列维·施特劳斯逝世

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2009-11-04 08:54:57 来自: ff

Claude Levi-Strauss, Scientist Who Saw Human Doom, Dies at 100

By David Henry


Nov. 3 (Bloomberg) -- Claude Levi-Strauss, the French social anthropologist who influenced generations of intellectuals with his ideas on culture and said the human species would become extinct, has died. He was 100.
He died over the weekend, according to the office of the president of the School for the Advanced Studies in Social Sciences, in Paris.
Levi-Strauss’s method, known as structuralism, reduced mythology and rituals to their basic components to find an underlying pattern. His theories on primitive societies held that the characteristics of the native mind are equal to those in Western civilization and that all communities function using folklore based on opposites.
“I therefore claim to show, not how men think in myths, but how myths operate in men’s minds without their being aware of the fact,” he said.
The Marxist social scientist who dedicated more than three decades examining the behavior of Amazonian and American Indian tribes applied the structural approach employed in linguistics to discover a common form in myth. He looked for opposing concepts -- using examples such as raw versus cooked, natural versus cultural, and life versus death -- that underpinned all ideas in society.
Levi-Strauss drew comparisons between American Indian myths and the story of Cinderella; demonstrated how some Amazonian tribes divided their villages into rival halves that synthesize through marriage; and tracked diverse folk tales through Latin America to show how they were related in form.
‘Most Distinguished Exponent’
Intellectuals such as Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida cited Levi-Strauss’s methods in their social analyses. Seminal French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre engaged him in debate over the issue of personal freedom, while feminist Simone de Beauvoir agreed with his human-kinship theories, which focused on the social exchange of females in non-Western societies.
In 1970, Cambridge University anthropologist Edmund Leach described Levi-Strauss as “the most distinguished exponent of this particular academic trade to be found anywhere outside the English-speaking world.”
A member of the Academie Francaise -- which bestows France’s highest honor for intellectuals -- Levi-Strauss wrote more than 20 books over 50 years. Describing his world view as one of “serene pessimism,” he viewed humans as having no privileged status in the universe and said they would become extinct without leaving significant traces of their existence.
“The world began without the human race and will certainly end without it,” he said in his 1955 autobiographical book “Tristes Tropiques.” “What else has man done except blithely break down billions of structures and reduce them to a state in which they are no longer capable of integration?”
Sorbonne Education
Levi-Strauss was born in Brussels on Nov. 28, 1908, into an affluent French Jewish family. The son of an artist father, he studied law at the University of Paris and philosophy at the Sorbonne. Levi-Strauss had a passion for classical music and referred to Marxism, psychoanalysis and geology as his “three mistresses” in life.
After teaching secondary school for two years, he took part in a cultural mission to Brazil and acted as a visiting professor at the University of Sao Paulo from 1935 to 1939. There he organized several ethnographic expeditions into the Amazon jungle and the Mato Grosso region of central Brazil.
He returned to France in 1939 to help with the war effort until the country fell under Nazi occupation. As a Jew, Levi- Strauss fled Paris and made his way to the U.S. He took up an academic job at the New School for Social Research in New York until the end of the war and co-founded the Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes for French intellectuals in exile.
Main Works
In 1959, he became professor of social anthropology at the College de France, where he remained until his retirement in 1982. He wrote seminal works such as “Structural Anthropology” (1958), “The Savage Mind” (1962) and his master work “Mythologiques,” four volumes published over seven years.
“Tristes Tropiques” -- about his travels through the Amazon rainforest during the 1930s -- was often cited as his finest work. U.S. author Susan Sontag described it as “one of the great books of our century.”
Levi-Strauss was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and held honorary doctorates at Harvard, Yale, Columbia and Oxford universities. He was awarded the prestigious Erasmus Prize in 1973 and the Meister-Eckhart Prize for philosophy 30 years later.
Levi-Strauss lived in the well-to-do 16th district of western Paris, near the River Seine. He was married three times, first to philosophy professor Dina Dreyfus. With second wife Rose-Marie Ullmo, he had a son, Laurent, who became deputy director of the cultural heritage division of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. With third spouse Monique Roman, Levi-Strauss had another son, Matthieu.
“Such is how I view myself: a traveler, an archeologist of space, trying in vain to restore the exotic with the use of particles and fragments,” he said.

--------------------------------

比较早的中文报道:


网易读书11月4日讯
整理/kiki


据纽约时报报道,国际著名人类学家,法国结构主义人文学术思潮的主要创始人克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯上周五在他的巴黎家中因病去世,享年一百岁。这个消息在昨天下葬时才由他儿子对外公布。他被埋葬于巴黎东南部科多尔地区的Lignerolles村。“他表达过想要个慎重和冷静的葬礼的愿望,能够与家人在一起,在他的乡下别墅,”他的儿子说,“他属于这个地方。他喜欢到森林里散步,现在他的坟墓就在这片森林的边缘上。”

1908年11月28日,克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯出生于比利时布鲁塞尔,父亲是旅居比利时的法国犹太画家。后来列维—斯特劳斯随家定居巴黎,并在巴黎读完中学与大学,直至获取巴黎大学博士学位和大学教授职位。

在二十世纪30年代中期,列维—斯特劳斯获得机会,接受当时著名的法国社会学家布格列的推荐,到巴西圣保罗大学任社会学教授。在此期间,列维—斯特劳斯到亚马逊河流域的印第安人部落做了实地调查。他在1948发表的《南比克瓦拉部落的家庭生活与社会生活》、1949年发表的《亲属的基本结构》以及1955年发表的《忧郁的热带》等重要著作,都是以这时期在印第安人部落的人类学田野调查为基础而写的。

40年代,列维—斯特劳斯在纽约社会研究新校任教,并在法国驻美使馆任文化参赞。在此期间,他广泛接触了美国各界社会名流,包括美国人类学家博厄斯、克鲁伯、罗维及语言学家雅各布逊、乔姆斯基等人,并同他们进行直接的学术讨论,这有助于他后来更深入的了解英美社会文化人类学及语言学的理论传统,对于巩固和加强它的学术理论也很有帮助。

50年代以后,列维—斯特劳斯直接面对萨特等人的存在主义思想,并在萨特挑起的论争中与萨特激烈辩论。萨特不同意列维—斯特劳斯的结构主义思想,特别不能接受他有关“共时性”、“中断性”的反历史主义思想观点,更不同意列维—斯特劳斯有关人类思想始终维持同一稳定结构的看法。萨特在他所主办的《现代杂志》中发表一系列批评列维—斯特劳斯结构主义的文章,而列维—斯特劳斯也在他的文章中,特别是在他的《野性的思维》一书中,反驳萨特的观点。这是法国二十世纪下半叶最具重大历史意义的理论争辩,对于此后法国思想家们的思想创造产生了直接的影响。

作为一个伟大的思想家,列维-斯特劳斯是“结构主义”的代表人物,“结构”普遍被认为存在于所有人类行为中,它能够使看似分离分离的文化和创作有一体的形态。他的作品甚至对他的批评者们都产生了非常深远的影响。在法国还没有可与之比肩的人。而他的作品——混杂着学究气、诗人气,满是大胆的排比、复杂的论据和精细的隐喻——在以前的人类学界还没有存在过。列维—斯特劳斯一生有许多重要的著作。其中包括:《结构人类学》两卷、《神话学》四卷、《原始思维》、《假面具的途径》、《遥远的眺望》、《演讲集》、《嫉妒的女制陶人》、《象征及其副本》、《猞猁的故事》、《看、听、读》等。

写作是一种折磨,笔耕不辍只是害怕无所事事。

1980年代,萨特成为了历史,拉康、福柯、阿隆和其他人相继作古,阿尔杜塞进了疯人院。法国知识界成了孤儿,经过一番清点,巨人只剩下一个:列维-斯特劳斯。

几十年来,无数记者问过列维-斯特劳斯,他与萨特、波伏瓦和存在主义者之间是什么关系,他不厌其烦的回答说,他们没有或几乎没有打过交道,他偶然见过萨特两三次。至于波伏瓦,波伏瓦曾在《现代》杂志上把列维-斯特劳斯捧上了天,但此后有些迷恋《第二性》的女读者对列维-斯特劳斯非常不满,因为他在《亲属关系的基本结构》中断言男人互相交换女人。列维-斯特劳斯俏皮地回应,“如果我说是女人相互交换男人,女权主义者就能满意的话,那么丝毫不会改变理论,只需用负号代替正号就行了,一切如故。”还有一次,美国著名女人类学家马格丽特·米德来到巴黎,列维-斯特劳斯做东让知识界的两位杰出女性见个面,他专门为她俩组织了招待会,“她们彼此一言不发,各占据房间一角,身旁围绕着崇拜者。”

对列维-斯特劳斯来说,写作是一种折磨,笔耕不辍只是出于害怕无所事事。1991年,83岁的列维-斯特劳斯还完成了《猞猁的历史》,“列维-斯特劳斯精神抖擞重返舞台”一些评论说,几周内这部学术作品居然成为畅销书。

晚年列维-斯特劳斯不愿多说,他认为,面对这个日益庞大和复杂的社会,思想大师的时代已经结束。“与其想象这是一个简单的世界自我欺骗,不如知道自己失落在一个复杂的世界里,这岂不是更好吗?”关于自己,他重申自己只是一个手工匠,他推动了自身流域的发展,而且“还有别人会继续下去,他们有自己的分析框架和更令人满意的诠释办法。这才是永不终结的。”

“克洛德·列维-施特劳斯发明了一种全职的人类学家的职业,其精神寄托如同创造性艺术家、冒险家或心理分析家的精神寄托。”桑塔格当年这样赞誉列维-施特劳斯。

龚古尔奖评委对未能授予《忧郁的热带》感到遗憾,只因它不是小说

1945年8月,还在美国的列维-斯特劳斯发表了《语言学的结构分析与人类学》,他阐述了民族学如何能够把语言学的突破性成果为己所用。列维-斯特劳斯把社会文化现象视为一种深层结构体系来表现,把个别的习俗、故事看作是“语言”的元素。他不靠社会功能来说明个别习俗或故事,而是把它们看作一种“语言”的元素,看作一种概念体系,因为人们正是通过这个体系来组织世界。

1955年10月,构思于战前的《忧郁的热带》正式出版,作品立即获得成功,所有重要的评论家都长篇累牍地盛赞这本书,最热情的褒扬来自龚古尔学院,龚古尔奖的评委们对未能授予《忧郁的热带》感到遗憾,只因为它不是小说。

同年,另一部鸿篇巨著《结构人类学》也出版。《结构人类学》出版20年后,列维-斯特劳斯已经无法认出自己了,“《结构人类学》的一些阐释,今天读来让我战栗不已,那么大胆的阐释。”《结构人类学》反映的并非一门学说,而是正在形成的思想本身。《忧郁的热带》和《结构人类学》的出版,奠定了其在法国思想界的大师地位。

不过自《忧郁的热带》和《结构人类学》等著作出版后,列维-斯特劳斯与萨特展开了激烈辩论。萨特不同意列维-斯特劳斯的结构主义思想,特别不能接受他有关“共时性”、“中断性”的反历史主义思想观点,更不同意列维-斯特劳斯有关人类思想始终维持同一稳定结构的看法。萨特在他所主办的《现代》杂志中发表一系列批评列维-斯特劳斯结构主义的文章,而列维-斯特劳斯也在他的文章中,反驳萨特的观点。这是法国二十世纪下半叶最具重大历史意义的理论争辩。

梅洛-庞蒂是列维-斯特劳斯长期的密友。1952年梅洛-庞蒂进入法兰西学院,1954年起便一再坚持要列维-斯特劳斯申请进入学院。直到1959年,列维-斯特劳斯才终于进入法兰西学院。

“我在被占领的索邦大学散步,用民族志专家的眼光环视四周。”

1968年5月,风暴来临。人们以为他是萨特的继承者,没想到他站在雷蒙·阿隆这边,他和阿隆在年轻时并不认识,战后才开始接触,“很惭愧,我觉得阿隆身上具有一切我所不具备的。”在他看来,阿隆具有“达到真理的不可或缺的品质”。五月风暴中,他从未受过学生责难。“我在被占领的索邦大学散步,用民族志专家的眼光环视四周。”“我不赞同砍倒树木来构筑街垒(树有生命,应当尊重),我不赞同把公共场所变成垃圾场,那是大家的共同财产,我不赞同把大学建筑物等涂成乱七八糟,我也不赞同研究工作和学校管理因无谓的口水仗陷入瘫痪。”1974年,《世界报》向许多名人提出了一个问题,“知识分子的用处何在?”列维-斯特劳斯回答说,“把精力集中在他所选择的道路上。”


1976年,列维-斯特劳斯曾受邀前往国民议会,为三条关于自由权的法案作证,他起初有点不大情愿,但他还是毅然前往。“真正的自由是长时期习惯的自由……自由是从内部维持的;当人们认为能从外部将之建立起来时,它就已经被破坏了。”列维-斯特劳斯从其所理解的民族学对自由作了一个诠释。

1982年10月1日,列维-斯特劳斯正式退休。照惯例,他被授予法兰西学院名誉教授称号,享有在学院人类学实验室为其专门保留的一间办公室,俯视着图书馆。

列维-斯特劳斯创立结构主义,当被谈起如何评价那个“后结构主义”时,他的回答是,“预感失业在即,一些民族学家便去敲别的学科的大门。他们去哲学、精神分析或文学那里找活干,不顾把后者的学科变成大杂烩的风险;由于找不到一个正面的定义,这大杂烩便被叫作,后结构主义或后现代主义。”

  • 人二

    2009-11-04 08:55:33 人二 (却道天凉好个秋)

    ..................

  • 蛋黄儿

    2009-11-04 09:22:54 蛋黄儿 (君未成名我未嫁)

    刚看到,缅怀

  • d

    2009-11-04 09:46:43 d (花花世界,昼短夜长)

    惊呆了

  • 安年

    2009-11-04 10:34:15 安年 (Au bout du fosse, la culbute.)

    刚知道,走好……

  • 破除我执

    2009-11-04 11:02:54 破除我执 (总有一天,我会出去的)

    震惊

  • 余執

    2009-11-04 11:07:56 余執

    法國人類學巨匠 李維史陀過世
    【聯合報╱記者張佑生/即時報導】
    http://udn.com/NEWS/WORLD/BREAKINGNEWS5/5231805.shtml

    2009.11.04 04:31 am

    作品深深影響西洋文明的法國人類學家李維史陀(ClaudeLevi-Strauss),上周六深夜至周日凌晨間過世,享壽100歲。他在1955年的作品「憂鬱的熱帶」(Tristes Tropiques)被視為20世紀主要作品之一,他也是結構主義的健將。

    【2009/11/04 聯合報】
    ——————————————————————————————————

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss

    Claude Lévi-Strauss (French pronunciation: [klod levi stʁos]; (Brussels, 28 November 1908 – Paris, 31 October 2009) [1][2] was a French anthropologist, known as the "father of modern anthropology"



    這兩條新聞報導的是10月31號逝世呢?

  • 王荣欣

    2009-11-04 11:18:39 王荣欣 (小舟从此逝,江海寄余生。)

    法国人类学家克劳德·列维-斯特劳斯(Claude Lévi-Strauss,作品)2009年10月30日——他的101岁生日前夕——在巴黎逝世去世。去年11月28日是他的百岁华诞。

  • 余執

    2009-11-04 11:29:45 余執


    French thinker Levi-Strauss dies

    http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/11/04/2732518.htm


    Levi-Strauss shot to prominence with his 1955 book Tristes Tropiques. (AFP: Pascal Pavani)

    French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, who helped shape Western thinking about human civilisation, has died at the age of 100.

    Levi-Strauss died on Friday and was buried at a private service in the Burgundy village of Lignerolles, where he had a house, senior colleagues said.

    "Two years ago he broke his hip and he had been very tired ever since. He died at a grand old age," said Philippe Desacola, his successor as head of the social anthropology laboratory at the College of France research institute.

    Trained as a philosopher, Levi-Strauss shot to prominence with his 1955 book Tristes Tropiques (A World on the Wane), a haunting account of travels and studies in the Amazon basin and one of the 20th century's major works.

    Paying tribute, French President Nicolas Sarkozy gave "homage to a tireless humanist, a curious academic who was always in search of new knowledge, to a man free of any sectarianism or indoctrination".

    The French leader described him as a "very great scholar, always open to the world, who created modern anthropology and raised the reputation of French human and social sciences to its highest level."

    Levi-Strauss was a leading proponent of structuralism, which sought to uncover the hidden, unconscious or primitive patterns of thought believed to determine the outer reality of human culture and relationships.

    Structuralism was also, Levi-Strauss liked to say, "the search for unsuspected harmonies".

    French academia and the cultural elite marked his 100th birthday last year, paying homage to Levi-Strauss with a program of films, lectures and reflection on his contribution to modern thinking.

    Among the more striking conclusions of his work was the idea that there is no fundamental difference between the belief systems and myths of so-called "primitive" races and those of modern Western societies.

    He was the oldest member of France's prestigious Academie of leading intellectuals, a respected but retiring figure, who had said he no longer felt at home on an overpopulated planet.


    No longer at home

    In a 2005 television interview, Levi-Strauss expressed worry about ending his days in "this world that I do not love".

    "What I see are the current devastation, the frightening disappearances of living species, be they plants or animals. Because of its current density, the human species is living in a type of internally poisonous regime."

    Levi-Strauss was born in Brussels in 1908, the son of French Jewish parents from the German-speaking region of Alsace. He studied philosophy and in 1935 went to Brazil, where he became a professor at the University of Sao Paolo.

    He studied the lives of the tribes of the Mato Grosso and the Amazonian rainforest, collecting material for theories on the underlying structures of human relationships and myths shared by various cultures.

    Returning to France in 1939 he was conscripted, but after the Nazi invasion he was, as a Jew, forced to flee to the United States, where he taught while awaiting his chance to return home and restart his career.

    He was given the chair in social anthropology at the College de France in 1959, where he worked until retirement in 1982.

    "Straddling the worlds of philosophy and science, his work is essential for any attempt to reflect on our society and how it works," said Denis Bertholet, one of Levi-Strauss' biographers.

    "He had an ecological approach to the world and to individuals that was ahead of its time."

    Levi-Strauss was married three times, and had two sons.

    - AFP

  • ff

    2009-11-04 12:28:22 ff

    Sorry,早上看到朋友的msn签名,就想当然是昨天了。

    似乎现在有30号和31号两个版本吧,,,会逐渐清晰的。

  • 陶北

    2009-11-04 13:28:42 陶北 (寒亭客)

    悼念

  • leo

    2009-11-04 14:59:24 leo (不断认识,不断遗忘)

    唉。。。

  • 千秋

    2009-11-04 15:15:53 千秋 (党者连阡陌,贫富皆无立锥之地)

    同悼

  • 米缸

    2009-11-04 15:41:38 米缸

    悼~~~

  • 系喇嘛

    2009-11-04 16:37:13 系喇嘛

    悼!

  • 雲開

    2009-11-04 16:54:25 雲開

    悼念

  • 索思爵士

    2009-11-04 19:00:14 索思爵士

    哀悼

  • 遇见发光水母

    2009-11-04 19:27:04 遇见发光水母 (慧极必伤,情深不寿)

    不知道要说什么……

  • 蔚文

    2009-11-04 20:47:03 蔚文

    阿门。愿灵魂美好。

  • cleverland

    2009-11-05 02:27:21 cleverland

    “与其想象这是一个简单的世界自我欺骗,不如知道自己失落在一个复杂的世界里,这岂不是更好吗?”

    难过。

  • 去死去死右衛門督

    2009-11-05 06:05:26 去死去死右衛門督 (~用英文口音说日语~)

    呃,还以为这个星期开始上课讲的都是活人了,结果还是没来得及。

  • 東門楊

    2009-11-05 06:33:19 東門楊

    老人家临死也要开个玩笑,万圣节前一天!

  • 实话实说 FML!

    2009-11-05 20:03:55 实话实说 FML! (http://www.shss.tv)

    我们系 不到一年前刚庆祝完他的百岁大寿
    太 可惜了...


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