和保存的一組標本。 collective group 集合群 See under group. 見group條下。 combination 組合 The association of a generic name and a specific name to form the name of a species; or of a generic name with a specific name and a subspecific name to form the name of a subspecies. 一個屬名和一個種本名相聯合而形成一個種的名稱;或一個屬名與一個種本名以及一個亞種本名相聯合而形成一個亞種的名稱。 new combination 新組合 The first combination of a generic name and a previously established species-group name. 一個屬名和一個以前建立的種群名稱的首次組合。 combination of letters, arbitrary 隨意組合字母 A scientific name that was not based by its author on an existing word of a language. 命名者並非根據一種語文現存的字所命定的學名。 conditiona1 權宜性的 (1) Of the proposal of a name or a type fixation: one made with stated reservations [Art. 15.1]. (2) Of the inclusion of a taxon in another taxon at a higher rank: made with stated reservations [Art. 51.3.3]. (1)創用一個名稱或一項模式確定:以明白的限制條件創用者[第15條1]。(2)一個分類單元包含在另一個分類層級較高的分類單元之內:須在明白的限制條件之下者[第15條3.3]。 conserve 保留 To set aside or modify any provision of the Code so as, e.g. (1) to preserve or permit the use of a name as a valid name by removing the obstacles to such use, or (2) to preserve the use of a name in a taxonomic sense that would otherwise be incorrect, or (3) to deem a work to be published or available despite its not satisfying the normal criteria. In each case conservation is by a ruling of the Commission using its plenary power. 拒絕或改變本規約的任何規定,以求,例如(1)排除使用上的障礙,以保留或允許使用一個名稱作為一個有效名稱,或(2)保留一個名稱的使用,否則在分類學的觀感上是不正確的,或者(3)視一著作物為已出版或適用,縱然它並不符合正常的標準條件。在每種情形下,命名法委員會應使用其全權,以裁決此一保留事項。 conserved name 保留的名稱 See under name. 見name條下。 Coordination, Principle of 同等原則 See Principle of Coordination. 見Principle of Coordination cotype 同模式標本 See under type. 見type條下。 date of publication 發表日期 Of a work (and of a contained name and nomenclatural act): the date on which copies of the work become available by purchase or free distribution. If the actual date is not known, the date to be adopted is regulated by the provisions of Article 21.2-7. 一著作物(以及所包含的名稱和命名舉動):可購得或由免費散發而獲得該著作物的複本的日期。如果該著作物的出版日期不詳,可採用第21條2-7所規定的日期。 Declaration 宣告 A provisional amendment to the Code, published by the Commission [Arts. 78.3.2, 80.1]. 由委員會發表的一項對本規約的臨時修正案[第78條3.2,第80條1]。 definition 定義 A statement in words that purports to give those characters which, in combination, uniquely distinguish a taxon [Arts. 12, 13]. 以文字詮釋一個分類單元的特徵,由這些特徵可清楚分辨該分類單元的特異之點[第12條,第13條]。 description 描述 A statement in words of taxonomic characters of a specimen or a taxon [Arts. 12, 13]. 對一個標本或一個分類單元的分類特徵所作的文字說明[第12條,第13條]。 original description 原描述 The description of a nominal taxon when it is established. 建立一個命名分類單元時所做的描述。 designation (designate, v.) 指定 The nomenclatural act of an author or the Commission in fixing, by an express statement, the name-bearing type of a newly or previously established nominal genus, subgenus, species, or subspecies. See also act, fixation, and indication. 一命名者或命名法委員會以明確的敘述,確定一個新建立或以前建立的命名屬、亞屬、種、或亞種的具名模式時所作的命名舉動。亦見act、fixation和indication諸條。 original designation 原指定 The designation of the name-bearing type of a nominal taxon when it is established. [Arts. 68.1, 73.1.1]. 建立一個命名分類單元時的具名模式指定[第68條1,73條1.1]。 subsequent designation 後來指定 The designation of the name-bearing type of a nominal taxon published after the nominal taxon was established [Arts. 69.1, 74, 75]. 一個命名分類單元的具名模式指定,在該命名分類單元已建立之後發表者[第69條1,74條,75條]。 diagnosis 鑑別特徵 A statement in words that purports to give those characters which differentiate the taxon from other taxa with which it is likely to be confused. 一段文字敘述,旨在提供可分辨一個分類單元和其他易於與之混淆的分類單元的特徵。 emendation 修正 (1) Any intentional change in the original spelling of an available name [Art. 33.2.]. (2) An available name formed by intentionally changing the original spelling of an available name. (1)對一適用名稱的原拼法的任何故意改變[第33條2]。(2)故意改變一個適用名稱的原拼法後所形成的一個適用名稱。 justified emendation 正當修正 The correction of an incorrect original spelling [Art. 33.2.2]. 改正一個不正確的原拼法[第33條2.2]。 unjustified emendation 不正當修正 Any emendation other than a justified emendation [Art. 33.2.3]. 不屬於正當修正的任何其他修正[第33條2.3] ending, gender 性屬結尾 (1) The letters at the end of a genus-group name (which must be, or be treated as, a singular noun in the nominative case - Article 11.8) which indicate the gender of the word; see Article 30.2 for the genders indicated by the endings of words not found in Latin or Greek dictionaries. (2) The letters at the end of a Latin or latinized adjectival species-group name which must agree in gender form with the gender of the generic name with which the species-group name is combined (see Article 31.2). (1)一個屬群名稱(該名稱必須是或必須被視為一個主格形式的單數名詞-第11條8)的幾個結尾字母,由此顯示該字的性屬;關於一些不見於拉丁文或希臘文字典中的字的性屬結尾見第30條2。(2)拉丁文或拉丁化形容詞性的種群名稱的結尾字母,其性屬必須與相組合的屬群名稱的性屬相一致(見第31條2)。 ending, genitive 所有格結尾 (1) The letters at the end of a species-group name which, if the name is the genitive case of the name of one or more persons, or a place, host or other entity associated with the taxon, form the genitive case and reflect the gender and number (e.g. -i if of a man, -ae if of a woman, -orum if of men or of men and women together, -arum if of women) [Art. 31.1.2]. (2) The letters at the end of the genitive case of a Latin or Greek generic name which are deleted [Article 29.3] to form a stem, before adding a suffix to form a family-group name. (1)一個種群名稱的結尾字母,如果該名稱為一人或多人姓名的所有格,或為一地點、寄主或其他與該分類單元相結合的實體物,即形成所有格,並且顯示出性屬和數目(例如,若為一男子,字尾為-i,如為女子,字尾為-ae,如為多男或多女共同,字尾為-orum,多女則為-arum)[第31條1.2]。(2)刪除一拉丁文或希臘文屬名的所有格結尾字母[第29條3],以形成一字幹,加上字尾即成為一個科群名稱。 copyist's error 抄寫者之誤 An incorrect spelling made in copying. 因抄錄造成的不成確拼法。 inadvertent error 疏忽性錯誤 An incorrect spelling, such as a lapsus calami, or a copyist's or a printer's error, not intended by the original author [Art. 32.5.1]. 並非原著者有意造成的不正確拼法,如筆誤(lapsus calami)或抄錄者或印刷者的錯誤[第32條5.1]。 printer's error 印刷者的錯誤 An incorrect spelling made in type-setting (often called typographical error). 因排字導致的不正確拼法(通常稱為手民之誤或排印錯誤)。 family (pl. families) 科 (1) A rank within the family group between superfamily and subfamily. (2) A taxon at the rank of family. (1)科群中在首科和亞科之間的一個分類層級。(2)科級的一個分類單元。 family group 科群 In the hierarchy of classification, the highest-ranking group of taxa whose names are fully regulated by the Code. The family group includes taxa at the ranks of superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, and any other rank below superfamily and above the genus group that may be required, such as subtribe [Art. 35.1]. 在分類層系中,其名稱完全受本規約規範的分類單元中層級最高的類群。科群包括首科、科、亞科、族等層級的分類單元,以及需要時在首科之下和屬群之上加入的任何其他層級的分類單元,如亞族[第35條1]。 family name or name of a family 科名 See under name. 見name條下。 First Reviser 首位校訂者 See Reviser, First. 見Revisen First條。 First Reviser, Principle of the 首位校訂者原則 See Principle of the First Reviser. 見Principle of the First Reviser條。 fixation 確定 A general term for the determination of a name-bearing type, whether by original designation or by any other means. See also designation [Arts. 68.1, 69.1, 73-75], monotypy [Arts. 68.3, 69.3] and tautonymy [Arts. 68.4, 68.5]. 於決定一個具名模式時所用的普通術語,不拘其為經由原指定或其他方式。亦見designation條[第68條1,69條1,73.75條],monotypy條[第68條3,69條3],以及tautonymy條[第68條4, 68條5]。 fIxation by eIimination 以汰除法確定 The supposed fixation of a type species by the subsequent transfer of all but one of the originally included nominal species from a genus. Not in itself an available method of type fixation [Art. 69.4; but see Article 69.1.1]. 想像的模式種確定法,是把一個屬中的全部命名種以後移轉而只留下一個命名種,此法本身並非一適用的模式確定方法[第69條4,但仍見第69條1.1]。 form 型 (1) A term that if published after 1960 is deemed to denote infrasubspecific rank but that if published before 1961 is to be interpreted according to Article 45.6.3-4. (2) Those individuals of a species or subspecies differing, in a stated way, from other individuals within the taxon (e.g. larval and adult forms, male and female forms, ecological forms, and seasonal forms). (1)如為1960年以後發表者,此術語視為指亞種以下的層級,如為1961年以前發表,則依第45條634解釋。(2)一個種或亞種中的部分個體,以描述方式指出其有異於該分類單元中的其他個體(例如幼型與成型、雄型與雌型,生態型、和季節型等)。 gender 性屬 Of a genus-group name: a grammatical property (masculine, feminine or neuter) that affects the way in which Latin or latinized adjectival or participial species-group names are to be spelled, since the gender form of such a species-group name must agree with the gender of the generic name with which it is combined. See ending, gender. 一個屬群名稱:一種會影響拉丁文或拉丁化形容詞性或分詞性種群名稱拼法的文法特性(雄性、雌性或中性),因為這樣的種群名稱的性屬形式必須與相組合的屬名的性屬相一致。見ending, gender條。 generic name or genus name or name of a genus 屬名 See under name. 見name條下。 genus (pl. genera) 屬 (1) The rank within the genus group next below the family group and above subgenus. (2) A taxon at the rank of genus. (1)屬群中在科群之下和亞屬之上的分類層級。(2)屬級的一個分類單元。 genus group 屬群 In the hierarchy of classification the group of taxa ranked between the family group and the species group. The genus group includes taxa at the ranks of genus and subgenus [Art. 42.1]. Names for collective groups, and for ichnotaxa established at the genus-group level, are treated as genus-group names [Art. 42.2.1]. 分類層系中,在科群和種群之間的一組分類單元。屬群包含屬級和亞屬級的分類單元[第42條1]。為集合群以及為屬群層級的生跡分類單元(ichnotaxa)建立的名稱,均以屬群名稱對待之[第42條2.l]。 group 群 An assemblage of taxa. See also family group, genus group, and species group. 一個分類單元集團。亦見family group 、genus group和species group諸條。 collective group 集合群 An assemblage of species, or stages of organisms (e.g. eggs or larvae), that cannot be allocated with confidence to nominal genera. Names proposed or used for collective groups are treated as genus-group names but special provisions apply to them (see Article 42.2.1). 是指一群的種,或生物的各個生命階段(例如卵或幼體),而不能確信應置於那一命名屬中。為集合群提議或使用的名稱均以屬群名稱對待之,但是須符合特別的規定[見第42條2.1]。 taxonomic group 分類群 A taxon or assemblage of taxa; e.g. the taxonomic group Insecta consists of all insects and the taxa in which they are classified. See taxonomic field, under field. 一個分類單元或一組分類單元;例如昆蟲綱(Insecta)這個分類群包含全部昆蟲以及被列入的各個分類單元。見taxonomic field條,field條下。 hierarchy, taxonomic 分類層序 A system of classification based on a sequence of taxonomic categories ranked by their increasing levels of inclusiveness - see taxon. 一種以分類層級的排列順序為基礎的分類系統,所涵蓋的層級的範圍逐漸增大。見taxon條。 holotype 正模式標本 See under type. 見type條下。 homonym 異物同名,同名 (1) In the family group: each of two or more available names having the same spelling, or differing only in suffix, and denoting different nominal taxa. (2) In the genus group: each of two or more available names having the same spelling, and denoting different nominal taxa. (3) In the species group: each of two or more available specific or subspecific names having the same spelling, or spellings deemed under Article 58 to be the same, and established for different nominal taxa, and either originally (primary homonymy) or subsequently (secondary homonymy) combined with the same generic name [Art. 53.3]. For examples, see Article 53.1 for family-group names, Article 53.2 for genus-group names, and Article 53.3 for species-group names. (1)在科群中:兩個或多個中的每個適用名稱,其拼法相同或僅字尾不同,各指稱不同的命名分類單元。(2)在屬群中:兩個或多個中的每個適用名稱,其拼法相同而各指稱不同的命名分類單元。(3)在種群中:兩個或多個中的每個適用的種本名或亞種本名,其拼法相同或根據第58條而視為拼法相同,並且各為不同的命名分類單元而建立,而原來(原異物同名關係)或後來(後異物同名關係)與同一屬名相組合[第53條3]。關於科群名稱的實例見第53條1,屬群名稱的實例見第53條2,種群名稱的實例見第53條3。 junior homonym 次異物同名,次同名 Of two homonyms: the later established, or in the case of simultaneous establishment the one not given precedence under Article 24. 兩個異物同名:是指建立較遲的一個,或兩個為同時建立的情況,據第24條為未獲得優先地位的一個。 primary homonym 原異物同名,原同名 Each of two or more identical specific or subspecific names established for different nominal taxa and originally combined with the same generic name [Art. 57.2]. For variant spellings deemed to be identical see Article 58. 為不同的命名分類單元建立的兩個或多個相同的種本名或亞種本名中的每一個,原來與同一屬名相組合[第57條2]。關於拼法不一而視為相同,見第58條。 secondary homonym 後異物同名,後同名 Each of two or more identical specific or subspecific names established for different nominal taxa and originally combined with different generic names but subsequently combined with the same generic name [Art. 57.3]. For variant spellings deemed to be identical see Article 58. 為不同的命名分類單元建立的兩個或多個相同的種本名或亞種本名中的每一個,原來與不同的屬名相組合,而後來則與同一屬名相組合[第57條3]。關於拼法不一而視為相同,見第58條。 senior homonym 首異物同名,首同名 Of two homonyms: the first established, or in the case of simultaneous establishment the one given precedence under Article 24. 兩個異物同名:是指首先建立的一個,或兩個為同時建立的情況,據第24條為獲得優先地位的一個。 homonymy 異物同名關係,同名關係 (1) The relationship between homonyms. (2) The state of being homonymous. (1)異物同名之間的關係。(2)異物同名狀態。 Homonymy, Principle of 異物同名關係原則,同名關係原則 See Principle of Homonymy. 見Principle of Homonymy條。 hybird 雜種 The progeny of two individuals belonging to different taxa. For the treatment of names given to hybrids and to taxa of hybrid origin see Articles 1.3.3, 17, 23.8. 屬於不同分類單元的兩個個體所生產的後代。關於賦予雜種以及源自雜種的分類單元的名稱的對待,見第1條33, 17條,23條8。 hyphen 連字符號 A mark, -, used for punctuation and for joining together. (1) two parts of a compound specific or subspecific name if the first part is a single Latin letter [Art. 32.5.2.4.3], or (2) the first two words of an expression if used to modify a third (e.g. genus-group names, contrasting with names of the genus group). 一種符號,用作標點,或者把(1)一個複合的種本名或亞種本名的兩個部分連接起來,如果第一部分為單一拉丁文字母[第32條5.2.4.3],或(2)把兩個字連接起來,如果該二字的涵意是用來修飾第三個字(例如genus-group names對照於names ofthe genus group)。 incertae sedis 分類地位未定 A Latin term meaning "of uncertain taxonomic position". 一個拉丁文術語,「分類學地位尚未確定」之意。 infraspecific name 種下名稱 See under name. 見name條下。 infrasubspecific 亞種下的 Of a rank, taxon, or name: one at a rank lower than that of a subspecies. Names of infrasubspecific entities (q.v.) are not regulated by the Code [Art. 1.3.4]. 一個層級、分類單元或名稱:其分類層級低於亞種。亞種下的實體(q.v.)的名稱不受本規約的規範[第1條3.4]。 infrasubspecific entity 亞種下實體 (1) Taxa below the rank of subspecies. (2) Specimen(s) within a species differing from other specimens in consequence of intrapopulational variability (e.g. opposite sexes, castes, gynandromorphs and intersexes, aberrant individuals, age and seasonal forms, variants of noninterrupted variability or polymorphism, differing generations). (1)低於亞種級的分類單元。(2)一個種之內的一個或多個標本,因族群內變異的結果(例如性別、職級的不同,雌雄同體或雌雄按合、異常個體、年齡和季節型、不間斷變異或多形體的變異體、不同世代)而與其他標本有差異。 infrasubspecific name 亞種下名稱 See under name. 見name條下。 interpolated name 插入的名稱 See under name. 見name條下。 invalid 無效的 Of an available name or a nomenclatural act: one that is not valid under the Code. 一適用名稱或命名舉動:依本規約的規定為無效者。 kingdom 界 The highest ranked category employed in the taxonomic hierarchy. (Previous editions of the Code referred to a single taxon "Animalia", not widely accepted today, at the rank of kingdom). 應用於分類學層系中層級最高的一級(本規約以前的版本中是指一個單一分類單元,即動物界「Animalia」,屬於界,但現今尚未廣被接受)。 lapsus calami (sing. & pl.) 筆誤 A Latin term meaning "slip (or slips) of the pen", i.e. an error (or errors) made by an author in writing a text, such as a misspelling of a name; contrasted with copyist's or printer's errors [Art. 32.5.1]. 一個拉丁文術語,是指著者撰寫正文時發生的一項或多項錯誤,如名稱的錯誤拼法;與抄寫者或排印者的錯誤不同[第32條5.1]。 lectotype 選模式標本 See under type. 見type條下。 List of Available Names in zoology 動物學中適用名稱目錄 The cumulative term for those parts of the List of Available Names in Zoology which have been adopted by the Commission under Article 79. 一個累積性術語,是指在第79條之下,該目錄中已被委員會採納的部分。 mandatory change 強制性改變 See change, mandatory. 見change, mandatory條。 misapply 誤用 To apply, deliberately or otherwise, a name in a sense which is not correct under the provisions of the Code (e.g. in a manner not in accord with the name-bearing type). 有意地或因其他緣故而應用一個在本規約的規定下為不正確的名稱(例如與具名模式不符合的方式)。 misidentify 錯誤鑑定 To mistakenly attribute a specimen to a particular taxon. 將一個標本鑑定錯誤而歸於一個特別的分類單元。 monotypy 單模式性 The situation arising (1) when an author establishes a nominal genus or subgenus for what he or she considers to be a single taxonomic species and denotes that species by an available name (the nominal species so named is the type-species by monotypy) [Art. 68.3]; or (2) when an author bases a nominal species-group taxon on a single specimen but does not explicitly designate it as holotype (holotype by monotypy; see Article 73.1.2). 此種情況發生於(1)一著者建立一個命名屬或亞屬時,他或她認為是單一的分類學種,並且以一適用名稱指稱該種(如此定名的命名種即為以單模式性定模式種)[第68條3];或(2)一著者根據單一標本建立一個命名種群分類單元時並未明確指定該標本為正模式者(以單模式性定正模式;見第73條12)。 subsequent monotypy 後來單模式性 The situation arising when a nominal genus or subgenus was established before 1931 without any included nominal species, and when only a single taxonomic species denoted by an available name was first subsequently referred to it [Art. 69.3]. 此種情況發生於1931年以前建立而未包含任何命名種在內的命名屬或亞屬,並且在後來以一個適用名稱所指示的單一分類學種歸於該命名屬或亞屬的情形[第69條3]。 multiple original spelling 多種原拼法 See under spelling. 見spelling條下。 name 名稱 (1) (general) A word, or ordered sequence of words, conventionally used to denote and identify a particular entity (e.g. a person, place, object, concept). (2) Equivalent to scientific name (q.v.). (3) An element of the name of a species-group taxon: see generic name, subgeneric name, specific name, subspecific name. (1)(一般的)一個字或一系列按一定順序排列的字,傳統上用以指稱並鑑別一個特別的實體份收日一個人、地點、標的、觀念)。(2)等同於學名(ql)。(3)一個種群分類單元名稱的要素:見generic name ,subgeneric name ,specific name ,subspecific name諸條。 available name 適用名稱 A scientific name applied to an animal taxon that is not excluded under Article 1.3 and that conforms to the provisions of Articles 10 to 20. 應用於一個動物分類單元的學名,在第1條3之下未被排除,且符合第10至第20條的規定者。 binominal name 二名式名稱 See binomen. 見binomen條。 collective-group name 集合群名稱 The name of a collective group (see under group). 一個集合群的名稱(見group條下)。 compound name 複合名稱 See compound. 見compound條。 conserved name 保留的名稱 A name otherwise unavailable or invalid that the Commission, by the use of its plenary power, has enabled to be used as a valid name by removal of the known obstacles to such use (see conserve). 委員會使用其全權,排除所知的一切障礙,使一個在其他方面不適用或無效的名稱,能用作一個有效名稱(見conserve 條)。 excluded name 排除的名稱 A name that under Article l.3 cannot be an available name, or one that has been disclaimed (see Articles 8.2, 8.3). 在第1條3之下,不能成為適用的名稱,或已被否定的名稱(見第8條2,第8條3)。 family name or name of a family 科名 A scientific name of a taxon at the rank of family. Such names have the suffix -IDAE. 一個屬於科級分類單元的學名,這類名稱有-IDAE字尾。 family-group name 科群名稱 A scientific name of any taxon of the family group. genus--group name 屬群名稱 A scientific name of any genus or subgenus, including names for collective groups and for ichnotaxa at the genus-group level. 任何屬或亞屬的學名,包括為集合群以及屬級的生跡分類單元所定的名稱。 inappropriate name 不適當名稱 A name that denotes a character, a quality, or an origin not possessed by the taxon bearing that name. 一個名稱所指示的特徵、性質或源起,並非為具有該名稱的命名分類單元所具備者。 infraspecific name 種下名稱 A general term for any name below the rank of species. The term includes subspecific and infrasubspecific names. 一個普通術語,指稱種級以下的任何名稱。此術語涵蓋亞種名稱和亞種下的名稱。 infrasubspecific name 亞種下名稱 A name applied to an infrasubspecific entity. 應用於一個亞種以下的實體的名稱。 interpolated name 插入的名稱 A name placed within parentheses (1) after a generic name to denote a subgenus, (2) after a genus-group name to denote an aggregate of species, or (3) after a specific name to denote an aggregate of subspecies [Art. 6]. Names used in this way are not counted as one of the names in a binomen or trinomen. 一個置於圓括弧內的名稱(1)隨於一個屬名之後以指示一個亞屬,(2)隨於一個屬群名稱之後以指示一群的種,或(3)隨於一個種本名之後以指示一群亞種[第6條]。名稱的這種應用方式不算做二名式或三名式中的名稱之一。 invalid name 無效名稱) An available name which either (1) is objectively invalid (i.e. it is a junior homonym or a junior objective synonym of a potentially valid name, or must be rejected under the provisions of the Code, or has been suppressed by the Commission), or (2) is subjectively invalid (because it is considered subjectively to be a junior synonym or to be inapplicable to a particular taxonomic taxon). 一個適用名稱,如為(1)客觀地無效(亦即一個次異物同名,或一個可能有效名稱的次客觀同物異名,或為一個在本規約規定下必須被摒棄或已被委員會禁制的名稱),或(2)主觀地無效(因為在主觀上認為是一個次同物異名,或不能應用於一個特別的分類學分類單元者)。 new replacement name (nomen novum) 新替代名稱 (新名) A name established expressly to replace an already established name. A nominal taxon denoted by a new replacement name (nomen novum) has the same name-bearing type as the nominal taxon denoted by the replaced name [Arts. 67.8, 72.7]. See emendation, substitute name. 特意建立一個名稱,用以取代一個早已建立的名稱。一個由新替代名稱(新名稱)指示的命名分類單元,具有與被替代名稱所指示的命名分類單元同一個具名模式[第67條8,第72條7]。見emendation, substitute name諸條。 new scientific name 新學名 A scientific name, available or unavailable, when first proposed for a taxon. 為一個分類單元首次創用的學名,不拘適用或不適用。 potentially valid name 可能的有效名稱 An available name which is not objectively invalid. 一個並非客觀上無效的適用名稱。 rejected name 被摒棄的名稱 (1) A name which, under the provisions of the Code, cannot be used as a valid name and which is set aside in favour of another name. (2) A name which, as a matter of taxonomic judgment, is either treated as a junior subjective synonym (q.v.) of a name used as valid or is believed not to be applicable to the taxon under consideration. (1)一個在本規約規定下不能被用作一有效名稱,以及為了支持另一名稱而予以拒斥的名稱。(2)一個名稱,經分類學上判斷而以一個用作有效的名稱的次主觀同物異名對待(q.v.),或被認為不宜施用於該考慮中的分類單元者。 replacement name 取代名 See new replacement name (nomen novum) and substitute name. 見new replacement name (nomen novum)和substitute name條。 scientific name 學名 Of a taxon: a name that conforms to Article 1, as opposed to a vernacular name. The scientific name of a taxon at any rank above the species group consists of one name; that of a species, two names (a binomen); and that of a subspecies, three names (a trinomen) [Arts. 4 and 5]. A scientific name is not necessarily available. 一個分類單元:相對於土俗名而言,是指一個符合本規約第1條的名稱。在種群以上的任何分類層級,其學名由一個名稱構成;一個種的名稱,由兩個名稱構成(二名式名稱);一個亞種的名稱,由三個名稱構成(三名式名稱)[第4條和第5條]。一個學名並非一定適用。 species name or name of a species 種名 A scientific name of a taxon at the rank of species. A binomen, the combination of a generic name and a specific name (an interpolated name, such as a subgeneric name or an interpolated species-group name [Art. 6], when used, is not counted as one of the names in a binomen). 即一個種級分類單元的學名。一個由一個屬名和一個種本名組成的二名式名稱(當使用一個插入的名稱,如一個亞屬名,或一個插入的種群名稱[第6條],均不算作二名式名稿中的名稱之一)。 species-group name 種群名稱 A specific name or a subspecific name. 即一個種本名或一個亞種本名。 specific name 種小名 The second name in a binomen and in a trinomen [Art. 5]. 即一個二名式名稱或三名式名稱中的第二個名稱[第5條]。 subfamily name or name of a subfamily 亞科名 A scientific name of taxon at the rank of subfamily. Such names have the suffix -INAE. 即一個亞科級分類單元的學名,這類名稱具有一INAE字尾。 subgeneric name or subgenus name or name of a subgenus 亞屬名 A scientific name of a taxon at the rank of subgenus. 即一個亞屬級分類單元的學名。 subspecies name or name of a subspecies 亞種名 (1) A scientific name of a taxon at the rank of subspecies. (2) A trinomen, the combination of a generic name, a specific name, and a subspecific name (an interpolated name, such as a subgeneric name or an interpolated species-group name [Art. 6] is not counted as one of the names in a trinomen). (1)一個亞種級分類單元的學名。(2)一個三名式名稱,由一個屬名,一個種本名,和一個亞種本名組成(一個插入的名稱,如一個亞屬名或一個插入的種群名稱[第6條],均不算作三名式名稱中的名稱之一)。 subspeciac name 亞種小名 The third name in a trinomen [Art. 5.2]. 即三名式名稱的第三個名稱[第5條2]。 substitute name 置換名 Any available name, whether new or not, used to replace an older available name. See emendation, new replacement name (nomen novum), synonym. 以任何適用名稱,不拘其是否為新名稱,來取代一個較早的適用名稱。見emendation ,new replacement name (nomen novwn),synonym諸條。 subtribe name or name ofa subtribe 亞族名 A scientific name of a taxon at the rank of subtribe. Such names have the suffix -INA. 一個亞族級分類單元的學名,這類名稱具有一INA字尾。 superfamily name or name of a superfamily 首科名 A scientific name of a taxon at the rank of superfamily. Such names have the suffix -OIDEA. 一個首科級分類單元的學名,這類名稱具有一OIDEA字尾。 suppressed name 壓制名 See suppression. 見suppression條。 tautonymous name 重覆名 See tautonymy. 見tautonymy條。 tribe name or name of a tribe 族名 The scientific name of a taxon at the rank of tribe. Such names have the suffix -INI. 一個族級分類單元的學名,這類名稱具有一INI字尾。 trinominal name 三名式名稱 See trinomen. 見trinomen條。 unavailable name 不適用名稱 A scientific name that does not conform to Articles 10 to 20, or that is an excluded name under Article 1.3. 一個不符合本規約第10至第20條各項規定的學名,或為在第1條3的規定之下被排除在外的名稱。 uninominal name 單名式名稱 A scientific name consisting of one word and used for a taxon of higher rank than the species group [Art. 4.1]. 由一個字構成的學名,用於分類層級較種群高的分類單元[第4條1]。 valid name 有效名稱 The correct name for a taxonomic taxon, i.e. the oldest potentially valid name of a name-bearing type which falls within an author's concept of the taxon (but see under Principle of Priority). 對某一分類學分類單元為正確的名稱,亦即在一著者對該分類單元的觀念中,是一個具名模式的可能最早的有效名稱(但亦見Principle of Priority條下)。 vernacular name 土俗名稱 A name of an animal or animals in a language used for general purposes as opposed to a name proposed only for zoological nomenclature. 為一般目的所使用的語文,對一個動物或一群動物使用的名稱,與僅為了動物命名法而創用的名稱不同。 zoological name 動物學名稱 The scientific name of an animal taxon in binominal nomenclature. 即在二名式命名法中的一個動物分類單元的學名。 name-bearing type 具名模式 See under type. 見type條下。 neotype 新模式 See under type. 見type條下。 nomen dubium (pl. nomina dubia) 可疑名 A Latin term meaning "a name of unknown or doubtful application". 一個拉丁文術語,意即“一個不確知或用法可疑的名稱"。 Nomen novum (pl. nomina nova) 新名 A Latin term equivalent to "new replacement name". 一個拉丁文術語,等同於“新替代名稱"。 nomen nudum (pl. nomina nuda) 無資格名稱 A Latin term referring to a name that, if published before 1931, fails to conform to Article 12; or, if published after 1930, fails to conform to Article 13. A nomen nudum is not an available name, and therefore the same name may be made available later for the same or a different concept; in such a case it would take authorship and date [Arts. 50, 21] from that act of establishment, not from any earlier publication as a nomen nudum. 一個拉丁文術語,是指在1931年以前發表的不符合第12條的名稱;或者於1930年以後發表的不符合第13條的名稱。一個無資格名稱不是適用名稱,因此基於同一觀念或不同觀念,以後可使該名稱成為適用;在此情形下,可自建立該名稱的舉動取得命名者身份和命名日期[第50條,第21條],而非自任何較早發表的一個無資格名稱。 nomen oblitum (pl. nomina oblita) 被遺忘名 A Latin term (meaning "forgotten name") applied after 1 January 2000 to a name, unused since 1899, which as a result of an action taken under Article 23.9.2 does not take precedence over a younger synonym or homonym in prevailing usage; the younger name which takes precedence over the nomen oblitum may be called a nomen protectum (q.v.). The term nomen oblitum was also applied to a disused senior synonym rejected between 6 November 1961 and 1 January 1973 under Article 23b of the Code editions then in force (see Article 23.12.2). Nomina oblita remain available names; see Articles 23.9 and 23.12 for conditions controlling their use as valid names. 一個拉丁文術語,自2000年1月1日之後,施用於自1899以來未被使用的名稱在第23條92之下採取的舉動,該名稱不能較一個盛行使用而較新的同物異名或異物同名擁有優先地位;擁有優先地位的較新名稱可稱為受保護名稱(numen protectum)(q.v.)。被遺忘名稱這個術語也施用於已在1961年11月6日至1973年1月1日之間在本規約該時版本的第23條b之下被摒棄且隨即生效(見第23條12.2)而已被棄用的首同物異名。被遺忘名稱仍為適用名稱;見第23條9和第23條12關於限制其用作有效名稱的條件。 nomen protectum 受保護名 A Latin term (meaning "protected name") applied to a name which has been given precedence over its unused senior synonym or senior homonym relegated to the status of nomen oblitum (q.v., and see Article 23.9.2). 一個拉丁文術語,應用於一個名稱,賦予的地位優先於未被使用且已被貶為被遺忘名稱的首同物異名或首異物同名(q.v.,亦見第23條9.2)。 nomenclatural 命名的, 命名法 Relating to nomenclature. 即與命名法有關的。 nomenclatural act 命名舉動 See act, nomenclatural. 見act, nomenclatural條。 nomenclatural status 命名地位 Of a name, nomenclatural act or work: its standing in nomenclature (i.e. its availability or otherwise, and in the case of a name its spelling, the typification of the nominal taxon it denotes, and its precedence relative to other names). 一個名稱、命名舉動或著作物:在命名法上的地位(亦即其適用性或其他方面,就一名稱而言,其拼法所指示的命名分類單元的模式確定,以及相對於其他名稱的優先地位)。 nomenclature 命名法 A system of names, and provisions for their formation and use. 一種有關名稱的條文體系,並包括其如何形成和使用的條文。 binominal nomenclature 二名式命名法 The system of nomenclature in which a species, but no taxon of any other rank, is denoted by a combination of two names (a binomen, q.v.). 一種命名體系,規定一個種是由兩個名稱的組合(一個二名式名稱, q.v.)來指示,而無任何其他層級的分類單元使用此二名式。 zoological nomenclature 動物學命名法 The system of scientific names for animal taxa and the provisions for the formation, treatment, and use of those names. 一種關於動物分類單元的學名體系,其條文規範這些名稱的形成、對待、和利用。 nominal taxon(e.g. nominal family-group taxon; nominal genus) 命名分類單元 See under taxon. 見taxon條下。 nominate 命名的 A term used in previous editions of the Code for nominotypical. 用於本規約以前各版本中的術語,為nominotypical之意。 nominotypical taxon 命名模式分類單元 See under taxon. 見taxon條下。 noun phrase 名詞子句 A compound word consisting of a noun combined with another noun or modifying adjective, the compound being treated as a noun in apposition; if the adjective is the final element in a species-group name, its ending is determined by the gender of the noun it modifies (and not by that of the generic name with which the species-group name is combined). For examples, see Article 31.2.1. 一個名詞與另一名詞或修飾性形容詞組成的複合字,這種複合字以同位名詞對待;如果該形容詞為一個種群名稱的最後部份,其結尾由所修飾的名詞的性屬來決定(並非由與該種群名稱相組合的屬名的性屬來決定)。實例見第31條2.1。 objective 客觀的 Demonstrably true, not a matter of individual opinion; for contrast with subjective. 可證明的真實,與個人看法無關;與主觀的(subjective)意義相反。 offprint 選印本 See under separate. 見separate條下。 Opinion 主張 A formal publication by the Commission containing a ruling that applies, interprets, or suspends provisions of the Code in a case affecting one or more stated names, nomenclatural acts or works. An Opinion states how the Code is to be applied or interpreted, or the course to be followed, in the particular case [Art. 80.2-5]. 委員會的一項正式公告,其中含有會影響到一個或多個指明的名稱、命名舉動、或著作物的案例,對本規約各條文的施用、解釋或暫停實施所作出的裁決。一項主張說明本規約在特殊案例下,如何施用或解釋,或應遵循的方針[第80條2.5] original publication 原出版物 See under publication. 見publication條。 originally included nominal species 原來包含的命名種 Of a nominal genus-group taxon: the nominal species deemed to be originally included under Article 67.2. 一個命名屬群分類單元:在第67條2之下被視為原來包含在內的命名種。 paralectotype 副選模式標本 See under type. 見type條下。 paratype 副模式標本 See under type. 見type條下。 plenary power 全權 The power of the Commission to suspend or modify the application of Articles 1 to 76 of the Code in the way which it considers necessary to serve the interests of stability and universality of nomenclature in a particular case. See Articles 78 and 81. 在一特殊案例下,為慮及命名法的穩定性和普遍性的需要,委員會得暫停或改變本規約第1至第76條的施用的權力稱之。見第78條和第81條。 precedence 優先 The order of seniority of available names or nomenclatural acts determined (1) by application of the Principle of Priority as specified in Article 23, or (2), in the case of simultaneously published names or acts, as specified in Article 24, or (3) by a ruling of the Commission using its plenary power. 適用名稱或命名舉動的年資順序的決定(1)施用優先權原則,如第23條所載明者,或(2)在同時發表的名稱或舉動的情況,如第24條所指明者,或(3)由命名法委員會使用其全權予以裁決。 prefix (pl. prefixes) 字首 A letter or group of letters attached before the basic part of a word and usually used only in forming derived words and not as a separate word. See also compound and suffix. 附接於一個字的基本部分之前的一個字母或一組字母,通常只用來形成轉生字,不作為一個分開的字。亦見compound,suffix諸條。 primary homonym 原異物同名 See under homonym. 見homonym條下。 Principle of Binominal Nomenclature 二名式命名原則 The principle that the scientific name of a species, and not of a taxon at any other rank, is a combination of two names (a binomen, q.v.); the use of a trinomen (q.v.) for the name of a subspecies and of uninominal names for taxa above the species group is in accord with the Principle. See Articles 5, 11.4. 是指一個種的學名(非指任何其他分類層級的分類單元),是由兩個字組合(二名式名稱, q.v.)的原則;對一個亞種使用三名式名稱(q.v.),以及用於種群以上各分類單元的單名式名稱,均符合本原則。見第5條,第11條4。 Principle of Coordination 同等原則 The principle that within the family group, genus group or species group a name established for a taxon at any rank in the group is deemed to be simultaneously established with the same author and date for taxa based on the same name-bearing type at other ranks in the group [Arts. 36, 43, 46]. 此原則是指在科群、屬群或種群之內,為該群中任何層級的一個分類單元建立名稱時,視之為同時基於同一具名模式,為該群中的任何其他層級的分類單元,以同一命名者和命名日期建立名稱(第36條,43條,46條) Principle of the First Reviser 首位校訂者原則 The principle that the relative precedence of two or more names or nomenclatural acts published on the same date, or of different original spellings of the same name, is determined by the First Reviser [Art. 24.2]. 此原則是指在同一日期發表的兩個或多個名稱或命名舉動,或同一名稱的幾個不同的原拼法,其相對優先地位由首位校訂者決定[第24條2]。 Principle of Homonymy 異物同名關係原則 The principle that the name of each taxon must be unique. Consequently a name that is a junior homonym of another name must not be used as a valid name [Art. 52]. 此原則是指每個分類單元的名稱必須是獨特的。因此,如果一個名稱是另一個名稱的次異物同名,該名稱不可用作一個有效名稱[第52條]。 Principle of Priority 優先權原則 The principle that the valid name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied to it (taking into consideration the other provisions of Article 23), provided that the name is not invalidated by any provision of the Code or by any ruling by the Commission [Art. 23]. 此原則是指一個分類單元的有效名稱,是應用於該分類單元的最早的一個適用名稱(須慮及第23條的其他規定),惟該名稱須未因本規約的其他規定或委員會的任何裁決而失效[第23條]。 Principle of Typification 模式化原則 The principle that each nominal taxon in the family group, genus group or species group has, actually or potentially, a name-bearing type fixed to provide the objective standard of reference by which the application of the name is determined [Art. 61] (see typification). 此原則是指在科群、屬群或種群中的每個命名分類單元,實際上或可能擁有一個確定的具名模式,以作為決定該名稱的應用時的客觀參考標準[第61條](見typification條)。 priority, of a name or nomenclatural act 一名稱或命名舉動的優先權 Seniority fixed by the date of availability. 即由其適用性的日期來確定年資。 Priority, Principle of 優先權原則 See Principle of Priority. 見Principle of Priority條。 proposa1 創用、提議 (1) An action, whether successful or unsuccessful, to establish a nominal taxon or name or to carry out a nomenclatural act (q.v.). (2) An application to the Commission under Article 79 for the adoption of a Part of the List of Available Names in Zoology. (1)建立一個命名分類單元或名稱,或完成一項命名舉動(q.v.)的行為,不論其成功與否。(2)在第79條之下向委員會申請,以求採納為動物學中適用名稱目錄的一部分。 conditional proposal 附條件的創用 See conditional. 見conditional條。 publication 出版物、出版、發表 (1) Any published work. (2) The issuing of a work conforming to Articles 8 and 9. (1)任何已經出版的著作物。(2)符合第8條和第9條的著作物的刊行。 original publication 原發表物,原出版物 (1) The work in which a name or nomenclatural act was first published. (2) Of a name or nomenclatural act: publication for the first time. 1)含有首次發表的名稱或命名舉動的著作物。(2)一名稱或命名舉動:首次發表者。 rank 層級 The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily). The ranks of the family group, the genus group, and the species group at which nominal taxa may be established are stated in Articles 10.3, 10.4, 35.1, 42.1 and 45.1. 是指基於命名法的意旨,一個分類單元在分類層系中的位階(例如基於命名法的意旨,所有的科屬於同一層級,該層級介於首科和亞科之間。關於在科群、屬群和種群中可建立命名分類單元的各個層級,見第10條3,10條4,35條1,42條l和45條1中的說明。 Recommendation 建議 An advisory statement in an Article of the Code. Recommendations are denoted by the number of the Article, are not mandatory and are distinguished from the mandatory provisions by a capital letter following the number of the Article (thus, Recommendation 40A). 在本規約的正式條文中的勸告性說明。建議是依條文的號序來指示,並非強制性。在條文號序之後隨附一個大寫字母,以與強制性的條文相區別(如建議40A)。 reinstate 恢復,復原位 With reference to a name previously rejected as being a junior secondary homonym: to treat it as a valid name if the conditions of Article 59.4 are met. 關於一個以前因後次異物同名而被摒棄的名稱:如果符合第54條4的各項條件,即以有效名稱對待之。 reject 摒棄 To set aside, in accord with the provisions of the Code and, in the case of a name, taxonomic judgement, (1) a work for the purposes of zoological nomenclature, or (2) a name in favour of another name. See rejected name, rejected work, suppression. 為了符合本規約的規定,以及就一名稱而言而符合分類學上的判斷,拒斥(1)一著作物,以維護動物命名法的意旨,或(2)一個名稱,以支持另一名稱。見rejected name,rejected work,suppression諸條。 rejected work 被摒棄的著作物 See under work. 見work條下。 replacement name 替代名稱 See under name. 見name條下。 reprint 複印本 For the purposes of the Code, the same as a separate (q.v.). 依本規約的意旨,與separate(q.v.)同義。 Reviser, First 首位校訂者 The first author to cite names (including different original spellings of the same name) or nomenclatural acts published on the same date and to select one of them to have precedence over the other(s). See Article 24. 第一位在後來引用同一日期所發表的幾個名稱(包括同一名稱的幾個不同原拼法)或命名舉動,並且選定其一賦予較其他名稱優先地位的著者。見第24條。 rules (sing. rule) 條文 The Articles of the Code but not titles, Recommendations, and Examples. The rules are mandatory. A term equivalent to provisions. 本規約的條文,但並非其標題、建議和實例。條文是強制性的。一個與provision等同的術語。 ruling by the Commission 委員會的裁定 A decision by the Commission published in an Opinion [Art. 80.2], Declaration [Art. 80.1], or Direction (a term formerly, but not now, used in the Code). 委員會在一項主張[第80條2]、宣告[第80條l]或指示(一個以前於本規約中使用,現已不用的術語)中發表的決定。 scientific name 學名 See under name. 見name條下。 secondary homonym 後異物同名 See under homonym. 見homonym條下。 sensu 據瞭解 A Latin term meaning "in the sense of". Often used to refer to the usage of a name by a (cited) author in a sense different from that of the original author or some other previous author. See also auctorum. 一個拉丁文術語,意為“in the sense of"(就(某人)的見解而言)。通常用來指示一位被引證的著者對一個名稱的用法,從某種意義看有異於原著者或某位其他以前的著者。亦見auctorum條。 sensu lato (s. lat., 或s. l.) 廣義的 A Latin term meaning "in the wide sense". Contrast with sensu stricto (s. str.). 一個拉丁文術語,意義與sensu stricto相反。 sensu stricto (s. str., 或s. s.) 狹義的 A Latin term meaning "in the strict sense". Often used in conjunction with a name when referring to the nominal taxon in the narrow sense of its subordinate nominotypical taxon (contrast with sensu lato (s. lat.)). 一個拉丁文術語,意為“從較狹的方面看",通常與一個名稱共同應用,於論及命名分類單元在狹義上是其附屬命名模式分類單元之時(與sensu lato意義相反)。 species, (sing.& pl.) 種 (1) The rank next below the genus group; the basic rank of zoological classification. (2) A taxon at the rank of species. (1)在屬群之下的分類層級;動物分類的基本分類單元。(2)一個種級的分類單元。 species group 種群 In the zoological classification, the lowest-ranking group of taxa the names of which are regulated by the Code. The species group includes all taxa at the ranks of species and subspecies [Art. 45.1]. 在動物分類中,其名稱受本規約規範而分類層級最低的分類單元群。種群包含種級和亞種級的所有分類單元[第45條1]。 species inquirenda (pl. species inquirendae) 未確定種 A Latin term meaning a species of doubtful identity needing further investigation. 一個拉丁文術語,意為一個身分可疑而須再加研究的種。 specimen 標本 An example of an animal, or a fossil or work of an animal, or of a part of these. See Article 72.5 for the kinds of specimen eligible to be name-bearing types of nominal species-group nominal taxa. 一個動物的樣本,或一個化石或動物活動致成物的樣本,或其一部分的樣本。關於合格作為命名種群命名分類單元的具名模式的標本種類,見第72條5。 spelling 拼法 The choice and arrangement of the letters that form a word. 選取字母加以排列而形成一字之謂。 correct original spelling 正確原拼法 The spelling of an available name when it is established, unless it is demonstrably incorrect under Article 32.5. 一個適用名稱於建立之時的拼法,除非據第32條5而證明其為不正確。 incorrect original spelling 不正確原拼法 An original spelling that is incorrect [Arts. 32.4 and 32.5]. 一個拼法不正確的原拼法[第32條4和32條5]。 incorrect subsequent spelling 不正確後來拼法 Any change in the spelling of an available name other than a mandatory change or an emendation [Art. 33.3]. 除了強制性的改變或一項修正之外,對一適用名稱的拼法所作的任何改變均稱之[第33條3]。 multiple original spellings 多種原拼法 Two or more different original spellings for the same name [Art. 32.2.1]. 同一名稱有兩種或多種不同的原拼法之謂[第32條2.1]。 original spelling 原拼法 The spelling or one of the spellings of a name employed when it is established [Arts. 32.1, 32.2.1]. 一個名稱於建立之時所採用的拼法或拼法之一[第32條1,32條2.1]。 subsequent spelling 後來拼法 Any spelling of an available name other than an original spelling [Art. 33]. 一個適用名稱的原拼法之外的任何拼法[第33條]。 variant spellings 不同拼法 Different spellings of specific or subspecific names that are deemed to be identical for the purposes of the Principle of Homonymy [Art. 58]. 是指種本名或亞種本名的幾個不同拼法,基於異物同名關係原則而被視為相同[第58條]。 stem (of a name) 名稱的字幹 For the purposes of the Code, (1) that part (or the whole) of the name of the type genus to which is added a family-group suffix (see Article 29), or (2) that part of a name to which is added a genitive ending (q.v.) when forming a species-group name which is a noun in the genitive case [Art. 31.1.2]. 基於本規約的意旨,是指(1)模式屬名稱的一部分(或其全部),一個科群字尾加於其後(見第29條),或(2)一個名稱的一部分,當形成一個種群名稱時,加上一個所有格結尾(q.v.),使其成為一個所有格名詞[第31條1.2]。 subfamily (pl. subfamilies) 亞科 (1) A family-group rank below family. (2) A taxon at the rank of subfamily. (1)在科之下的一個科群層級。(2)一個亞科級的分類單元。 subgenus (pl. subgenera) 亞屬 (1) The genus-group rank below genus. (2) A taxon at the rank of subgenus. (1)在屬之下的屬群層級。(2)一個亞屬級的分類單元。 subjective 主觀的 Depending on judgement, a matter of individual opinion; for contrast with objective. See subjective synonym, under synonym. 根據個人看法的判斷;與客觀的(objective)意義相反。見subjective synonym條,synonym條下。 subspecies (sing.& pl.) 亞種 (1) The species-group rank below species; the lowest rank at which names are regulated by the Code. (2) A taxon at the rank of subspecies. (1)在種之下的種群層級,其名稱受本規約規範的最低分類層級。(2)一個亞種級的分類單元。 subtribe 亞族 (1) A family-group rank below tribe. (2) A taxon at the rank of subtribe. Names of subtribes have the suffix -INA. (1)在族之下的一個科群層級。(2)一個亞族級的分類單元。亞族名稱以一則A為字尾。 suffix (pl. suffixes) 字尾 A letter or group of letters (1) added to the stem of a word, such as -IDAE in family names, -INAE in subfamily names [Art. 29.2]; or (2) forming a Latin suffix such as -ella or -istes [Art. 30] in some generic names [Art. 30.2]. See compound, ending and prefix. 一個字母或一組字母而(1)加於一字的字幹上,如科名的一IDAE,亞科名的一INAE[第29條2],或(2)形成一個拉丁字尾,像某些屬名[第30條2]的-ella或-istes[第30條]。見compound, ending和prefix諸條。 superfamily (pl.superfamilies) 總科 families have the suffix -OIDEA." (1)一個在科之上的科群層級;其名稱受本規約規範的最高分類層級。(2)一個首科級的分類單元。首科名以一OIDEA為字尾。 suppression (suppress, v.) 禁制 A ruling by the Commission, using its plenary power, (1) that a work is to be deemed, for nomenclatural purposes, as unpublished, or that names and acts in it are not available; or (2) that an available name is never to be used as valid because (a) it is available only for the purpose of homonymy ("partial suppression") or (b) it is not available for the purposes of priority and homonymy ("total suppression"; but a totally suppressed species-group name may still denote the type species of a nominal genus or subgenus [Art. 81.2.1]); or (3) that an available name is only to be used as valid under stated conditions (e.g. when not considered a synonym of a particular later name) ("conditional suppression"). 委員會使用其全權,以裁決(1)基於命名法的意冒,一著作物為未出版,或其中的名稱和舉動為不適用;或(2)一個適用名稱永不得作為一個有效名稱,因為(a)該名稱僅基於異物同名的意旨時始稱適用(“部分禁制"),或(b)基於優先權和異物同名關係的意旨而不適用(“完全禁制";但是一個被完全禁制的種群名稱仍可指示一個命名屬或亞屬的模式種[第81條2.1]);或(3)一個適用名稱僅在申明的條件下用作有效名稱(例如在不被認為是一個特別的較後名稱的同物異名時)(“附條件地禁制")。 suprageneric 高於屬的 Of a taxon: one at a rank higher than genus. 一個分類單元:其分類層級較屬為高者。 synonym 同物異名 Each of two or more names of the same rank used to denote the same taxonomic taxon. 用以指示同層級的同一分類學分類單元的兩個或多個名稱的每一個。 junior synonym 次同物異名 Of two synonyms: the later established, or in the case of simultaneous establishment that not given precedence under Article 24. See also Article 23.9. 兩個同物異名:較後建立的一個,或為同時建立而在第24條之下未獲得優先地位的一個。亦見第23條9。 objective synonym 客觀同物異名 Each of two or more synonyms that denote nominal taxa with the same name-bearing type, or (in the cases of family-group and genus-group taxa) that denote nominal taxa with name-bearing types whose own names are themselves objectively synonymous. 兩個或多個同物異名的每一個,其指示的命名分類單元具同一具名模式,或者(在科群和屬群分類單元的案例)由所指示的命名分類單元的其名模式本身的幾個名稱即顯示為客觀同物異名。 senior synonym 首同物異名 Of two synonyms: the earlier established, or in the case of simultaneous establishment that given precedence under Article 24. See also Article 23.9. 兩個同物異名:較早建立的一個,或為同時建立而在第24條之下獲得優先地位的一個。亦見第23條9。 subjective synonym 主觀同物異名 Each of two or more names whose synonymy is only a matter of individual opinion, i.e. it is not objective. See also Article 61.3.1. 兩個或多個同物異名的每一個,其同物異名關係僅為個人的觀點,亦即並非主觀的。亦見第61條3.1。 syntype 總模式 See under type. 見type條下。 tautonymy (tautonymous, a.) 重名關係,重名的 The use of the same word for the name of a genus-group taxon and for the species-group name of one of its included species and/or subspecies. 以同樣的字用於一個屬群分類單元的名稱,和所包含的種和/或亞種之一的種群名稱。 absolute tautonymy 絕對重名關係 The identical spelling of a generic or subgeneric name and the specific or subspecific name of one of its originally included nominal species or subspecies [Arts. 18, 68.4]. 一個屬名或亞屬名,與其原同之謂[第18條,68條4]。 Linnaean tautonymy 林奈氏重名關係 The identical spelling of a new generic or subgeneric name established before 1931 and a pre-1758 name cited as a synonym of only one of the species or subspecies originally included in that genus [Art. 68.5]. 一個在1931年以前建立的新屬名或新亞屬名的拼法,與一個1758年以前的名稱的拼法相同,後者僅被引證為該屬原來包含的命名種或亞種之一的同物異名[第68條5]。 virtual tautonymy 實質重名關係 The nearly identical spelling, or the same origin or meaning, of a generic or subgeneric name and the specific or subspecific name in a binomen or trinomen. Not a term regulated by the Code [but see Recommendation 69A.2]. 一個二名式或三名式名稱的屬名或亞屬名的拼法,和種本名或亞種本名的拼法幾乎相同,或具有相同的源起或意義。一個不受本規約規範的術語[但見建議69A.2]。 taxon (pl. taxa) 分類單元 A taxonomic unit, whether named or not: i.e. a population, or group of populations of organisms which are usually inferred to be phylogenetically related and which have characters in common which differentiate (q.v.) the unit (e.g. a geographic population, a genus, a family, an order) from other such units. A taxon encompasses all included taxa of lower rank (q.v.) and individual organisms. The Code fully regulates the names of taxa only between and including the ranks of superfamily and subspecies. 一個分類學的單位,不論是否已被定名:亦即一個生物族群,或一群生物族群,通常推斷其在種族演化上彼此相關,並且具有足以辨別(q.v.)該單位(例如一個地理族群、一個屬、一個科、一個目)與其他此類單位相異的共同特徵。完全受本規約規範的分類單元的名稱只包含首科和亞種之間 infrasubspecific taxon 亞種下分類單元 A taxon at lower rank than that of subspecies. The names of such taxa are not regulated by the Code. 一個分類層級低於亞種的分類單元。這類分類單元的名稱不受本規約規範。 nominal taxon 命名分類單元 A concept of a taxon which is denoted by an available name (e.g. Mollusca, Diptera, Bovidae, Papilio, Homo sapiens). Each nominal taxon in the family, genus or species groups is based on a name-bearing type (although in the latter two groups such a type may not have been actually fixed). 一種以一個適用名稱指示一個分類單元的觀念(例如軟體動物門,雙翅目,牛科,鳳蝶屬,智人)。科群,屬群或種群中的每個命名分類單元均基於一個具名模式(雖然後二群的真名模式可能並未真正確定)。 nominotypical taxon 命名模式分類單元 The nominal taxon at a subordinate rank within the family group, the genus group, or the species group that contains the name-bearing type of a divided taxonomic taxon of that group. See Articles 37, 44 and 47. 是指科群、屬群或種群中的附屬層級的命名分類單元,而含有該類群的一個可再分的分類學分類單元的其名模式。見第37條,44條,和47條。 subordinate taxon 附屬分類單元 A taxon at a lower rank than the taxon of the same coordinate group with which it is compared. 相較於同等類群的分類單元,一個分類層級較低的分類單元。 taxonomic taxon 分類學分類單元 A taxon (e.g. family, genus, species) including whatever nominal taxa and individuals a zoologist at any time considers it to contain in his or her endeavour to define the boundaries of a zoological taxon (q.v.). A taxonomic taxon is denoted by the valid name determined from the available names of its included nominal taxa. 一個包含任何命名分類單元和個體的分類單元(例如科,屬,種),這是一位動物學家在他(她)致力於定義一個動物學分類單元(q.v.)的界限的過程中會時時慮及者。一個分類學分類單元由它所包含的命名分類單元的適用名稱所決定的有效名稱來指示。 taxonomy (taxonomic a.) 分類學,分類學的 The theory and practice of classifying organisms. See taxonomic information, taxonomic taxon. 研討生物的分類理論和實務的學科。見taxonomic information ,taxonomic taxon諸條。 tribe 族 (1) A family-group rank below subfamily. (2) A taxon at the rank of tribe. Names of tribes have the suffix -INI. (1)一個亞科之下的科群層級。(2)一個族級的分類單元。族名具有一INI字尾。 trinomen (pl. trinomina) or trinominal name 三名式名稱 The combination of a generic name, a specific name, and a subspecific name, that together constitute a scientific name of a subspecies [Art. 5.2]. 一個屬名,一個種本名和一個亞種本名的組合,共同構成一個亞種的學名[第5條2]。 type 模式 A term used alone, or forming part of a compound term, to denote a particular kind of specimen or taxon. 一個可單獨使用的術語,或可形成一個複合術語的一部分,以指示一個特定類別的標本或分類單元。 allotype 異模式 A term, not regulated by the Code, for a designated specimen of opposite sex to the holotype [Recommendation 72A]. 一個不受本規約規範的術語,是指一個被指定的標本,其性別與正模式相反[建議72A]。 cotype 同模式 A term not recognized by the Code, formerly used for either syntype or paratype, but that should not now be used in zoological nomenclature [Recommendation 73E]. 一個不受本規約認可的術語,以前用於總模式或副模式,但是現今在動物命名法中不可如此應用[建議73E]。 holotype 正模式 The single specimen (except in the case of a hapantotype, q.v.) designated or otherwise fixed as the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies when the nominal taxon is established. 當建立一個命名分類單元時,被指定或用其他方式確定而作為一個命名種或亞種的具名模式的單一標本(玻片單種模式(4以)的案例除外)。 lectotype 選模式 A syntype designated as the single name-bearing type specimen subsequent to the establishment of a nominal species or subspecies [Art. 74]. 一個命名種或亞種建立之後,被指定為單一具名模式標本的一個總模式[第74條]。 name-bearing type 具名模式 The type genus, type species, holotype, lectotype, series of syntypes (which together constitute the name-bearing type) or neotype that provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined. 可提供做為客觀參考標準的模式屬、模式種、正模式、選模式、一系列總模式(共同構成具名模式)、或新模式。據此可決定一個命名分類單元的名稱的施用。 neotype 新模式 The single specimen designated as the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies when there is a need to define the nominal taxon objectively and no name-bearing type is believed to be extant. If stability and universality are threatened, because an existing name-bearing type is either taxonomically inadequate or not in accord with the prevailing usage of a name, the Commission may use its plenary power to set aside that type and designate a neotype. 當需要客觀地詮釋一個命名種或亞種而相信其其名模式已不存在時,被指定為該命名分類單元的具名模式的單一標本稱之。如果現存的一個具名模式有分類學上的不足,或與一名稱的盛行用法不符,而致本規約的穩定性和普遍性受到威脅,委員會得使用其全權,拒斥該模式而另指定一個新模式。 paralectotype 副選模式 Each specimen of a former syntype series remaining after the designation of a lectotype [Art. 72.1.3, Recommendation 74F]. 自原先的模式系列中指定一個選模式之後,所餘的每個標本均稱之[第72條1.3,建議74F]。 paratype 副模式 Each specimen of a type series other than the holotype [Recommendation 73D]. 一個模式系列中除了正模式之外的每個標本均稱之[建議73D]。 syntype 總模式 Each specimen of a type series (q.v.) from which neither a holotype nor a lectotype has been designated [Arts. 72.1.2, 73.2, 74]. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type. 未從其中指定一正模式或選模式的一個模式系列(q.v.)中的每個標本均稱之[第72條12,73條2,74條]。全部總模式共同構成具名模式。 type fixation 模式確定 See fixation. 見fixation條。 type genus 模式屬 The nominal genus that is the name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon. 一個命名科群分類單元的具名模式,亦即其命名屬。 type locality 模式產地 The geographical (and, where relevant, stratigraphical) place of capture, collection, or observation of the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies [Art. 76.1, Recommendation 76A]. 採獲,採集或觀察一個命名種或亞種的具名模式的地理學(以及與該處相關的,地層學的)地點[第76條1,建議76A]。 type series 模式系列 The series of specimens, defined in Articles 72.4 and 73.2, on which the original author bases a new nominal species-group taxon. In the absence of a holotype designation, any such specimen is eligible for subsequent designation as the name-bearing type (lectotype); pending lectotype designation, all the specimens of the type series are syntypes and collectively they constitute the name-bearing type. Excluded from the type series are any specimens that the original author expressly excludes or refers to as distinct variants, or doubtfully includes in the taxon. 即第72條4和73條2中所定義的一系列標本,原著者據此以建立一個新的命名種群分類單元。當無正模式被指定時,這其中的任何標本都合格用於後來指定為具名模式(選模式);在選模式尚未指定以前,模式系列的全部標本均為總模式,共同構成具名模式。被原著者明確排除在外,或被指稱為不同的變異體,或包含在該分類單元中為可疑的任何標本,均應排除於模式系列之外。 type species 模式種 The nominal species that is the name-bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus. 一個命名屬或亞屬的真名模式,亦即其命名種。 type specimen 模式標本 A term used in previous editions of the Code for a holotype, lectotype or neotype, or for any syntype; also used generally for any specimen of the type series (q.v.). 在本規約以前各版本中,此術語用於一個正模式、選模式或新模式,或任何一個總模式;通常亦用於模式系列(q.v.)的任一標本。 typification 模式化 The fixation of a name-bearing type of a nominal taxon so as to provide an objective standard of reference for the application of the name of a taxon (see Principle of Typification). 確定一命名分類單元的具名模式,為其名稱的使用提供一個客觀的參考標準(見Principle of Typification條)。 unavailability (unavailable, a.) 不適用,不適用的 Of a name, nomenclatural act or work: see under those entries. 一個名稱,命名舉動或者著作物:見該相關條目下。 uninominal 單名式的 Consisting of a single name (e.g. names of the family group and of the genus group) [Art. 4]. 由單一名稱構成者(例如科群和屬群名稱)[第4條]。 valid (validity, n.) 有效的,有效性 Of an available name or a nomenclatural act: one that is acceptable under the provisions of the Code and, in the case of a name, which is the correct name of a taxon in an author's taxonomic judgment. 一個適用名稱或一項命名舉動:在本規約的各項規定之下可被接受;就一個名稱而言,是指在一著者的分類學判斷下為某一分類單元的正確名稱。 validated 被處理為有效的 A term previously used in the sense of conserved. 此術語以前用作“conserved"之意。 variant spelling 不同拼法 See under spelling. 見spelling條下。 variety 變種 A term that if published after 1960 is deemed to denote infrasubspecific rank but that if published before 1961 is to be interpreted according to Article 45.6.3-4. 此術語在1960年以後發表者被視為指稱亞種以下的分類層級,但是在1961年以前發表者則須依第45條634的解釋。 vernacular name 土俗名 See under name. 見name條下。 work 著作物 Any text or illustration, whether published, unpublished, or carrying a disclaimer (q.v.) 任何正文或圓形均稱之,不拘已出版,未出版,或者帶有“否定聲明"(q.v.)字樣。 unavailable work 不適用著作物 A published work (q.v.) in which, under the provisions of the Code, or by a ruling of the Commission, names or nomenclatural acts cannot be established. Such works include those which (1) were issued before 1758 [Art. 3], or (2) do not consistently apply the Principle of Binominal Nomenclature (q.v.) [Art. 11.4], or (3) are published anonymously after 1950 [Art. 14], or (4) carry a disclaimer (q.v.), or (5) the Commission has ruled to be unavailable. For the use of information affecting nomenclature in unavailable works, see Articles 12.2.1, 12.2.7 and 13.1.2. 一件已出版的著作物(q.v.),在本規約的規定下,或經委員會裁決,其中所含的名稱或命名舉動不能建立者。這類著作物包括(1)在1758年以前刊行者[第3條],或(2)未一致施用二名式命名原則者(q.v.)[第11條4],或(3)在1950年以後匿名出版者[第14條],或(4)帶有“否定聲明"字樣者(q.v.),或(5)委員會已裁決為不適用者。關於不適用著作物中影響命名法的訊息之利用,見第12條2.1,12條2.7,和13條1.2。 unpublsihed work 未出版著作物 A work that is not published within the meanings of Articles 8 and 9, or which the Commission has ruled to be treated as unpublished. 據第8和第9條內的涵義為並未出版的著作物,或已被委員會裁決以未出版對待的著作物。 zoological taxon 動物學分類單元 See under taxon. 見taxon條下。 3. 什麼是模式標本 各種生態保育政策之擬定,以及生物多樣性之維持,必須先對當地之生物資源有所了解,方可進行。而要能了解本國之生物資源,建立相關資源之資料庫為必要途徑(Botkin, 1986)。以台灣研究詳盡的魚類資料庫為例,因台灣魚類種類佔世界魚種十分之一,且新分布紀錄和同物異名持續出現,故Shao et al. (2001)等學者歷經超過10年的調查時間,建構台灣魚類資料庫的主要內容,提供了魚類最新的研究基礎,交流及整合水產資源的生態訊息,促進了魚類名稱的統一。並強調生物相關資源資料庫類型繁多,其中又以分類資料庫最為重要;因分類資料庫可提供最完善的物種名錄及分布資訊;而分類資料庫的範疇又包含命名(學名、同物異名、俗名等)、動物地理學(分布)、參考書目(文獻)、詳細目錄(標本)、特徵描述(形態和生態)五大部分(Shao et al., 2001)。 根據國際動物命名規約(ICZN)條款規定,當一個新的分類群(從亞種至總科)被發現,同時被敘述和發表時,作者必須指定一個模式,作為此一新分類群的參考實體。例如一個新的科會有其模式屬做為代表,一個新的屬會有一模式種代表,而一個新的種或新亞種則會有一個模式標本做為代表,為成為此種之代名者,即稱為正模標本(Holotype),或研究者根據一系列標本—模式系列(Type series)來建立一個新的命名種群分類單元;而一般正模標本的選擇,會找尋較完整且富含診斷特徵的標本來代表。另外模式標本一般會特別標示或插附紅色標籤以示區別,並與其他蒐藏給予分開保存。若日後研究學者對某一物種的敘述有所懷疑或不解時,即可藉由檢視模式標本來確認。 除了正模標本外,一個模式系列中,除了正模式之外的每個標本,即稱為副模標本(Paratype),而一個命名種或亞種建立之後,才從總模式標本中指定單一具名模式標本的一個總模式,則稱為選模標本(Lectotype)。若相信其具名模式已不存在時,當需要客觀地詮釋一個命名種或亞種,則需指定新模標本(Neotype)為該命名分類單元具名模式的單一標本。但在未從一個模式系列中其中指定一正模標本或選模標本的情形下,模式系列中的每個標本均視為總模標本(Syntype),共同構成具名模式(Name-bearing type),可提供作為決定一個命名分類單元名稱的客觀參考標準。 而台灣的維管束植物資源也相當豐富,吸引國內外著名學者來台研究,並以台灣採集到的新植物種類為命名之模式標本;而植物模式標本為植物命名之依據,亦為發現新種查證之對象,但以往探討台灣植物學名常受到無模式標本對照之限制,為協助研究台灣本土資源之保育,提昇國內植物學者對本土植物命名之準確性與重視,及保存全世界僅有之命名模式標本,故劉和楊(2001)等學者建立了國內標本或私人保管現存的模式標本資料,以為日後國內外植物學家命名植物的參考及依據。 模式標本資料庫不僅於分類上具有重要意義,全球食蟲虻Euscelidia屬的模式標本資料庫(Meier & Dikow, 2004),藉由檢視過去數十年來的回顧性分類文獻中的標本紀錄而建成;此資料庫利用物種豐度的參數(Nonparametric species richness estimator)整合無脊椎動物資訊以估算全球物種多樣性、歸納出新種食蟲虻的可能採集地點、檢測無脊椎動物的生物多樣性熱點,是否與依據植物推估而出的生物多樣性熱點相同?(Myers et al., 2000),其多方面的延伸使得此資料庫在保育經營決策上有廣泛的應用層面。 大鱗翅類作為一種重要的生物資源,在陸域環境監測及生態教育上均有很高的價值(Pollard & Yates, 1993);而台灣鱗翅類多樣性著稱於世,卻無完整蝶類模式標本資料庫之建立。蓋模式標本是所有物種學名之根本,為提供鱗翅類初步研究之必需基礎,釐清現行使用學名之謬誤,以避免保育經營管理資源之浪費,建立台灣地區大鱗翅類模式標本之資料庫實刻不容緩。

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