关于诺亚律法

2009-11-12 22:59:41 来自: emes(终于到家了)

首先要说明两点：

1. 诺亚律法来自犹太传统，是犹太教的一部分。守住诺亚律法的外邦人和犹太人信仰的是同一个神，同一本托拉。我不是在这里宣扬一个新的教派，而是犹太律法中适用于外邦人的一部份。

2. 以下内容均来自：http://noachide.net/index.html

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先来讲讲诺亚律法的主要出处：

Talmud Bavli, Tractate Sanhedrin 56b (English translation by Soncino)：

Whence do we know this? R. Johanan answered: The Writ saith: And the Lord G-d commanded the man saying, of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat.[1] And [He] commanded, refers to [the observance of] social laws, and thus it is written, For I know him, that he will command his children and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the Lord, to do justice and judgment.[2] The Lord is [a prohibition against] blasphemy, and thus it is written, and he that blasphemeth the name of the Lord, he shall surely be put to death.[3] G-d is [an injunction against] idolatry, and thus it is written, Thou shalt have no other gods before Me.[4] The man refers to bloodshed [murder], and thus it is written, Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed.[5] Saying refers to adultery, and thus it is written, They say, If a man put away his wife, and she go from him, and became another man's.[6] Of every tree of the garden but not of robbery.[7] Thou mayest freely eat but not flesh cut from a living animal.[8]

Notes:

Gen. 2:16
Gen. 18:19. Thus 'command' relates to justice and judgment.
Lev. 24:16 'The Lord' being used in connection with blasphemy.
Ex. 20:3.
Gen. 9: 6.
Jer. 3:1. Thus 'saying' is used in connection with adultery.
Since it was necessary to authorize Adam to eat of the trees of the garden, it follows that without such authorisation i.e., when something belongs to another it is forbidden.
By interpreting thus: Thou mayest eat that which is now ready for eating, but not whilst the animal is alive. It is perhaps remarkable that a verse, the literal meaning of which is obviously permission to enjoy, should be interpreted as a series of prohibitions. Yet it is quite in keeping with the character of the Talmud: freedom to enjoy must be limited by moral and social considerations, and indeed only attains its highest value when so limited. Cf. Ab. VI, 2: No man is free but he who labours in the Torah.

Genesis 2: 16:
And the L-rd G-d commanded man, saying, “from all the trees of the garden you may surely eat.

对于创世纪2:16这句经文作为诺亚律法的来源，很多人持怀疑态度，这完全可以理解。在The Kuzari (3:73) 拉比给出两种解释。1. 先贤们用了esoteric的犹太传统来解读这句经文，这些奥秘的解读法已经从我们这里隐藏了(hidden from us)。现在普遍的解读法是Rabbi Yishmael的13法则[1]（对此感兴趣的朋友请看文后注释）。2. 先贤们用这句经文作为一种方式来帮助记忆口传律法。在Mishnah之前，口传律法禁止被写下来。为了避免遗忘，先贤们用托拉中的一句经文，其中的词句能够提醒他们某个口传律法，但经文本身和律法也许没有直接联系。比如：

1) “The L-rd” refers to Blasphemy;

2) “G-d” refers to idolatry;

3) “Commanded” refers to establishing courts;

4) “Man” refers to murder;

5) “Saying” refers to illicit sex;

6) “From all the trees of the garden” refers to robbery;

7) “You may surely eat” refers to eating flesh taken from a living animal.

这些律法看似和经文本身相去甚远，但犹太先贤有这个传统，通过一句经文来帮助记忆口传律法。

其它涉及诺亚律法的Talmud章节还有：

Sanhedrin 56a – 60b

Sanhedrin 96b

Avodah Zarah 2a&b, 3a&b

Avodah Zarah 64b, 65a&b

Baba Kamma 38a

Chullin 92a

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[1] 1. A conclusion drawn from a minor premise or more lenient condition to a major or more strict one, and vice versa.

2. An analogy between two laws established on the basis of identical expressions in the Biblical text.

3. A general principle derived from one Biblical text or from two related Biblical texts, is applicable to all similar cases though not specified in detail.

4. When a general rule is followed by an explicit particular, the rule is limited to the specified particular.

5. When a specification is followed by a general rule, all that is contained in the general rule applies.

6. When a general rule is followed by a specification and then again by a general rule, the law is applicable only to such cases which are similar to the specification.

7. When a general rule requires an explicit specification for the sake of clarity, the general rule is not limited to the specified particular as in rule 4. Similarly, when a specification requires a generalization for the sake of clarity, the generalization does not have the all-embracing effect as in rule 5.

8. When a particular case that is included in a general law is singled out to instruct us concerning something new, it is singled out not only to teach concerning its own case, but is to be applied to the whole of the general law.

9. When a particular case that is included in a general law is singled out to add another provision similar to the general law, it is singled out in order to lessen, but not to increase, the severity of that provision.

10. When a particular case that is included in a general law is singled out to add another provision which is unlike the general provision, it is singled out in order, in some aspects to lessen, and in others to add to, the severity of the provision.

11. When a particular case that is included in a general law is singled out with a new stipulation, the provisions of the general law no longer apply to it, unless the Torah expressly states that they do.

12. The meaning of a passage may be deduced from its context or from a subsequent passage.

13. Similarly, when two Biblical passages contradict each other, the meaning can be determined by a third Biblical text which reconciles them.

2009-11-12 23:01:42 emes (终于到家了)

我们再来粗略的看一下诺亚七律：

1. No idolatry （不可拜偶像）：除了Hashem之外，不可拜任何物质，生物，人类，或任何力量。这里也包括了只信赖Hashem一个神。相信（“知道”是更高的层次）神是万物的创造者，并且他在不断地创造更新一切。生命的本质就是认识这位宇宙的创造者，带着敬畏和爱接受他的律法。

2. No blasphemy （不可亵渎）：不可用任何方式诅咒神，而是尊重赞美神和他的圣名。

3. No murder （不可谋杀）：尊重人类生命的神圣。这里包括任何形式的谋杀，堕胎，自杀。这条诫命保护我们远离极端的自私主义，也保护我们远离潜在的暴力倾向。

4. No sexual immorality （不可奸淫）：不可乱伦，通奸，同性交配，或任何非自然的交配行为。尊重家庭价值，因为神定下了婚姻。

5. No theft （不可偷盗）：不可抢劫，偷窃，盗用，侵占。这里包括偷盗钱财，绑架人，或从你的雇主那里偷窃。因为维持我们生计的一切来自神，所以我们应该用诚实，值得尊敬的方式获取它，而不是通过欺骗获取它。

6. No eating a limb of a living animal （不可食活动物的肢体）：尊重所有的生物，禁止用残忍的方式对待动物。神将全地给于人类掌管，但我们同时也是全地的看管者。虽然我们能够食用或使用动物，但我们不能使他们承受过分的痛苦。这里禁止我们吃活的动物的肉，活的动物指的是动物的心脏还未停止跳动，动物的任何部位还有抽动现象。

7. Justice/Civil law （维护司法公正）：建立一个正当的司法系统，追求正义。诺亚的子孙们有责任建立一个司法系统，支持并执行以上6大类律法。在一个公平的有效的司法系统下才能产生一个受神祝福的社会。

Rambam的Hilchos Melachim 8:11写到，所有仔细谨守7大类律法的诺亚子孙被称为列国中的义人，他们在World to Come也有一席之地。但他们必须有意识的知道守这些律法是因为Hashem通过摩西在托拉中指令他们。如果他们守这些律法仅是出于认知上的确信或是作为世界幸存的合理方针，他们就不是Ger Toshav[1]，也不属于外邦义人，而仅仅是智者中的一位。

当诺亚的子孙守住一个未要求他遵守的诫命时，他所得到的reward是 “Eino Metzuveh v’Oseh” – one who performs a Mitzvah in which he was not commanded。这个reward要小于守住一个要求他遵守的诫命所得到的reward (Gemara Bava Kama 38a, Kiddushin 31a)。

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[1] In biblical times a Gentile who observed the 7 Noahide laws in the Holy Land was regarded as a resident alien or Ger Toshav in Hebrew. The Gemara (Talmud Bavli, Avodah Zarah 64b) quotes 3 opinions regarding who is a Ger Toshav: a) Rebbi Meir Maintains that a Ger Toshav is a Nochri (stranger) who accepts upon himself, in front of 3 Talmidei Chachamim, not to worship idols; b) The Chachamim say that a Ger Toshav is a Nochri who accepts upon himself to observe the 7 Mitzvos of Bnei Noach; c) Acherim maintain that the above opinions are incorrect, and that a Ger Toshav is a Nochri who accepts all the Mitzvos except for not eating animals that were not slaughtered properly. Rambam also talked about the concept of Ger Toshav in Hilchos Issurei Bi’ah, Hilchos Melachim, and Hilchos Avodat Cochavim. Note: Currently in this era nobody can become a Ger Toshav, until the Jubilee Year is reintroduced in Israel when the Moshiach comes.

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2009-11-12 23:02:37 emes (终于到家了)

人们常以为诺亚律法就只有7条，其实不然。更确切的说，这是7大类律法，每大类下面还有许多条细分出来的律法。现在我们来详细看看每一条律法。

诺亚律法主要有两种细分方法，第一种细分出30条律法，第二种细分出66条律法。

Talmud (Chullin 92a) 提到诺亚子孙要守30条律法。Rashi说，虽然Chazal没有细谈这30条律法，但后来的很多commentaries提供了一些建议，一个宗旨就是这30条律法是7大类诺亚律法以下的小分类。有两个版本的30条律法，一个由Rabbi Shmuel ben Hofni, Gaon记录，另一个由Rabbi Menachem Azaria de Fano记录。感兴趣的朋友请参看http://noachide.net/html/30_noahide_laws.html 。

我个人更偏向于66条律法。这种分法建立在Rabbi Moses Maimonides的613条诫命之上。也就是从犹太人必须遵守的613条诫命（Mishnah Torah）中找到相应的归属于诺亚七律的诫命。66条律法记录在Rabbi Dr. Aaron Lichtenstein的书 “The Seven Laws of Noah”中，共有52条negative，14条positive，简单罗列如下：

1. No Idolatry（不可拜偶像）

1) “Against entertaining the thought that there exists a deity except Hashem.” (Exodus 20:3 “You shall have no other gods besides Me.”)

不可冥想这个世界上存在任何除Hashem之外的神氐。（出埃及记 20:3 “除了我以外，你不可有别的神。”）

2) “Against making any graven image & against having anyone else make one for us.” (Exodus 20:3 “You shall have no other gods besides Me.”)

不可制造任何雕刻出来的像 & 不可让其他任何人为我们制造一尊像（出埃及记 20:3 “除了我以外，你不可有别的神。”）

3) “Against making idols for use by others.” (Leviticus 19:4 “Do not make gods out of metal, for yourself.”)

不可为他人的使用而制造偶像。（利未记 19:4 “不可为自己铸造神像。”）

4) “Against making any forbidden statues even when they are for ornamental purposes.” (Exodus 20:23 “Do not make with Me gods of silver, neither shall you make yourselves gods of gold.”)

不可制造任何禁止的雕像，即便它们只是为了装饰的目的。（出埃及记 20:23 “你们不可作什么神像与我相配，不可为自己作金银的神像。”）

5) “Against bowing to any idol & not to sacrifice nor to pour libation nor to burn incense before any idol, even where it is not the customary manner of worship to the particular idol.” (Exodus 20:5 “Do not bow down to them.”)

不可向任何偶像鞠躬或下拜& 不可向它献祭，不可向它贡酒，也不可在任何偶像面前烧香，即便这些都不是这个地方用以贡奉这一偶像的传统习俗。（出埃及记 20:5 “不可跪拜那些像。”）

6) “Against worshipping idols in any of their customary manners of worship.” (Exodus 20:5 “Do not worship them.”)

不可用任何传统习俗事奉偶像。（出埃及记 20:5 “不可事奉它。”）

7) “Against causing our children to pass through the fire in the worship of Molech.” In ancient times, the worship of “Molech” – an Ammonite god – was very common, and it required that children be used for the ritual ceremony. (Leviticus 18:21 “Do not give any of your children to set them part to Molech.”)

不可使我们的孩子经火来侍奉摩洛。在古代，侍奉亚扪人的神摩洛非常普遍，要求孩子们被用以完成这种宗教仪式。（利未记 18:21 “不可使你的儿女经火归与摩洛。”）

8) “Against practicing Ov.” Ov is divination using a mantra to obtain a meditative trance to commune with the dead. (Leviticus 19:31 “Do not turn to mediums.”)

不可行Ov。Ov是一种使用咒语的预测术，用以获得一种冥想恍惚的状态来与亡灵交流。（利未记 19:31 “不可偏向那些交鬼的。”）

9) “Against practicing Yiddoni.” A Yiddoni involves ritual acts and meditation as a means of imaginary prophecy. (Leviticus 19:31 “Do not turn to oracles.”)

不可行Yiddoni。Yiddoni涉及仪式化的行为和冥想来获取假想的预言。（利未记 19:31 “不可偏向行巫术的。”）

10) “Against turning to idolatry in word, in thought, in deed, or by any observance that may draw us to its worship.” (Leviticus 19:4 “Do not turn to idols.”)

不可用语言，思想，行动，或任何有可能吸引我们去祭拜的形式偏向偶像。（利未记 19:4 “你们不可偏向虚无的偶像。”）

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2009-11-12 23:03:14 emes (终于到家了)

2. No Blasphemy （不可亵渎）

11) “To acknowledge the existence of G-d.” (Exodus 20:2 “I am the L-rd, your G-d.”)

承认神的存在。（出埃及记 20:2 “我是耶和华你的神。”）

12) “To fear G-d.” (Deuteronomy 6:13 “You shall fear the L-rd, your G-d.”)

敬畏神。（申命记 6:13 “你要敬畏耶和华你的神。”）

13) “To pray to Him.” (Exodus 23:25 “And you shall serve the L-rd, your God.”)

向神祷告。（出埃及记 23:25 “你们要事奉耶和华你们的神。”）

14) “To sanctify G-d’s name (in face of death, where appropriate).” (Leviticus 22:32 “But I will be sanctified among the Children of Israel.”)

尊神的名为圣（对于犹太人而言，他们必须在任何情形下sanctify Hashem，即便是面临死亡）。（利未记 22:32 “我在以色列人中，却要被尊为圣。”）

15) “Against desecrating G-d’s name (even in face of death, when appropriate).” (Leviticus 22:32 “Neither shall you profane My holy name.”)

不可亵渎神的名。（对于犹太人而言，他们在任何情形下都不可desecrate Hashem，即便是面临死亡）。（利未记 22:32 “你们不可亵渎我的圣名。”）

16) “To study the Torah.” (Deuteronomy 6:7 “And you shall teach them diligently to your children.”)

学习托拉。（申命记 6:7 “你要将我的话殷勤的教给你的儿女。”）

17) “To honour the scholars, and to revere one’s teacher.” (Leviticus 19:32 “You shall stand up before an elderly person and give respect to a sage.”)

尊重学者，敬重你的老师。（利未记 19:32 “在老人面前，你要站起来，也要尊敬贤能者。”）

18) “Against blaspheming.” (Exodus 22:28 “Do not curse G-d.”)

不可亵渎。（出埃及记 22:28 “不可诅咒神。”）

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2009-11-12 23:04:18 emes (终于到家了)

3. No Theft （不可偷盗）

19) “Against stealing.” (Leviticus 19:11 “Do not steal.”)

不可偷盗。（利未记 19:11 “你们不可偷盗。”）

20) “Against committing robbery.” (Leviticus 19:13 “Do not commit robbery.”)

不可抢劫。（利未记 19:13 “也不可抢夺。”）

21) “Against shifting a landmark.” (Deuteronomy 19:14 “You shall not remove your neighbor’s boundary marker.”)

不可改变地界标示。（申命记 19:14 “不可挪移你邻居的地界。”）

22) “Against cheating.” (Leviticus 19:13 “You shall not defraud your neighbour.”)

不可欺骗。（利未记 19:13 “不可欺骗你的邻居。”）

23) “Against repudiating a claim of money owed.” (Leviticus 19:11 “You shall not reply falsely.”)

不可拒付所欠的债务。（利未记 19:11 “你不可欺骗。”）

24) “Against overcharging.” (Leviticus 25:14 “You shall not defraud one another.”)

不可过高要价。（利未记 25:14 “你们不可彼此欺骗。）

25) “Against coveting.” (Exodus 20:17 “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house.”)

不可妄想。（出埃及记 20:17 “不可贪恋你邻居的房屋。”）

26) “Against desiring.” (Deuteronomy 5:21 “You shall not desire your neighbor’s house.”)

不可贪图。（申命记 5:21 “你不可贪图你邻居的房屋。”）

27) “A labourer shall be allowed to eat of the fruits among which he works (under certain conditions).” (Deuteronomy 23:24-25 “When you come to work in your neighbor’s vineyard, you may eat the grapes…you may pluck the ears.”)

工人（被雇者）可食用他为之工作而收获的果子（在某些前提下[1]）。（申命记 23:24-25 “你进了邻舍的葡萄园工作，可以吃里面的葡萄…可以用手摘穗子。”）

28) “Against a labourer eating of such fruit (when certain conditions are not met).” (Deuteronomy 23:25 “You shall not waive a sickle to your neighbor’s standing grain.”)

（当某些前提条件未满足时[2]）工人（被雇者）不可食用这类果子。（申命记 23:25 “你不可用镰刀割取禾稼。”）

29) “Against a labourer taking of such fruit home.” (Deuteronomy 23:24 “when you come to your neighbor’s vineyard, then you may eat your fill of grapes at your desire; but you shall not put any in your container.”)

工人（被雇者）不可带这类果子回家。（申命记 23:24 “你进了邻舍的葡萄园，可以随便吃饱了葡萄，只是不可装在器皿中。”）

30) “Against kidnapping.” (Exodus 20:15 “Do not steal.”)

不可绑架。（出埃及记 20:15 “不可偷盗。”）

31) “Against the use of false weights & measures.” (Leviticus 19:35 “You shall do no unrighteousness in judgement; in length, in weight or in measure.”)

不可使用虚假的秤和量器。（利未记 19:35 “你们不可行不公义的审判，在尺，秤，升，斗上也不可如此。”）

32) “Against the possession of false weights & measures.” (Deuteronomy 25:13 “You shall not have in your bag diverse weights, one large and one small.”)

不可拥有虚假的秤和量器。（申命记 25:13 “你的囊中不可有一大一小两样砝码。”）

33) “That one shall be exact in the use of weights & measures.” (Leviticus 19:36 “Honest balance, honest weights, an honest dry measure and an honest liquid measure, you shall have. ”)

要正确的使用秤和量器。（利未记 19:36 “你要用公道的天平，公道的砝码，公道的斗升，公道的秤。”）

34) “That the robber shall return or pay for the stolen object.” (Leviticus 5:23 “He shall return that which he stole.”)

盗贼要归还或支付所盗窃之物。（利未记 6:4[3] “他要归还他所盗窃的。）

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[1] 在哪些前提之下呢？请参看Talmud Bavli, Baba Mezia 87a – 88b。
[2] Talmud Bavli, Baba Mezia 87a – 88b
[3] 这里希伯来圣经的经文编号和中文圣经相差很远，所以英文就以希伯来圣经为准，中文就以中文圣经为准。

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2009-11-12 23:05:09 emes (终于到家了)

4. No Murder （不可谋杀）

35) “Against any person murdering anyone.” (Exodus 20:13 “You shall not murder.”)

不可谋杀任何人。（出埃及记 20:13 “你不可杀人。”）

5. No adultery （不可奸淫）

36) “Against (a man) having union with his mother.” (Leviticus 18:7 “She is your mother, do not act immodestly with her.”)

不可与你的母亲结合。（利未记 18:7 “她是你的母亲，不可对她不敬。”）

37) “Against (a man) having union with his sister.” (Leviticus 18:9 “Do not act immodestly…with your sister.”)

不可与你的姐/妹结合。（利未记 18:9 “不可对你的姐/妹不敬。”）

38) “Against (a man) having union with the wife of his father.” (Leviticus 18:8 “Do not act immodestly with your father’s wife.”)

不可与你父亲的妻子结合。（利未记 19:8 “不可对你父亲的妻子不敬。”）

39) “Against (a man) having union with another man’s wife.” (Exodus 20:13 “You shall not commit adultery.”)

不可与他人的妻子结合。（出埃及记 20:13 “你不可奸淫。”）

40) “Against (a man) copulating with a beast.” (Leviticus 18:23 “Do not act indecently with an animal.”)

男人不可与野兽淫合。（利未记 18:23 “不可与兽淫合。”）

41) “Against a woman copulating with a beast.” (Leviticus 18:23 “A woman may not act indecently with an animal.”)

女人不可与野兽淫合。（利未记 18:23 “女人也不可与兽淫合。”）

42) “Against (a man) lying carnally with a male.” (Leviticus 18:22 “Do not have a relationship with a male as you would with a woman.”)

男人不可与男人苟合。（利未记 18:22 “不可与男人发生关系，像与女人一样。）

43) “Against (a man) lying carnally with his father.” (Leviticus 18:7 “Do not act immodestly with your father.”)

不可与他的父亲苟合。（利未记 18:7 “不可对你的父亲不敬。”）

44) “Against (a man) lying carnally with his father’s brother.” (Leviticus 18:14 “Do not act immodestly with your father’s brother.”)

不可与他父亲的兄弟苟合。（利未记 18:14 “不可对你父亲的兄弟不敬。”）

45) “Against engaging in erotic conduct that may lead to prohibited union. (That is, petting by persons whose marriage would be illicit.)” (Leviticus 18:6 “No person shall approach a close relative and act immodestly.”)

不可行任何可能导致你犯以上禁忌的色情行为。（也就是，有可能导致不法婚姻的双方不可有爱抚行为。）（利未记 18:6 “不可亲近自己的近亲，对他/她行为不敬。”）

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2009-11-12 23:06:39 emes (终于到家了)

6. Courts of Justice （维护司法公正）

46) “To appoint judges and officers in each and every community.” (Deuteronomy 16:18 “Appoint judges and officers in all your gates.”)

要在每个社区都指派法官/长官。（申命记 16:18 “要在各城里都设立审判官和官长。）

47) “To treat the litigants equally before the law.” (Leviticus 19:15 “With righteousness, judge your neighbour.”)

要在法律面前平等对待诉讼人。（利未记 19:15 “要按着公义审判你的邻舍。”）

48) “To inquire diligently into the testimony of a witness.” (Deuteronomy 13:15 “Then you shall inquire, search, and ask diligently.”)

要细细的查询证人的供词。（申命记 13:15 “你要探听，查究，细细的访问。”）

49) “Against the wanton miscarriage of justice by the court.” (Leviticus 19:15 “You shall do no unrighteousness in judgement.”)

法庭不可任意败坏公正。（利未记 19:15 “你不可在审判中行不义。”）

50) “Against the judge accepting a bribe or gift from a litigant.” (Exodus 23:8 “And you shall take no bribe.”)

法官不可从诉讼任何一方收取贿赂或礼物。（出埃及记 23:8 “不可收贿赂。”）

51) “Against the judge showing marks of honour to but one litigant.” (Leviticus 19:15 “Nor honor an important person”)

不可重看诉讼一方。（利未记 19:15 “不可重看有势力的人。”）

52) “Against the judge acting in fear of a litigant’s threats.” (Deuteronomy 1:17 “You shall not be afraid because of any man.”)

法官不可在诉讼一方的威胁下作出审判。（申命记 1:17 “不可惧怕人。”）

53) “Against the judge, out of compassion, favouring a poor litigant.” (Exodus 23:3 “You shall not favour a poor man in his cause.”)

法官不可出于同情偏袒贫穷一方。（出埃及记 23:3 “你不可在争诉的事上偏护穷人。”）

54) “Against the judge discriminating against the litigant because he is a sinner.” (Exodus 23:6 “You shall not pervert the judgement of the needy in his cause.”)

法官不可因诉讼一方是恶人而歧视对待他。（出埃及记 23:6 “不可在穷人争诉的事上屈枉正直。”）

55) “Against the judge, out of softness, putting aside the penalty of a mauler or killer.” (Deuteronomy 19:21 “And your eye shall not have pity.”)

法官不可出于温和而轻视对一个暴徒或杀人犯的处罚。（申命记 19:21 “你眼不可顾惜。”）

56) “Against the judge discriminating against a stranger or an orphan.” (Deuteronomy 24:17 “You shall not pervert the judgement of the stranger or the orphan.”)

法官不可歧视对待一个寄居者或孤儿。（申命记 24:17 “你不可向寄居者和孤儿屈枉正直。”）

57) “Against the judge hearing one litigant in the absence of another.” (Exodus 23:1 “You shall not raise a false report.”)

法官不可在诉讼一方不在场的情形下听取另一方证词。（出埃及记 23:1 “你不可作虚假见证。”）

58) “Against appointing a judge who lacks knowledge of the Law.” (Deuteronomy 1:17 “Do not respect persons in judgement.”)

不可指派一个缺乏法律知识的法官。（申命记 1:17 “在审判中，不可看人的外貌。”）

59) “Against incrimination by circumstantial evidence.” (Exodus 23:7 “And the innocent and righteous you shall not slay.”)

不可用间接推断的证据指控。（出埃及记 23:7 “不可杀无辜者和义人。）

60) “Against punishing for a crime committed under duress.” (Deuteronomy 22:26 “But to the girl you shall do nothing.”)

不可处罚在胁迫下犯罪的人。（申命记 22:26 “但不可惩办那女子。”）

61) “That the court is to administer the death penalty by the sword.” (Exodus 21:20 “The sin shall surely be avenged.”)

法庭应执行死刑。（出埃及记 21:20 “这罪必要受到惩罚。”）

62) “Against anyone taking the law into his own hands to kill the perpetrator of a capital crime.” (Numbers 35:12 “The murderer shall not die until he stands before the congregation in judgement.”)

任何人不可以执法为由私自杀死重罪犯人。（民数记 35:12 “杀人者不可死，直至他站在会众面前受审判。）

63) “To testify in court.” (Leviticus 5:1 “And he is witness, whether he has seen or known of it.”)

要在法庭作证。（利未记 5:1 “无论他是看见或知道，他是证人。”）

64) “Against testifying falsely.” (Exodus 20:16 “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.”)

不可作假证。（出埃及记 20:16 “不可作假见证陷害人。”）

7. No Limb of a Living Animal （不可食活动物的肢体）

65) “Against eating a limb severed from a living animal, beast, or fowl.” (Deuteronomy 12:23 “And you may not eat the life with the meat.”)

不可吃从活的动物，野兽，或飞禽身上切下来的肉。（申命记 12:23 “不可将生命与肉同吃。”）

66) “Against eating the flesh of any animal which was torn by a wild beast which, in part, prohibits the eating of such flesh as was torn off an animal while it was still alive.” (Exodus 22:31 “Neither shall you eat any meat that is torn in the field.”)

不可吃被野兽撕扯下来的任何动物的肉。禁止吃这类肉，因为这种肉是在动物还活着的时候扯下来的。（出埃及记 22:31 “你们不可吃田间被野兽撕裂牲畜的肉。”）

注：a) 希伯来圣经的经文编号和中文圣经的经文编号有差别时，基本按照中文圣经的编号。

b) 这其中可能包括一些外加的律法，可以当作recommendations看待。

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2009-11-13 09:24:44 上善若水 (Back to future, back to Hashem)

很重要和纯正的分享。
否则，可能有人还以为7律比10诫少。
我也赞成613把不适用的除去都是诺亚律法。

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2009-11-13 09:45:51 亚当卡德蒙 (∑⊆(±a±b )cpU|±a±b |)

7应该是比10少。7是7类，10是10类。

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2009-11-13 09:57:31 诺亚方舟 (Noah, peaceful, restful)

我认为7和10的法律精神是一样的。落实到物质层面民族层面造成了某些差别。是技术层面的区别。不是本质的区别。

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2009-11-13 10:12:49 亚当卡德蒙 (∑⊆(±a±b )cpU|±a±b |)

犹太法是精神和物质的桥梁。

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2009-11-13 10:19:55 诺亚方舟 (Noah, peaceful, restful)

在这个世界上角色的区别不仅是民族性的，还有更基本的个体的差异，但是每个人从Hashem收获的不都是一个完美的Hashem的灵和一个物质的躯壳吗？

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2009-11-13 10:33:54 亚当卡德蒙 (∑⊆(±a±b )cpU|±a±b |)

但这两者合并（强调）起来才成为了一个人。
民族是人的某种共同体组合。

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2009-11-13 11:07:13 David (Beloved One)

犹太人里面有很多是1年2次去犹太堂的。犹太教对这些人并没有什么指责。举个例子在基督教里面可能会成为某种大逆不道。
如果信仰主要或者纯粹是个人或者家庭的私事，犹太外邦的区别会更小，小到几乎没有。

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2009-11-13 11:43:43 亚当卡德蒙 (∑⊆(±a±b )cpU|±a±b |)

一年两次去犹太堂选择在high holidays新年和赎罪日的，属于个人反省和计划，也可以在家完成。因此拉比建议如果一年非要去两次犹太堂，最好选择普林和托拉节。

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2009-11-13 11:50:40 诺亚方舟 (Noah, peaceful, restful)

拉比那样建议是出于民族凝聚力和自豪感提出的。
外邦人在这个民族之外，意思是外邦人去不去会堂无所谓了？

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2009-11-13 11:53:37 亚当卡德蒙 (∑⊆(±a±b )cpU|±a±b |)

有必须去会堂的犹太法吗？

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2009-11-13 12:01:32 诺亚方舟 (Noah, peaceful, restful)

没有。
献祭法只能献给圣殿。圣殿没有了，会堂并不能在法律上替代圣殿。
把613翻译成中文吧，也许我看英文的看走眼了。

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2009-11-13 12:04:37 Professional (以利拿单)

LS的这个建议非常好。

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2009-11-13 12:46:42 Observer (Sophie_z: Am Yisrael Chai)

谢谢LZ将66律翻译出来和我们分享。辛苦了。

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2009-11-13 13:48:44 emes (终于到家了)

虔诚的犹太男子一天三次去会堂祷告是因为他们有责任抓住任何有可能的机会和minyan一起祷告。没有了minyan，有些祷文就不能念了。对于女子而言，在家祷告没有什么问题。

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2009-11-13 13:53:57 emes (终于到家了)

感兴趣的朋友可以先把613的英文版贴出来，然后再发动群众力量慢慢翻。工作量浩大！

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2009-11-13 19:56:31 亚当卡德蒙 (∑⊆(±a±b )cpU|±a±b |)

谢谢emes的提醒。

犹太教10个人聚在一起，无论是敬拜还是学习law，就有圣临在其中。
这个是根据兰班的分类法，使得传统上三祷需要minyan of 10，法定人数（不是指建筑物或者组织）。也称为公众祷告。
而且还存在哈斯和那赫曼尼德的意见区别。前者（+托斯福斯）在巴比伦塔木德Pesachim 46a认为有责任出行4里，参加公众祷告。后者认为如果有10名男子在一起则一起祷告，但个人不必要主动去寻求minyan。
说到minyan，犹太教里面太多的争论，女人能否算到minyan里面去。犹太四大派的做法可能会不太一样。

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2009-11-13 20:23:25 诺亚方舟 (Noah, peaceful, restful)

女人也是人。
minyan的字面意思是数算，count，mumber。
计算人数，犹太人的传统向来不算女人和孩子。
现在的犹太教四分天下，并不都因循这个传统。

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2009-11-13 20:37:17 Sweetdream (昔三后之纯粹兮，固众芳之所在。)

我认为那赫曼尼德的说法有客观的理由。
打个比方，某个犹太人一个人到中国某偏远山区去支教。这算是好事情吧。
那每天三祷去哪里凑够10人？那你说他有什么好指责的？

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2009-11-13 20:46:00 诺亚方舟 (Noah, peaceful, restful)

从另一个角度讲，如果真有这样一个犹太人，他的实际行动的祈祷比10个人的所谓完美祷告更完美。

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2009-11-13 20:55:01 我是沙你是疯 (豆瓣3G时代：残G伪G山寨G)

中国还有对犹太人开放的教堂吗？

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2009-11-13 20:57:55 樹野さま (豆瓣你膽敢刪我頭像)

應該是不叫教堂
稱之謂會堂
北京和上海都有的

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2009-11-14 15:52:59 冰皮月饼 (爱生活)

7和10的确看不出有什么明显的区别。
安息洁食是最主要的区别。

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2009-11-14 19:05:50 亚当卡德蒙 (∑⊆(±a±b )cpU|±a±b |)

看区别看613和66比较全一些。

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